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Max Planck Society

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The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes. Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society,[1][3] it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany.[2][1]

Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften
AbbreviationMPG
PredecessorKaiser Wilhelm Society[1]
Formation1911; 113 years ago (1911)[1]
TypeNon-profit research organization[1]
Legal statuseingetragener Verein (e. V.)
HeadquartersMunich, Germany[1]
Coordinates48°08′28″N 11°34′55″E / 48.14115510°N 11.58207790°E / 48.14115510; 11.58207790
President
Patrick Cramer
Main organ
Senate[2]
Budget€1.8 billion (2018)[2]
Staff23,767 (2018)[2]
Websitewww.mpg.de/en Edit this at Wikidata
Max Planck, after whom the society is named

Mission

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According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society supports fundamental research in the natural, life and social sciences, the arts and humanities in its 84 (as of January 2024)[2] Max Planck Institutes.[1][3] The society has a total staff of approximately 17,000 permanent employees, including 5,470 scientists, plus around 4,600 non-tenured scientists and guests.[2] The society's budget for 2018 was about €1.8 billion.[2] As of 31 December 2018, the Max Planck Society employed a total of 23,767 staff, of whom 15,650 were scientists. 44.4% were female employees and 31.5% of all of the employees were foreign nationals.[4]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization, with 39 Nobel Prizes awarded to their scientists, and is widely regarded as one of the foremost basic research organizations in the world. In 2020, the Nature Index placed the Max Planck Institutes third worldwide in terms of research published in Nature journals (after the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Harvard University).[5] In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or impact), the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings.[6] The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields.[7]

The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields, including Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein.

The Max Planck Society also hosts the Cornell, Maryland, and Max Planck Pre-Doctoral Research School, an intense week of lectures, informal conversations with guest faculty and fellow students from all over the world, professional development panels with academic and industrial speakers, research poster sessions, and social events.

History

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The society's logo features Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom.

The organization was established in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, or Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG), a non-governmental research organization named for the then German emperor. The KWG was one of the world's leading research organizations; its board of directors included scientists like Walther Bothe, Peter Debye, Albert Einstein, and Fritz Haber. In 1946, Otto Hahn assumed the position of president of KWG, and in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG) after its former president (1930–37) Max Planck, who died in 1947.[8]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization. In 2006, the Times Higher Education Supplement rankings[9] of non-university research institutions (based on international peer review by academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in the world for science research, and No.3 in technology research (behind AT&T Corporation and the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States).

The domain mpg.de attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.[10]

List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG

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Max Planck Research Award

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From 1990 to 2004, the "Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation" was presented to several researchers from a wide range of disciplines each year.

From 2004 to 2017, the "Max Planck Research Award" was conferred annually to two internationally renowned scientists, one of whom was working in Germany and one in another country. Calls for nominations for the award were invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub-areas of the natural sciences and engineering, the life sciences, and the human and social sciences. The objective of the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in presenting this joint research award was to give added momentum to specialist fields that were either not yet established in Germany or that deserved to be expanded.[11]

Since 2018, the award has been succeeded by the "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award", annually awarded to an internationally renowned mid-career researcher with outstanding future potential from outside Germany but having a strong interest in a research residency in Germany for limited time periods, alternately in the fields of natural and engineering sciences, human sciences, and life sciences, as well as the "Max Planck-Humboldt Medal" awarded to other two finalists.[12][13][14][15]

Max Planck-Humboldt Research Awards and Medals

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Year Award Name Institution Field
2024 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Geordie Williamson University of Sydney Mathematics
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Torsten Hoefler ETH Zurich Artificial Intelligence and High-Performance Computing with applications in Climate Sciences
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Laura Waller University of California, Berkeley Computational microscopy
2023 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Rotem Sorek Weizmann Institute of Science Bacterial defense mechanisms against viruses
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Amy Buck University of Edinburgh Inter-species RNA communication
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Kandice Tanner National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda Biophysics of the metastatic spread of cancer
2022 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Margaret Roberts UCSD Censorship and Disinformation
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Vanessa Ogle Yale University Social Sciences
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Wim Decock Universities of Louvain-la-Neuve and Liége Social Sciences
2021 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Pablo Jarillo-Herrero MIT Quantum Materials
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Anastassia Alexandrova UCLA Theoretical Chemistry
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Sumit Gulwani Microsoft AI-assisted Programming
2020 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Roberto Bonasio University of Pennsylvania Life sciences
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Luciano Marraffini Rockefeller University Life sciences
2019 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Ufuk Akcigit University of Chicago Macroeconomics
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Elliot Tucker-Drob University of Texas at Austin Personality and developmental psychology
2018 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Catherine Heymans University of Edinburgh Dark energy
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Robert Wood Harvard University Soft robotics
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Sam Payne University of Texas at Austin Tropical geometry

Max Planck Research Award

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Year Name Institution Field
2016 Bonnie Bassler Princeton University Sensory perception of organisms
Martin Wikelski [de] Max Planck Institute for Ornithology
2015 Bryan Stanley Turner City University of New York Religion and modernity – secularisation, social and religious pluralism
Hans Joas Humboldt University of Berlin
2014 Robert J. Schoelkopf Yale University Quantum nanoscience
Jörg Wrachtrup University of Stuttgart
2013 Chris Field Carnegie Institution for Science & Stanford University Influence of climate change on ecosystems
Markus Reichstein [de] Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
2012 Katharina Pistor [de] Columbia University Law School Regulating international financial markets
Martin Hellwig Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods
2011 Sebastian Thrun Stanford University Intelligent systems
Bernhard Schölkopf Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems
2010 Timothy George Bromage [de] New York University College of Dentistry Evolution
Michael Tomasello Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
2009 Karl Galinsky University of Texas at Austin History of memory
Aleida Assmann University of Konstanz
2008 Robert S. Langer Massachusetts Institute of Technology Biomaterials
Peter Fratzl Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
2007 Raymond Joseph Dolan University College London & Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging Neuromodulation and behaviour
Hans-Christian Pape [de] University of Münster
2006 Alina Payne Harvard University Art history
Horst Bredekamp Humboldt University of Berlin
2005 Christopher Carilli National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro Astrophysics
Christof Wetterich Heidelberg University
2004 Eugene W. Myers University of California, Berkeley Bioinformatics
Martin Vingron Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics

Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation

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See Max-Planck-Forschungspreis [de]

Organization

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Entrance of the administrative headquarters of the Max Planck Society in Munich

The Max Planck Society is formally an eingetragener Verein, a registered association with the institute directors as scientific members having equal voting rights.[16] The society has its registered seat in Berlin, while the administrative headquarters are located in Munich. Since June 2014, materials scientist Martin Stratmann has been the President of the Max Planck Society.[17]

Funding is provided predominantly from federal and state sources, but also from research and license fees and donations. One of the larger donations was the castle Schloss Ringberg near Kreuth in Bavaria, which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern (Duke in Bavaria). It passed to the Society after the duke died in 1973, and is now used for conferences.

Max Planck Institutes and research groups

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Main article: List of Max Planck Institutes

The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes.[18] In addition, the society funds a number of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) and International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS). The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society.

The research units are primarily located across Europe with a few in South Korea and the U.S. In 2007, the Society established its first non-European centre, with an institute on the Jupiter campus of Florida Atlantic University focusing on neuroscience.[19][20]

The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from, though in close cooperation with, the universities, and focus on innovative research that does not fit into the university structure due to its interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary nature or that require resources that cannot be met by the state universities.

Internally, Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that each MPI has several directors, a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to department head at a university. Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows.[21]

In addition, there are several associated institutes:[18]

Name City Country Section
Center of Advanced European Studies and Research Bonn Germany Biology & Medicine
Ernst Strüngmann Institute Frankfurt am Main Germany Biology & Medicine

Max Planck Society also has a collaborative center with Princeton University—Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics—located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the U.S.[22] The latest Max Planck Research Center has been established at Harvard University in 2016 as the Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean.

International Max Planck Research Schools

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Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany, the Max Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) to promote junior scientists:

Max Planck Schools

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  • Max Planck School of Cognition[56]
  • Max Planck School Matter to Life[57]
  • Max Planck School of Photonics[58]

Max Planck Center

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  • The Max Planck Centre for Attosecond Science (MPC-AS), POSTECH Pohang
  • The Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase Materials, POSTECH Pohang

Max Planck Institutes

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Among others:

Open access publishing

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See also: Open access in Germany

The Max Planck Society describes itself as "a co-founder of the international Open Access movement".[59] Together with the European Cultural Heritage Online Project the Max Planck Society organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing. At the Conference the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was passed. The Berlin Declaration built on previous open access declarations, but widened the research field to be covered by open access to include humanities and called for new activities to support open access such as “encouraging the holders of cultural heritage” to provide open access to their resources.[60]

The Max Planck Society continues to support open access in Germany and mandates institutional self-archiving of research outputs on the eDoc server and publications by its researchers in open access journals within 12 months.[61] To finance open access the Max Planck Society established the Max Planck Digital Library. The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all Max Planck Institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure projects, such as the Max Planck open access repository.[62]

Criticism

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Pay for PhD students

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In 2008, the European General Court ruled in a case brought by a PhD student against the Max Planck Society that "a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, must be regarded as a worker within the meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the direction of an institute forming part of that association and if, in return for those activities, he receives remuneration".[63]

In 2012, the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students not being given employment contracts. Of the 5,300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max Planck Institutes 2,000 had an employment contract. The remaining 3,300 received grants of between 1,000 and 1,365 Euro.[64] According to a 2011 statement by the Max Planck Society "As you embark on a PhD, you are still anything but a proper scientist; it’s during the process itself that you become a proper scientist... a PhD is an apprenticeship in the lab, and as such it is usually not paid like a proper job – and this is, by and large, the practice at all research institutions and universities".[65] The allegation of wage dumping for young scientists was discussed during the passing of the 2012 "Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz" (Scientific Freedom Law) in the German Parliament.[66]

Freedom of expression

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In February 2024, the Max Planck Society faced widespread criticism for terminating the employment of Lebanese-Australian professor Ghassan Hage from the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, citing his social media posts on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as incompatible with the society's core values.[67] This decision was publicly condemned by numerous scholars and academic organizations, who argued it infringed on Hage's freedom of expression. German newspaper Welt am Sonntag initially reported on Hage's posts.[68][69] Following the dismissal, global academic communities, including Israeli scholars,[70] the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology,[71] the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies,[72] the European Association of Social Anthropologists,[73] the American Anthropological Association,[74] the Council for Humanities, Arts and Sciences and the Australian Anthropological Society,[75] the Canadian Anthropology Society,[76] a Japanese group of scholars,[77] the Australian Sociological Association,[78] rallied in support of Hage, extensively citing Hage's own intellectual work, urging the society to reverse its decision. The Max Planck Society and the President Patrick Cramer have not yet respond to these letters, as of July 2024. [79][80] The Max Planck Society's has made public statements expressing support for the state of Israel in the Israel–Hamas war.[81][82]

Nobel Laureates

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Max-Planck-Society (since 1948)

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  1. Ferenc Krausz, Nobel Prize, physics, 2023
  2. Svante Pääbo, Nobel Prize, medicine 2022
  3. Benjamin List, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2021
  4. Klaus Hasselmann, Nobel Prize, physics 2021
  5. Emmanuelle Charpentier, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2020
  6. Reinhard Genzel, Nobel Prize, physics 2020
  7. Stefan W. Hell, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2014
  8. Gerhard Ertl, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2007
  9. Theodor W. Hänsch, Nobel Prize, physics 2005
  10. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Nobel Prize, medicine 1995
  11. Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1995
  12. Erwin Neher, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
  13. Bert Sakmann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
  14. Robert Huber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
  15. Hartmut Michel, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
  16. Johann Deisenhofer, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
  17. Ernst Ruska, Nobel Prize, physics 1986
  18. Klaus von Klitzing, Nobel Prize, physics 1985
  19. Georges Köhler, Nobel Prize, medicine 1984
  20. Konrad Lorenz, Nobel Prize, medicine 1973
  21. Manfred Eigen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1967
  22. Feodor Lynen, Nobel Prize, medicine 1964
  23. Karl Ziegler, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1963
  24. Walter Bothe, Nobel Prize, physics 1954

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society (1914–1948)

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  1. Otto Hahn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1944
  2. Adolf Butenandt, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1939
  3. Richard Kuhn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1938
  4. Peter J. W. Debye, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1936
  5. Hans Spemann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1935
  6. Werner Heisenberg, Nobel Prize, physics 1932
  7. Otto Heinrich Warburg, Nobel Prize, medicine 1931
  8. Carl Bosch, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1931
  9. James Franck, Nobel Prize, physics 1925
  10. Otto Meyerhof, Nobel Prize, medicine 1922
  11. Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize, physics 1921
  12. Max Planck, Nobel Prize, physics 1918
  13. Fritz Haber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1918
  14. Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1915
  15. Max von Laue, Nobel Prize, physics 1914

See also

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References

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Citations

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g "About us | Max Planck Society: Facts & Figures". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
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  13. ^ "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award". humboldt-foundation.de.
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  57. ^ "Home". mattertolife.maxplanckschools.org.
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  59. ^ "The 13th"Berlin OA conference" was the second one focussing on the large-scale transition of scholarly journals to Open Access as put forward by the OA2020 initiative". Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
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  67. ^ "Statement of the Max Planck Society about Prof. Ghassan Hage".
  68. ^ "Antisemitismus-Skandal erschüttert deutsche Nobelpreis-Schmiede". Die Welt (in German). 5 February 2024. ISSN 0173-8437. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  69. ^ "As the war in Gaza continues, Germany's unstinting defence of Israel has unleashed a culture war that has just reached Australia". 13 February 2024.
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  73. ^ "EASA letter regarding academic freedom and Prof. Ghassan Hage". easaonline.org. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
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  78. ^ "Urgent Appeal for the Preservation of Academic Freedom" (PDF). tasa.au/. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
  79. ^ "Der Skandal um Ghassan Hage". Zenith. 23 February 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024."Professor Hage's sacking in Germany could have a serious impact on Australian universities". 29 February 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
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  82. ^ "The Max Planck Society must end its unconditional support for Israel". aljazeera.com. 24 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024.

Sources

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  • Alison Abbott: German science starts facing up to its historical amnesia, in: Nature Vol 403 (2000), p. 474f. (article about the Commission for the history of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft under National Socialism)
  • Gretchen Vogel: Aufbau Ost: Max Planck's East German Experiment, in: Science Vol. 326, 6 November 2009 (about the new institutes in the eastern part of Germany)
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