The People's Republic of Albania executed 22 intellectuals without trial on 26 February 1951, as ordered by Enver Hoxha. They were accused of bombing the Soviet embassy in Tirana. The victims were 21 men and 1 woman. One day earlier, Jonuz Kaceli was killed while accused of the same crime. It was the first time the Agitation and Propaganda law was used.
| Massacre of 1951 in Albania | |
|---|---|
| Location | Tirana, Albania |
| Coordinates | 41°19′48″N 19°49′45″E / 41.33000°N 19.82917°E |
| Date | 26 February 1951 |
| Target | Intellectuals |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | 22 |
| Injured | Mehmet Shehu (lightly injured) during interrogation |
| Perpetrators | Communists, notably Enver Hoxha and Mehmet Shehu |
Background
editArrests
editThe 22 individuals were arrested and put in prison between 20 and 22 February 1951, then executed by firing squad on 26 February. The pretext was the explosion of a small amount of dynamite in the Soviet Embassy in Tirana on 19 February, for which the arrested persons were accused of.[1][2] On 20 February, the Communist leadership assembled and decided on counter-measures. Present were Enver Hoxha, Tuk Jakova, Mehmet Shehu, Bedri Spahiu, Hysni Kapo, Gogo Nushi, Spiro Koleka, Beqir Balluku, and Liri Belishova.[3]
The arrests were made based on death lists prepared in advance by the Ministry of Interior. The charge, as prepared and signed by Military Prosecutor Siri Çarçani and dated 25 February 1951, was the same for all 22 victims and read:
These people have been put at the service of imperialist foreign espionage, they have become members of a terrorist organization. They have made propaganda about the violent collapse of the people's power and have distributed slogans for a new war from the American and British imperialists and their satellites.
— Siri Çarçani, Military Prosecutor of communist Albania
The same Çarçani admitted later that when he wrote the charge he was completely unaware of any investigation having ever been performed. In addition, the charge was never communicated to any of the victims. Furthermore, a trial was never held.[citation needed]
Execution
editOne of the arrested intellectuals, Jonuz Kaceli, was killed a day earlier (25 February), by Mehmet Shehu after Kaceli punched and injured Shehu in the face after a long interrogation on high treason accusations by Shehu and Rasim Dedja.[4] Kaceli was thrown out of a window, head-first from the second floor, in the pretense that he had committed suicide.[5]
The 22 victims were executed on 26 February 1951, six days after the first arrest was made. All of the victims were shot based on a government decree issued by the Ministry of the Interior on the same day of the killings. The Minister of Interior that issued the decree was Omer Nishani. Manol Konomi, at the time minister of justice, did not want to sign the death sentences without approval. They were executed at midnight, near the Beshiri bridge, 15 km from Tirana, and were buried in a common grave, bound together.[6]
On 26 February 1951 the other victims were shot by an execution squad. The head of the police during that time, Sali Ormëni, was killed one week after the bombing. On 5 March 1951 the executions were approved by the military court of Communist Albania; that is eight days after the suspects were executed.
Aftermath and legacy
editIt was later found out that the bombing was actually orchestrated by Hysen Llulla and Qazim Laçi.[7]
In 1991 all victims were declared innocent,[8] and posthumously awarded the order Honor of the State by president Bamir Topi.[9] Their bodies were found bound with barbed wire in a joint mass grave on the Erzen river edge.[when?]
Victims
edit- Ali Qoraliu, politician
- Anton Delhysa, builder
- Gjon Temali, pharmaceut
- Fadil Dizdari, librarian
- Gafur Jegeni, officer
- Haki Kodra, businessman
- Hekuran Troka, businessman
- Jonuz Kaceli, businessman
- Luka Rašković, Yugoslav businessman
- Manush Peshkëpia, poet
- Mehmet Ali Shkupi, thermal engineer
- Myftar Jegeni, officer
- Niko Lezo, chemist
- Pandeli Nova, businessman
- Petro Konomi, telegraphist
- Pjerrin Guraziu, economist
- Qemal Kasaruho, economist
- Reiz Selfo, businessman
- Sabiha Kasimati, biologist
- Tefik Shehu, economist and jurist
- Thoma Katundi, engineer
- Zyhdi Herri, journalist
See also
editExternal links
edit- Short documentary about the massacre English
- Special about Massacre of 1951 in Albania (in Albanian)
- Special on TV Klan (in Albanian)
Further reading
edit- Paulin Kola (January 2003). The Search for Greater Albania. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-1-85065-596-1.
- Library of Congress. Legislative Reference Service (1954). Tensions Within the Soviet Captive Countries: Albania [by K. Vokopola]. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Gazeta 55, p. 16-17 (in Albanian)
References
edit- ^ "Uran Butka: Masakra e 1951, Prokurori dhe Gjyqtari: I pushkatuam pa gjyq 22 vetë". Zemra Shqiptare. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "Shqipëri: 26 shkurt 1951 regjimi komunist ekzekuton 22 intelektualë shqiptarë". Radiovaticana.org. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ [1], Gazeta 55, p. 13[dead link]
- ^ "Masakra e 1951, Prokurori dhe Gjyqtari: I pushkatuam pa gjyq 22 vetë | Peshku pa ujë". Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ^ "Pushkatimet e të dënuarve të bombës sovjetike në shkelje me ligjet". Zemra Shqiptare. 31 August 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ Shqipëri: 26 shkurt 1951 regjimi komunist ekzekuton 22 intelektualë shqiptarë
- ^ [2][permanent dead link], Gazeta 55, pp. 13–14
- ^ Daily report: East Europe, Nummers 152-161, Google Books
- ^ "TV Klan". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.