2006 Virginia Question 1, the Marshall-Newman Amendment (also referred to as the Virginia Marriage Amendment) is an amendment to the Constitution of Virginia that defines marriage as solely between one man and one woman and bans recognition of any legal status "approximat[ing] the design, qualities, significance, or effects of marriage".[3] The amendment was ratified by 57% of the voters on November 7, 2006.[4] It became part of the state Constitution as Section 15-A of Article 1. In 2014, the amendment was ruled unconstitutional in Bostic v. Schaefer.
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Text
editThe text of the amendment states:
Only a union between one man and one woman may be a marriage valid in or recognized by this Commonwealth and its political subdivisions. This Commonwealth and its political subdivisions shall not create or recognize a legal status for relationships of unmarried individuals that intends to approximate the design, qualities, significance, or effects of marriage. Nor shall this Commonwealth or its political subdivisions create or recognize another union, partnership, or other legal status to which is assigned the rights, benefits, obligations, qualities, or effects of marriage.
Enactment
editLegislative process
editThe Virginia Constitution requires amendments to be passed in two different sessions separated by a general election. The amendment, named after Delegate Bob Marshall and Senator Stephen Newman, was approved by the Virginia General Assembly in the 2005 and 2006 sessions, which were separated by the November 2005 general election. It was thus put on the November 2006 election ballot for approval by voters.
Voting results
edit| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
 Yes
|
1,328,537 | 57.06 |
| No | 999,687 | 42.94 |
| Total votes | 2,328,224 | 100.00 |
| Source: - Official Results | ||
Criticism
editThe far-reaching nature of the Marshall-Newman Amendment intended to reinforce its Marriage Affirmation Act has attracted criticism. Writing in The Washington Post, Jonathan Rauch argued that:
Virginia appears to abridge gay individuals' right to enter into private contracts with each other. On its face, the law could interfere with wills, medical directives, powers of attorney, child custody and property arrangements, even perhaps joint bank accounts. If a gay Californian was hit by a bus in Arlington, her medical power of attorney might be worthless there.[5]
Virginia Attorney General Bob McDonnell issued a 2006 opinion stating that the amendment does not change the legal status of documents such as contracts, wills, or advance health care directives between unmarried people.[6]
Ruling of unconstitutionality
editOn February 13, 2014, U.S. District Judge Arenda Wright Allen ruled that the amendment was unconstitutional, and ordered Virginia not to enforce it against same-sex couples. In her opinion, Judge Allen granted a stay pending appeal.[7]
On February 13, 2014, a U.S. District Court in Norfolk ruled that the amendment was unconstitutional in the case Bostic v. Schaefer, though the Judge stayed her ruling pending appeal.
On July 28, 2014, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a 2–1 opinion upholding the lower court's decision, although this was also appealed.[8]
On October 6, 2014, the Supreme Court of the United States denied a writ of certiorari and thus let the Fourth Circuit Court's decision stand, which legalized same-sex marriage in Virginia.[9][10]
Since the Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015, all such bans throughout the United States are unconstitutional.
Repeal attempts
editAlthough the amendment is unconstitutional and unenforceable since 2014, it remains part of the Virginia Constitution. Legislators, including State Senator Adam Ebbin (D) and Delegate Mark Sickles (D), have introduced bills in 2015 and 2016 aiming to repeal the amendment.[11][12] Ebbin prefiled another bill to repeal the amendment on November 18, 2019, which the Senate voted to continue in 2021.[13]
Pre-decision opinion polls
edit| Date of opinion poll | Conducted by | Sample size | In favor | Against | Undecided | Margin | Margin of Error | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 2006 | Mason-Dixon Polling & Strategy | ? | 52% | 42% | ? | 10% pro | ? | [14] |
| October 10 - 12, 2006 | The Washington Post | 1,004 randomly selected likely voters | 48% | 47% | 1% pro | ±3% | [15] | |
| 53% | 43% | 10% pro |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ 2006 - Statewide - Question 1 Marriage
- ^ Registration/Turnout Reports Summary of Virginia Registration & Turnout Statistics
- ^ "Proposed Constitutional Amendment, Article I, Section 15-A" (PDF). Virginia State Board of Elections. November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ "Official Results, 2006 election". Virginia State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ Rauch, Jonathan (June 13, 2004). "Virginia's New Jim Crow". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
- ^ McDonnell, Robert (September 14, 2006). "Opinion number 06-003" (PDF). Attorney General of Virginia. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
It is my opinion that passage of the marriage amendment will not affect the current legal rights of unmarried persons involving contracts, wills, advance medical directives, shared equity agreements, or group accident and sickness insurance policies, or alter any other rights that do not "approximate the design, qualities, significance, or effects of marriage", or create "the rights, benefits, obligations, qualities, or effects of marriage."
- ^ Wright Allen, Arenda L. (February 13, 2014). "Bostic, London, Schall & Townley v. Rainey & Schaeffer". Retrieved February 14, 2014.
- ^ Floyd, Henry F.; Gregory, Roger; Niemeyer, Paul; U.S. Circuit Judges (28 July 2014). "Opinion, Bostic v. Shaefer, No. 14-1167". U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Scribd.com. PACER Document 234.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Order List (10/06/2014)" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. 6 Oct 2014. Retrieved 28 Aug 2022.
- ^ Times-Dispatch, MARKUS SCHMIDT Richmond (6 October 2014). "Same-sex couples marry as the unions become legal in Va".
- ^ "Virginia still has laws banning gay marriage. Should that matter?". Washington Post. July 29, 2016.
- ^ "Openly gay legislators rally to remove defunct same-sex marriage bans from Virginia law and constitution". GayRVA.ocm. October 19, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
- ^ "Senate Joint Resolution No. 3". Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
- ^ Ballot Measure Update
- ^ 53% of Voters Say They Back Va. Same-Sex Marriage Ban