Wikipedia

Shona people

(Redirected from Mashona people)

The Shona people (/ˈʃoʊnə/) are a Bantu ethnic group native to Southern Africa, primarily living in Zimbabwe where they form the majority of the population, as well as Mozambique, South Africa, and a worldwide diaspora. There are five major Shona language/dialect clusters: Manyika, Karanga, Zezuru, Korekore, and Ndau.

Shona
Total population
c. 15.6 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Zimbabwe13 million (2019)[1]
 Mozambique2.3 million[2][3]
 South Africa1–2 million (2020)
 Zambia30,200[4]
 United Kingdom200,000 (2011)[5]
Languages
Shona; African English
Religion
Christianity, Shona traditional religion (Chivanhu) (Mwari)
Related ethnic groups
Kalanga; Venda; Nambya; Tsonga
PersonMuShona[6]
PeopleMashona
LanguagechiShona
CountryZimbabwe, Mozambique

Classification

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The Shona people are grouped according to the dialect of the language they speak. Their estimated population is 13.6 million:[7]

History

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During the 11th century, the Karanga people formed kingdoms on the Zimbabwe plateau. Construction, then, began on Great Zimbabwe; the capital of the kingdom of Zimbabwe. The Torwa dynasty ruled the kingdom of Butua, and the kingdom of Mutapa preceded the Rozvi Empire (which lasted into the 19th century).

Brother succeeded brother in the dynasties, leading to civil wars which were exploited by the Portuguese during the 16th century. The kings ruled a number of chiefs, sub-chiefs and headmen.[8]

The kingdoms were replaced by new groups who moved onto the plateau. The Ndebele destroyed the weakened Rozvi Empire during the 1830s; the Portuguese gradually encroached on the kingdom of Mutapa, which extended to the Mozambique coast after it provided valued exports (particularly gold) for Swahili, Arab and East Asian traders. The Pioneer Column of the British South Africa Company established the colony of Rhodesia, sparking the First Matabele War which led to the complete annexation of Mashonaland; the Portuguese colonial government in Mozambique fought the remnants of the kingdom of Mutapa until 1911. The Shona people were also a part of the Bantu migration where they are one of the largest Bantu ethnic groups in sub Saharan Africa.[8]

Language

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Main article: Shona Language

The dialect groups of Shona developed among dispersed tribes over a long period of time, and further groups of immigrants have contributed to this diversity. Although "standard" Shona is spoken throughout Zimbabwe, dialects help identify a speaker's town or village. Each Shona dialect is specific to a sub-group.

In 1931, during his attempt to reconcile the dialects into a single standard Shona language, Clement Doke[9] identified five groups and subdivisions:

  1. The Manyika group, including Hungwe, Manyika themselves, Teυe, Unyama, Karombe, Nyamuka, Bunji, Domba, Nyatwe, Guta, Bvumba, Hera, aJindwi, and aBocha
  2. The Korekore including Taυara, Shangwe, Korekore, Goυa, Budya, the Korekore of Urungwe, the Korekore of Sipolilo, Tande, Nyongwe of "Darwin", and Pfungwe of Mrewa
  3. The Zezuru group, including Shawasha, Haraυa, another Goυa, Nohwe, Njanja, Mbire, Nobvu, Vakwachikwakwa, Vakwazvimba, Tsunga
  4. The Karanga group, including Duma, Jena, Mari, Goυera, Nogoυa, and Nyubi
  5. The Ndau group (mostly in Mozambique), including Ndau, Garwe, Danda, and Shanga
    1. The Ndau dialect, which is somewhat mutually intelligible with the main Shona dialects, has click sounds which do not occur in standard Shona. Ndau has a wealth of Nguni words as a result of the Gaza Nguni occupation of their ancestral land in the 19th century.[citation needed]

Agriculture

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The Shona have traditionally practiced subsistence agriculture. They grew sorghum, beans, African groundnuts, and after the Columbian Exchange, pumpkins; sorghum was also largely replaced by maize after the crop's introduction.[citation needed] The Shona also keep cattle and goats, since livestock are an important food reserve during droughts.[8]

Mining

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Precolonial Shona states derived substantial revenue from the export of mining products, particularly gold and copper.[8]

Culture

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Clothing

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Traditional clothing were usually animal skins that covered the front and the back, and were called 'mhapa' and 'shashiko.' These later evolved when the Shona people started trading for cloth with other groups, such as the Tsonga, and native cloths began to be manufactured.

Music

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Mbiras

Shona traditional music's most important instruments are ngoma drums and the mbira. The drums vary in size and shape, depending on the type of music they are accompanying. How they are played also depends on drum size and music type. Large drums are typically played with sticks, and smaller drums with an open palm; the small drum used for the 'amabhiza' dance is played with a hand and a stick. The stick rubs, or scratches, the drum to produce a screeching sound.[citation needed]

The mbira has become a national instrument of sorts in Zimbabwe.[10] It has a number of variants, including the nhare, mbira dzavadzimu, the Mbira Nyunga Nyunga, njari mbira, and matepe. The mbira is played at religious and secular gatherings, and different mbiras have different purposes. The 22–24-key mbira dzavadzimu is used to summon spirits, and the 15-key Mbira Nyunga Nyunga is taught from primary school to university.[citation needed] Shona music also uses percussion instruments such as the marimba (similar to a xylophone), shakers ('hosho'), leg rattles, wooden clappers ('makwa'), and the 'chikorodzi,' a notched stick played with another stick.[citation needed]

Arts

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See also: Sculpture of Zimbabwe

Both historically and in contemporary art, the Shona are known for their work in stone sculpture, which re-emerged during the 1940s. Shona sculpture developed during the eleventh century and peaked in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, before beginning a slow decline until their mid-20th-century rediscovery.[citation needed] Most of the sculptures are made from sedimentary-stone (such as soapstone) and depict birds or humans; though some are made with harder stone such as serpentinite. During the 1950s, Zimbabwean artists began carving stone sculptures for sale to European art collectors; these sculptures quickly became popular and were bought and exhibited at art museums around the world.[citation needed] Many of the sculptures depict the transformation of spirits into animals or vice versa, and some are more abstract. Many Zimbabwean artists carve wood and stone to sell to tourists.

Pottery is also a traditionally practiced craft, with the storage and serving pots being the most decorative, contrasted with those used for cooking. In Shona clay earthenware pots are known as hari.

Architecture

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Traditional Shona housing (musha) are round huts arranged around a cleared yard ('ruvanze). Each hut has a specific function, such as acting as a kitchen or a lounge.[11] Also shona architecture consist of drystone walling that goes back to the ancestors of mordern day shona people also kalanga and venda peoples. This drystone walling consist drystone walls, drystone walled stairs on hill tops and free standing drystone walls known as great Zimbabwe type drystone walling examples great Zimbabwe, chisvingo. Then there are additional types of drystone walling that the shona people did in Rozvi state that is platform terraces drystone walling.In what is the eastern province of Zimbabwe there is ziwa type drystone walling with cattle crawls for an indigenous Africa species of cattle still exist today and underground homes with drystone walled varandas.

Cuisine

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Sorghum and maize are used to prepare the staple dish, a thickened porridge (sadza), and the traditional beer known as hwahwa. [12] Beef is found to be a staple in shona peoples diet due to cattle rearing being very prominent in Zimbabwe. Historically, the wealthy royals would be able to eat beef on a regular (more than three times a week), usually dried; and commoners would eat beef at least once a week, also dried. Cattle was a priced resource, normally reserved for other products like milk. Preserved milk was consumed with sadza, at the time made by sorghum. At present, beef is consumed normally mixed with greens, kale being the most commonly used.

Religion

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Shona religion

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See also: Indigenous religion in Zimbabwe

The traditional religion of Shona people is centred on Mwari (God), also known as Musikavanhu (Creator of man/people) or Nyadenga (one who lives high up). God communicates with his people on earth directly or through chosen family members in each family believed to be holy people. At times God uses natural phenomena and the environment to communicate with his people. Some of the chosen people have powers to prophecy, heal and bless. People can also communicate with God directly through prayer. Deaths are not losses but a promotion to the stage where they can represent the living through the clan spirits. When someone dies, according to Shona religion, they join the spiritual world. In the spiritual world, they can enjoy their afterlife or become bad spirits. No one wants to be a bad spirit, so during life, people are guided by a culture of unhu so that when they die, they enjoy their afterlife. The Bira ceremony, which often lasts all night, summons spirits for guidance and intercession. Shona religion teaches that the only ones who can communicate with both the living and God are the ancestral spirits, or dzavadzimu.

 
A n'anga, close to Great Zimbabwe

Historically, colonialists and anthropologists wanted to undermine the Shona religion in favour of Christianity. Initially, they stated that Shona did not have a God. They denigrated the way the Shona had communicated with their God Mwari, the Shona way of worship, and chosen people among the Shona. The chosen people were treated as unholy and Shona prayer was labelled as pagan. When compared with Christianity, the Shona religious perspective of afterlife, holiness, worship and rules of life (unhu) are similar.[13]

Religious affiliation of Shona peoples

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Although sixty to eighty percent of the Shona people follow Christianity, Shona traditional religious beliefs are still present across the country. A small number of the population practice the Muslim faith, often brought about by immigrants from predominantly Malawi who practice Islam. There is also a small population of Jews.

Mitupo identity emblems

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In Zimbabwe the mitupo (translated as totems by colonial missionaries and anthropologists, a term which neglects the organizational system) are a system of identifying clans and sub-clans, which are named after and signified by emblems, commonly indigenous animals or animal body parts. Mitupo (the plural of mutupo singular) have been used by the Shona people since the Shona culture developed. They have provided a function in avoiding incest, and also build solidarity and identity. They could be compared to heraldry in European culture. There are more than 25 mitupo in Zimbabwe. In marriage, mitupo help create a strong identity for children but it serves another function of ensuring that people marry someone they know. In Shona this is explained by the proverb rooranai vematongo which means 'marry or have a relationship with someone that you know'. However, as a result of colonisation, urban areas and migration resulted in people mixing and others having relationships of convenience with people they do not know. This results in unwanted pregnancies and also unwanted babies some of whom are dumped or abandoned. This may end up with children without mutupo. This phenomenon has resulted in numerous challenges for communities but also for the children who lack part of their identity. It is, however, possible for a child to be adopted and receive a mutupo.[14][15]

Genetics And Haplogroup

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Shona people, as with most Bantu-speaking groups in southern Africa and central Africa, do not have Eurasian DNA.

The drystone walls in Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries has already proven by genetic DNA testing that the bodies of royal chiefs, kings, their wives, and children do not have any archaic Eurasian DNA. It finally put to the grave dehumanizing claims that a pure authentic African people couldn't do anything for themselves, meant to uphold outdated racial hierarchy claims.

references: Alonso A.Andelinovic S.Martin P.Sutlovic D.Erceg I.Huffine E.de Simon L. F.Albrran C.Definis-Gojanovic M.Fernandez-Rodriguez A.Garcia P.Drmic I.Rezic B.Kuret S.Sancho M.Primorac D2001 "DNA Typing from Skeletal Remains: Evaluation of Multiplex and Megaplex STR Systems on DNA Isolated from Bone and Teeth Samples" Croation Medical Journal 422001260266

Notable Shona people

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See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Ehnologue: Languages of Zimbabwe Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, citing Chebanne, Andy and Nthapelelang, Moemedi. 2000. The socio-linguistic survey of the Eastern Khoe in the Boteti and Makgadikgadi Pans areas of Botswana.
  2. ^ "Ethnologue: Languages of Mozambique". Archived from the original on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2015-06-04.
  3. ^ "Ethnologue: Languages of Botswana". Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
  4. ^ "Ethnologue: Languages of Zambia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
  5. ^ Zimbabwe — Mapping exercise (PDF). London: International Organization for Migration. December 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. ^ Haberland, Eike (May 3, 1974). Perspectives Des Études Africaines Contemporaines: Rapport Final D'un Symposium International. Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission. ISBN 9783794052257 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ "Shona". Ehnologue. (subscription required)
  8. ^ a b c d David N. Beach: The Shona and Zimbabwe 900–1850. Heinemann, London 1980 und Mambo Press, Gwelo 1980, ISBN 0-435-94505-X.
  9. ^ Doke, Clement M.,A Comparative Study in Shona Phonetics. 1931. University of Witwatersrand Press, Johannesburg.
  10. ^ "Music in Zimbabwe". Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. 16 March 2006. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ... only in Zimbabwe has [the mbira] risen to become something of a national instrument.
  11. ^ Friedrich Du Toit, Musha: the Shona concept of home, Zimbabwe Pub. House, 1982
  12. ^ Correct spelling according to D. Dale, A basic English Shona Dictionary, mambo Press, Gwelo (Gweru) 1981; some sources write "whawha", misled by conventions of English words like "what".
  13. ^ Michael Gelfand, The spiritual beliefs of the Shona, Mambo Press 1982, ISBN 0-86922-077-2, with a preface by Father M. Hannan.
  14. ^ "Baby dumping in Zimbabwe". Archived from the original on 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
  15. ^ "Project Tariro". webs.wofford.edu.

Further reading

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[1] [2] [3]

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Scholia has a topic profile for Shona people.
  1. ^ Rev. Dr. L. Kadenge. Death and Mourning among the Zezuru.Beyond Today Publishers: Harare,2020
  2. ^ Rev J.S. Mbiti. African religion philosophy. 2nd ed. Heinemann:Switzerland.1989
  3. ^ carpernter, G.W., The way in Africa, New York: Friendship Press.1964
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