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Mars general circulation model

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The Mars general circulation model is the result of a research project by NASA to understand the nature of the general circulation of the atmosphere of Mars, how that circulation is driven and how it affects the climate of Mars in the long term.

Mars General Circulation Model
Climate model - deflation
Mars general circulation model, NASA

How it works

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This Mars climate model is a complex 3-dimensional (height, latitude, longitude) model, which represents the processes of atmospheric heating by gases and ground-air heat transfer, as well as large-scale atmospheric motions.[1] The model also uses geophysical boundaries which are taken from spacecraft observation. These boundaries can include Martian topography, albedo, or thermal inertia.[2] By solving the dynamics and physics of the model an overall understanding of the planets processes can be estimated.[3]

The current model has not been modified for use with distributed computing systems like BOINC.

History

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A first attempt at a Mars general circulation model was created by Leovy and Mintz who used an Earth model and adapted it to Martian conditions. This preliminary model had the capability to predict atmospheric condensation of carbon dioxide and the presence of transient baroclinic waves in the winter mod-latitudes.[4] After this NASA Ames Research Center started adding more data to improve the model and gain more insight into Martian weather and climate.  Mars climate simulation models date as far back as the Viking missions to Mars. Most Mars climate simulation models were written by individual researchers that were never reused or open-sourced. By the 1990s the need for a unified model codebase came into being, due to the general impact of the internet on climate modelling and research. This current Mars climate simulation model has its origins with the internet era. In 2007, Jeff Hollingsworth took leadership of the Ames Mars GCM group. With the aid of NASA HQ a Mars Climate Modeling Center (MCMC) was created in order to provide more services to the community. Since 2019, Melinda Kahre spearheads the leadership of MCMC and has aided in developing a new cubed-sphere finite volume (FV3-based) Mars general circulation model to provide higher resolution modeling.[5] The new FV3-based model replaced the older latitude-longitude dynamical core (Legacy Mars GCM). Other improvements has been made in order to allow public access to older and newer models of Mars' general circulation. MCMC has recently presented a community analysis pipeline (CAP) which is an open-source tool for analyzing and visualizing the Mars general circulation model. The project hopes to streamline and increase access to Mars data. [6] This goal of increasing accessibility is to provide scientist and researcher more opportunity to contribute to data from Mars missions.

Research using the Mars general circulation model

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The Mars general circulation model has been a tool used by researchers to better understand the planet. The model includes various Martian cycles including active carbon dioxide, pressure, dust, and water cycles. These elements combined provide insight into the planet's atmospheric chemistry.[7] The model is used as an aid in interpreting as well as analyzing the data received from spacecraft and applies to numerous disciplines that have lingering questions about the planet. Some of the recent research using the model is determining the processes that caused an abundance of high-altitude water vapor during the 2018 global dust storm,[8] interpreting Martian thermospheric waves,[9] effects of any orbital changes to the planets circulator and climate system,[10] and much more. In 2016 the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter was launched with hopes of looking for evidence of methane and other trace elements that could be signature of biological and/or geological processes. [11] The NOMAD spectrometer instrument onboard ExoMars will rely on the Mars general circulation model for much of the data interpretation and analysis.[3] Other spacecraft instruments have been compared to the circulation model such as water-ice and dust results from Maven's Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS). [1] With the continuous additions of new spacecraft being sent the Mars, the data is rapidly updating making the Martian model highly advanced.[3]

Methane on Mars
 
The source of Mars methane is unknown; its detection is shown here
 
Curiosity rover detected a cyclical seasonal variation in atmospheric methane

Methane on Mars

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Main article: Methane on Mars

The Martian atmosphere contains 10 nmol/mol methane (CH4).[12] In 2014, NASA reported that the Curiosity rover detected a tenfold increase ('spike') in methane in the atmosphere around it in late 2013 and early 2014. Four measurements taken over two months in this period averaged 7.2 ppb, implying that Mars is episodically producing or releasing methane from an unknown source.[13] Before and after that, readings averaged around one-tenth that level.[14][15][13] On 7 June 2018, NASA announced a cyclical seasonal variation in the background level of atmospheric methane.[16][17][18]

The principal candidates for the origin of Mars' methane include non-biological processes such as water-rock reactions, radiolysis of water, and pyrite formation, all of which produce H2 that could then generate methane and other hydrocarbons via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis with CO and CO2.[19] It has also been shown that methane could be produced by a process involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars.[20]

Living microorganisms, such as methanogens, are another possible source, but no evidence for the presence of such organisms has been found on Mars.[21][22][23]

Other planets

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There are global climate simulation models that have been written for Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Venus.[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Mars General Circulation Model – Research". NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  2. ^ Daerden, F.; Neary, L.; Viscardy, S.; García Muñoz, A.; Clancy, R.T.; Smith, M.D.; Encrenaz, T.; Fedorova, A. (July 2019). "Mars atmospheric chemistry simulations with the GEM-Mars general circulation model". Icarus. 326: 197–224. Bibcode:2019Icar..326..197D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.030. ISSN 0019-1035.
  3. ^ a b c Neary, L.; Daerden, F. (January 2018). "The GEM-Mars general circulation model for Mars: Description and evaluation". Icarus. 300: 458–476. Bibcode:2018Icar..300..458N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.09.028. ISSN 0019-1035.
  4. ^ Leovy, Conway; Mintz, Yale (1969-11-01). "Numerical Simulation of the Atmospheric Circulation and Climate of Mars". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 26 (6): 1167–1190. Bibcode:1969JAtS...26.1167L. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<1167:NSOTAC>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-4928.
  5. ^ Haberle, Robert M.; Kahre, Melinda A.; Barnes, Jeffrey R.; Hollingsworth, Jeffery L.; Wolff, Michael J. (January 2020). "MARCI observations of a wavenumber-2 large-scale feature in the north polar hood of Mars: Interpretation with the NASA/Ames Legacy Global Climate Model". Icarus. 335: 113367. Bibcode:2020Icar..33513367H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.07.001. ISSN 0019-1035.
  6. ^ Chaudhary, Aashish (2015-09-02). Climatepipes: User-friendly data access, data manipulation, data analysis and visualization of community climate models Phase II (Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). doi:10.2172/1213562.
  7. ^ Neary, L.; Daerden, F. (January 2018). "The GEM-Mars general circulation model for Mars: Description and evaluation". Icarus. 300: 458–476. Bibcode:2018Icar..300..458N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.09.028. ISSN 0019-1035.
  8. ^ Neary, L.; Daerden, F.; Aoki, S.; Whiteway, J.; Clancy, R. T.; Smith, M.; Viscardy, S.; Erwin, J.T.; Thomas, I. R.; Villanueva, G.; Liuzzi, G.; Crismani, M.; Wolff, M.; Lewis, S. R.; Holmes, J. A. (2020-04-16). "Explanation for the Increase in High-Altitude Water on Mars Observed by NOMAD During the 2018 Global Dust Storm". Geophysical Research Letters. 47 (7). Bibcode:2020GeoRL..4784354N. doi:10.1029/2019GL084354. ISSN 0094-8276.
  9. ^ Joshi, Manoj M.; Hollingsworth, Jeffery L.; Haberle, Robert M.; Bridger, Alison F. C. (March 2000). "An interpretation of Martian thermospheric waves based on analysis of a general circulation model". Geophysical Research Letters. 27 (5): 613–616. Bibcode:2000GeoRL..27..613J. doi:10.1029/1999GL010936. ISSN 0094-8276.
  10. ^ Haberle, Robert M; Murphy, James R; Schaeffer, James (January 2003). "Orbital change experiments with a Mars general circulation model". Icarus. 161 (1): 66–89. Bibcode:2003Icar..161...66H. doi:10.1016/s0019-1035(02)00017-9. ISSN 0019-1035.
  11. ^ "ExoMars Factsheet". www.esa.int. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  12. ^ ESA Press release. "Mars Express confirms methane in the Martian atmosphere". ESA. Archived from the original on 24 February 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
  13. ^ a b Webster, C. R.; Mahaffy, P. R.; Atreya, S. K.; Flesch, G. J.; Mischna, M. A.; Meslin, P.-Y.; Farley, K. A.; Conrad, P. G.; Christensen, L. E. (2015-01-23). "Mars methane detection and variability at Gale crater" (PDF). Science. 347 (6220): 415–417. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..415W. doi:10.1126/science.1261713. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25515120. S2CID 20304810.
  14. ^ Webster, Guy; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Brown, Dwayne (16 December 2014). "NASA Rover Finds Active and Ancient Organic Chemistry on Mars". NASA. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  15. ^ Chang, Kenneth (16 December 2014). "'A Great Moment': Rover Finds Clue That Mars May Harbor Life". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  16. ^ Chang, Kenneth (7 June 2018). "Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table' - The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  17. ^ Webster, Christopher R.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations". Science. 360 (6393): 1093–1096. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1093W. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0131. PMID 29880682.
  18. ^ Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. hdl:10044/1/60810. PMID 29880683.
  19. ^ Mumma, Michael; et al. (2010). "The Astrobiology of Mars: Methane and Other Candinate Biomarker Gases, and Related Interdisciplinary Studies on Earth and Mars" (PDF). Astrobiology Science Conference 2010. Astrophysics Data System. Greenbelt, MD: Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  20. ^ Oze, C.; Sharma, M. (2005). "Have olivine, will gas: Serpentinization and the abiogenic production of methane on Mars". Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (10): L10203. Bibcode:2005GeoRL..3210203O. doi:10.1029/2005GL022691. S2CID 28981740.
  21. ^ Oze, Christopher; Jones, Camille; Goldsmith, Jonas I.; Rosenbauer, Robert J. (7 June 2012). "Differentiating biotic from abiotic methane genesis in hydrothermally active planetary surfaces". PNAS. 109 (25): 9750–9754. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.9750O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205223109. PMC 3382529. PMID 22679287.
  22. ^ Staff (25 June 2012). "Mars Life Could Leave Traces in Red Planet's Air: Study". Space.com. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  23. ^ Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.; Maillard, Jean Pierre; Owen, Tobias C. (December 2004). "Detection of methane in the martian atmosphere: evidence for life?". Icarus. 172 (2): 537–547. Bibcode:2004Icar..172..537K. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.004.
  24. ^ "Videos – Climate Dynamics Group".
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