The Matsumoto sarin attack was an attempted assassination perpetrated by members of the Aum Shinrikyo doomsday cult in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan on the night of June 27, 1994. Eight people were killed[1][3] and more than 500 were harmed by sarin aerosol that was released from a converted refrigerator truck in the Kaichi Heights area. The attack was perpetrated nine months before the better-known Tokyo subway sarin attack.
| Matsumoto sarin attack | |
|---|---|
| Location | Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°14′35″N 137°58′18″E / 36.2430°N 137.9716°E |
| Date | June 27, 1994 10:40 pm (JST) |
Attack type | Mass murder, chemical terrorism, terrorism, attempted assassination |
| Weapons | Sarin |
| Deaths | 8 (including a victim who died in 2008)[1] |
| Injured | 500+[2] |
| Perpetrators | Aum Shinrikyo |
| Motive | Attempt to assassinate judges presiding over criminal charges against Aum Shinrikyo |
Sarin attack
editThe sarin attack occurred in a quiet residential area in the city of Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture. In carrying out the attack, Aum Shinrikyo had two goals; to attack three judges who were expected to rule against the cult in a lawsuit concerning a real estate dispute, and to test the efficacy of its sarin—which the cult was manufacturing at one of its facilities—as a weapon of mass murder.[4] Residents of Matsumoto had also angered Aum founder Shoko Asahara by vigorously opposing his plan to set up an office and factory in the city's southern area. Opponents of the plan gathered 140,000 signatures on an anti-Aum petition, equivalent to 70 percent of Matsumoto's population at the time.[5]
Aum's original plan to release the aerosol into the Matsumoto courthouse was altered when the cult members arrived in the city after the courthouse had closed. They decided to instead target a three-story apartment building where the city's judges resided. At 10:40 pm, members of Aum used a converted refrigerator truck to release a cloud of sarin which floated near the home of the judges. The truck's cargo space held "a heating contraption that had been specifically designed to turn" twelve litres of liquid sarin into an aerosol, and fans to diffuse the aerosol into the neighbourhood.[5]
At 11:30 pm, Matsumoto police received an urgent report from paramedics that casualties were being transported to hospital. The patients were suffering from darkened vision, eye pain, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, miosis (constricted pupils), and numbness in their hands. Some victims described having seen a fog with a pungent and irritating smell floating by. A total of 274 people were treated. Five dead residents were discovered in their apartments, and two died in hospital immediately after admission. An eighth victim, Sumiko Kono, remained in a coma for fourteen years and died in 2008.[3]
The day after the attack, dead fish were found in a pond near the scene. The bodies of dogs, birds, and a large number of caterpillars were found in the area. Grass and trees had withered and the trees' leaves had discoloured. Nearly all of the casualties had been discovered within a radius of 150 metres from the centre, near the pond. People near open windows or in air-conditioned rooms had been exposed to the aerosol. Forensic investigation using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that the poison was the nerve agent sarin.[6]
The fatalities included Yutaka Kobayashi, a 23-year-old salaryman, and Mii Yasumoto, a 29-year-old medical school student.[7]
Investigation
editPolice received an anonymous tip implicating Aum after the attacks, but the sect was not officially implicated in the incident until after the later Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995. One section of the tip read, "Matsumoto was definitely an experiment of sorts. The result of this experiment in an open space: seven dead, over 200 injured. If sarin is released in an enclosed space, say, a crowded subway it is easy to imagine a massive catastrophe."[8]
After the incident, police focused their investigation on Yoshiyuki Kōno, whose wife was a victim put in a coma by the aerosol. It was discovered that Kōno had stored a large amount of pesticide in his residence. Although it was later proven that sarin cannot be manufactured from pesticides, Keiichi Tsuneishi, a Japanese historian, claimed the nerve agent is synthesizable from organophosphorus pesticides,[9][10] and Kōno was dubbed by some in the media "the Poison Gas Man". He subsequently received hate mail, death threats, and intense legal pressure. After the truth became known, every major Japanese newspaper apologized to Kōno, including those that had not named him as a suspect.[citation needed]
After the Tokyo attack, the blame was shifted to the cult Aum. Matsumoto's police chief, on behalf of the police department and media, publicly apologized to Kōno. Kōno's wife later awoke from her coma, but recovered neither speech nor body movement; she died in 2008.[1][3]
Several Aum members were found guilty of masterminding both incidents. 13 Aum members, including cult leader Shoko Asahara, were sentenced to death, and were executed in 2018. Combined, the attacks resulted in 21 deaths and thousands of hospitalizations and outpatient treatments.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ a b c "Main Matsumoto sarin victim dies 14 years after attack". The Yomiuri Shimbun (August 6, 2008).
- ^ Olson, Kyle B. (1999), "Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat?", Emerg Infect Dis, 5 (4), Arlington, Virginia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Planning, Inc.: 513–6, doi:10.3201/eid0504.990409, PMC 2627754, PMID 10458955
- ^ a b c "Survivor of Aum's '94 sarin attack dies while in coma". The Asahi Shimbun (August 6, 2008).
- ^ Kyle B. Olson, "Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat?", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Planning, Inc., Arlington, Virginia
- ^ a b Murphy, Paul (June 21, 2014). "Matsumoto: Aum's sarin guinea pig". The Japan Times. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ^ Seto, Yasuo. "The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation." The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, June 1, 2001. Web. April 18, 2021.
- ^ "Matsumoto gassings remembered". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. June 28, 2009. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
- ^ Guinea Pigs "False Prophet: The Aum Cult of Terror" (chapter 18), Patrick Bellamy
- ^ Keiichi, Tsuneishi (June 28, 1994). "ナゾの有毒ガスで７人死亡 農薬中毒に似る 松本市の住宅街" [Mysterious toxic gas killed seven people, resembles pesticide intoxication, residential area of Matsumoto city]. The Asahi Shimbun (Evening ed.).
- ^ Keiichi, Tsuneishi (July 4, 1994). "市販薬でも作れる猛毒サリン 知識や経験あれば可能 松本の中毒死" [Deadly poisonous sarin synthesizable from over-the-counter drug, possible with experience and knowledge. Death by poisoning in Matsumoto]. The Asahi Shimbun (Morning ed.).