Naval Base Manila

Naval Base Manila
Naval Base Manila
Fort San Felipe, San Roque, Cavite City; Near Cavite City in the Philippines
	Cavite Peninsula in 1941
	Naval Base Cavite Location in the Philippines
Coordinates	14°28′54″N 120°54′58″E / 14.48167°N 120.91611°E
Type	US Naval base
Site information
Owner	United States Navy 1898–1970
Condition	Closed (now Philippine Naval Base)
Site history
Built	late 16th century
Built by	started by Spanish East Indies
In use	Spanish shipyard: late 16th century – early 19th century; Spanish naval station: early 19th century – 1898; U.S. Naval facility: 1898–1971; Philippine Naval facility: 1971–present
Battles/wars	Battle of Manila Bay (1898); Philippines campaign (1941–1942); Battle of Manila (1945)
Events	Cavite Mutiny of 1872
Garrison information
Occupants	United States Asiatic Fleet (1902–1907, 1910–1942); United States Seventh Fleet (1945–1970); Major bases:; Naval Station Sangley Point; Naval Base Cavite; Mariveles Naval Section Base

Naval Base Manila, Naval Air Base Manila was a major United States Navy base south of the City of Manila, on Luzon Island in the Philippines. Some of the bases dates back to 1898, the end of the Spanish–American War. Starting in 1938 civilian contractors were used to build new facilities in Manila to prepare for World War II. Work stopped on December 23, 1941, when Manila was declared not defendable against the Empire of Japan southward advance, which took over the city on January 2, 1942, after the US declared it an open city. US Navy construction and repair started in March 1945 with the taking of Manila in the costly Battle of Manila ending on March 2, 1945. Naval Base Manila supported the Pacific War and remained a major US Naval Advance Base until its closure in 1971.^[1]

US Navy map 1941, with Naval Station Sangley Point, Cavite shipyard, Naval Base Subic Bay, an ammunition depot in Mariveles on the Bataan Peninsula, the city of Manila and Corregidor Island in Manila Bay shown

Map of Manila, Naval Base Manila is at Cavite in Manila Bay

History

The first US Navy bases were Spain's bases taken after the 1898 Battle of Manila. At the end of the Spanish–American War, Spain ceded Manila to the United States.^[2]^[3]^[4] Merchants ship from Spain and China started trading on the Sangley Peninsula in 1571. Sangley was the name given to Chinese traders, a merchant guest, in the Philippines. The two main Naval bases taken: Naval Base Cavite at Cavite City and Naval Station Sangley Point both on the Cavite Peninsula in Manila Bay, eight miles southwest of the city of Manila. The Cavite Peninsula is south of the city center of Manila. On May 1, 1898, the US Navy took over the two Naval Bases after the Battle of Manila Bay. Naval Station Sangley Point was used as a coal station for refueling ships. At the Naval Base Cavite, a repair shipyard, that Spain had called Astillero de Rivera (Rivera Shipyard), the US Navy did updates, improvements and later added a submarine base. The old Spanish hospital, run by Sisters of Charity, was taken over by the US Navy. The old hospital was replaced by a new Naval hospital, Cañacao Naval Hospital Reservation in the 1920s, this Hospital served the Navy and local population. Cañacao Naval Hospital was destroyed during the war. Starting in 1938 US and Philippines civilian contractors were used to build up the US bases at Manila. The new 1941 projects were building at Sangley Point a Seaplane base and an ammunition depot at Mariveles on the tip of Bataan Peninsula.^[1]^[5]

On December 23, 1941, it was declared that Manila was not defendable. Most civilian contractors depart Manila. US Troop were withdrawn to the Bataan Peninsula.^[6] Some Troops withdrawn to Corregidor Island in the bay, that surrendered May 6, 1942.^[7] Japanese forces took over and started using the two Manila bases in January 1942. US civilians that did not depart were detained by Japan at University of Santo Tomas-(Santo Tomas Internment Camp) and Bilibid Prisons. The University of Santo Tomas prisoner of war (POW) camp held 3,000. The two Bilibid Prisons were used as processing centers, over 13,000 POWs, mostly Americans, were held there before being put on hell ships and transferred to other POW camps.^[1]^[5] Some staff at the Naval Hospital did not evacuate, including some nurses, who became POWs with the Troops in the Battle of Bataan.^[8]^[9] The nurses became known as the Angels of Bataan for their care of the Troop till liberated in February 1945.^[10]^[11]^[12]

With the taking of Manila in 1945, in March 1945 the US Navy's Seabee, Naval Construction Battalions, began repairing the battle damage at the two bases. Soon improvement began, with new Troop arriving at Pacific War, a base for new Troops arriving was built at the Cavite naval base. With the fighting ships at war for years, a Cavite repair base and depot was built for the repair and maintenance of ships. United States Seventh Fleet headquarters moved into the 40-acre (16 ha) Manila Polo Club. At Sangley Point Seabees built a new 5,000-foot runway for Naval Air Transport Service airfield. The new airfield had 12,000-barrel tank farm, hangars, and a depot. Sangley Point seaplane base was repaired and improved, including adding a pontoon dock. The Cavite base was repaired, and a new replacement Naval hospital was built. The Manila bases and the large Fleet anchorage in Manila Bay began to build up for the expected costly invasion of Japan, planned for November 1, 1945, called Operation Downfall. With the Surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945, the invasion was not needed. The new Naval Hospital was completed and expanded. Naval Base Manila continued as US Base till 1971, when it was turned over to the Philippines Navy.^[1]^[13]^[5]

Bases and facilities

Naval Station Sangley Point (341 acres (138 ha); 1898–1941, 1945–1971, Spain 1884–1898)
- Naval Air Station Sangley Point, 341-acre (138 ha) NAB Manila, 8,000 feet (2,400 m) runway (1945–1971) now Danilo Atienza Air Base. The Navy operated Lockheed P-2 Neptune, Lockheed P-3 Orion, Martin P4M Mercator from 1945 to 1950.
- Cañacao Peninsula Seaplane Base at Sangley Point (1941) (Patrol Wing 10) (Japan 1941–1945 Kanakao base), US Navy (1945–1971). Locate on the south tip of Sangley Point at 14°29′40″N 120°54′42″E / 14.494402°N 120.911648°E / 14.494402; 120.911648. The Navy operated patrol planes: P5M Marlin, HU-16 Albatross, and PBY Catalina at the base. The Seaplane Base closed in 1965 and is now part of Sangley Point National High School. Navy operated^[14]
- Naval Fuel depot at Sangley Point (1938–1941, 1945–1971)
- Cañacao Naval Hospital Reservation at Cañacao Bay (1925–1941) (Japan 1941–1945), a 27-acre (11 ha) site at14°29′28″N 120°54′19″E / 14.491034°N 120.905203°E / 14.491034; 120.905203 that was destroyed during the war (also see Angels of Bataan). It replaced Spain's 1875 hospital.^[15]^[11]^[16]
- Radio station at Sangley Point: three 600-foot (180 m) steel antenna towers (1915–1945). North antenna was at 14°29′39″N 120°53′58″E / 14.494284°N 120.899401°E / 14.494284; 120.899401, the other two antenna towers were next to the Cañacao Naval Hospital Reservation. Removed to build 8,000-foot runway.^[17]
- Crash boat base
- US Coast Guard Air Station Sangley Point, US Coast Guard run LORAN, long-range navigation (1946–1970)^[18]
- United States Marine Corps Camp (1945–1970)
- John Paul Jones School at Sangley Point opened for children of base staff (1945–1971)
- Power plant
- Sangley Point Ship Yard, two marine railways for ship repair, next to the seaplane base.
  - Varadero de Manila Shipyard, (1957–1970) the US Navy shipyard at Sangley Point was turned over for private use after the Korean war in 1957. Located between the seaplane base and the former Cañacao Naval Hospital Reservation at 14°29′36″N 120°54′32″E / 14.493265°N 120.908952°E / 14.493265; 120.908952. Now a boat dock.
Naval Base Cavite (50-acre (20 ha) Cavite Navy Yard and Sub Base) (1898–1941, 1945–1971), now Naval Station Pascual Ledesma
- Cavite Submarine base (1919-1960s)^[19]^[20]
- Cavite Naval Fuel depot
- Torpedo repair shop
- PT boat Base (Squadron 3, 1940–1941) (1945–1946)^[21]
- Ammunition depot
- Cavite ship repair, ship repair and salvage, one boat marine railway (1925–1941, 1945–1971)
- Power plant
- Cavite Naval Hospital (1945–1971) at 14°28′59″N 120°54′52″E / 14.482996°N 120.914515°E / 14.482996; 120.914515
Mariveles Naval Section Base opened July 22, 1941.^[22]^[23]
- Ammunition depot at Mariveles on the tip of Bataan Peninsula
- Mariveles Naval Port, the bay at Mariveles had an anti-submarine net to protect the ship there. (1941, 1945–1971) Net layers:USS Buckeye, USS Silverbell (AN-51)
- Mariveles Seaplane base, at the Mariveles port a seaplane ramp and base was built at 14°25′51″N 120°29′07″E / 14.430802°N 120.485315°E / 14.430802; 120.485315.^[24]
- Mariveles Quarantine Hospital, now Mariveles Mental Wellness and General Hospital
- Supply depot – tank farm
- Mariveles Airfield, one dirt 3,800-foot runway at Bataan 14°27′N 120°30′E / 14.45°N 120.50°E / 14.45; 120.50 complete on February 23, 1942. Used by US Army and Navy, with nearby Army Camp. Mariveles Airfield surrendered on April 10, 1942, and from there the Bataan Death March began. Airfield was retaken in February 1945.^[25]
- Submarine Squadron 2
- US Army camp
Radar stations
Mess halls and Barracks at all three bases
Corregidor Island in Manila Bay (1941–1942), two Naval docks, lost in Battle of Corregidor, retaken in 1945.^[7]
- Malinta Tunnel, built by the United States, from 1922 to 1932 as a bomb-proof storage depot and Troop bunker. Due to many wounded troops a 1,000-bed hospital was added. Built on Corregidor Island, at 14°23′16″N 120°35′26″E / 14.38791406°N 120.59064738°E / 14.38791406; 120.59064738.^[26]
- Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays, four US Army forts on islands at the entrance to Manila Bay. Naval mines blocked the entrance to the Port of Manila and Manila Bay for protection. On the north side of Corregidor Island, the two mines fields could be electrically be turned on and off by controls on Corregidor Island, so US ships could use the bay safely.
- US Navy Cryptologist Admiral Ernest J. King and other Naval intelligence personnel were taken off Corregidor by submarines on April 8, 1942.^[27]
- Key personnel were taken off the Corregidor in Operation Flight Gridiron by two Consolidated PBY Catalina from Naval Base Perth on April 29, 1942. The mission was one of the longer rescue missions ever.^[28]^[7]^[29]
Manila Bay Naval Fleet anchorage (1898–1941, 1945–1971) (once obstacles cleared in 1945)^[30]
Port of Manila for supply depot and shore leave. (1898–1941, 1945–1971)
Naval supply depot in the City of Manila (1898–1941, 1945–1971)^[31]
Sternberg General Hospital in Manila (US 1898–1941), destroyed during the war.
Manila Army and Navy Club (1925–1941) (Japan 1941–1945)
Bilibid Prison (1945–1946), used by the US to hold Japanese accused of war crimes, Tomoyuki Yamashita was held at the Prison till execution.^[32]
Manila Hotel used both by US and Japan during the war.^[33]
U.S. Naval Radio Facility Bagobantay (1945–1962)
Fleets:
United States Asiatic Fleet parts stationed at Manila (1902–1907, 1910–1942)
- United States Asiatic Fleet's Station CAST intelligence and radio (1938–1942)
- Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three (1941–1942)
- Submarine tenders Ships:USS B-1, USS B-2 and USS B-3
United States Seventh Fleet headquarters, in the former 40-acre (16 ha) Manila Polo Club (1945)
Fleet Post Office FPO# 3142 SF Manila

USS Rigel (AD-13), a repair ship, at anchor in Manila Bay in 1945