Attalea maripa, commonly called maripa palm[3] is a palm native to tropical South America and Trinidad and Tobago. It grows up 35 m (115 ft) tall and can have leaves or fronds 10–12 m (33–39 ft) long. This plant has a yellow edible fruit which is oblong ovoid and cream. An edible oil can be extracted from the pulp of the fruit and from the kernel of the seed.
| Attalea maripa | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae |
| Genus: | Attalea |
| Species: | A. maripa
|
| Binomial name | |
| Attalea maripa | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Palma maripa Aubl. | |
Description
editAttalea maripa is a large palm that grows from 3.5–20 m (11–66 ft) tall. Stems range from 20–33 cm (8–13 in) in diameter, occasionally reaching up to 100 cm (39.5 in). Trees have 10 to 22 leaves with long petioles.[4] Fruit are large and brown[4] or yellow, 5–6.5 cm (2.0–2.6 in)[5] with 2 or 3 seeds which are 4–6 cm (1.5–2.5 in) long and 2.5–3 cm (0.98–1.18 in) in diameter[4] They are borne in infructescences which can contain several hundred to over 2000 fruit.[5]
Taxonomy
editThe species was first described by French botanist Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in 1775 in his Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Francoise as Palma maripa. German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius transferred it to the genus Attalea in 1844. Hermann Wendland moved it to the genus Scheelea in 1878, while Carl Georg Oscar Drude moved it to Maximiliana. Otto Kuntze moved it to the genus Englerophoenix in 1891.[2] Orator F. Cook placed it in its own genus in 1940, which he named Ethnora in recognition of Aublet's as a pioneer of the anti-slavery movement.[6] Recent work has favoured maintaining all Attaleinae in a single genus, Attalea.[7]
Vernacular names
edit| Common names of Attalea maripa | |
| Common name | Usage |
|---|---|
| Anajá | Brazil[4] |
| Cocorite | Trinidad and Tobago[8] |
| Cucurito | Venezuela[4] |
| Cusi | Bolivia[4] |
| Gaibamo (fruit) | Huaroni (Ecuador)[9] |
| Gaibawe (adult) | Huaroni[9] |
| Güichire | Colombia[4] |
| Inajá | Brazil[10] |
| Inajai | Brazil[4] |
| Inayo | Ecuador[4] |
| Inayuga | Peru[4] |
| Kukarit | Guyana[4] |
| Maripa | French Guiana, Suriname[4] |
| Namba (juvenile plant) | Huaroni[9] |
| Wencayapa (juvenile plant) | Huaroni[9] |
| Rikre | Kakapó (Brazil)[11] |
Distribution
editAttalea maripa ranges from Trinidad and Tobago in the north to Bolivia in the south. It is present in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil.[2] It is found in lowland forests and disturbed areas, on soils that are not usually flooded.[4]
Ecology
editThe fruit of A. maripa are consumed by a variety of mammals. On Maracá Island, Roraima, in the Brazilian Amazon, fruit were consumed by tapirs, collared peccaries, deer and primates. Rodents, including agoutis, fed upon the fruit and, as the fruit availability declined, they fed on the seeds. They also cached seeds for later consumption. Most species consume the pulp and spit out intact seeds within a short distance of the parent tree. Tapirs swallow the entire fruit and defaecate intact seeds further away from parent trees. Most of the seeds that were not removed from the vicinity of the parent trees were killed by larvae of the bean weevil (Bruchid beetle) Pachymerus cardo. Beetle larvae killed 77% of seeds that were not dispersed away from the parent trees, but less than 1% of seeds that were dispersed to tapir latrines.[5]
In Trinidad, A. maripa is a characteristic species in the savannas that develop when forests are converted to grasslands through repeated fires. British forester J. S. Beard termed these savannas "Cocorite Savannas" (after the local name for A. maripa).[8]
Uses
editCarbonised Attalea maripa seeds have been found in archaeological sites in Colombia dating back to 9000 BP.[12] The Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador use the mesocarps for food. They use the petiole and leaf rachis to make blowgun darts and sleeping mats, the petioles for torches, the pinnae for kindling and the stems for firewood.[9] In addition to using is as a food species, Kayapó of Brazil use the species as a source of salt, and value it because it attracts wildlife.[11] The leaves are also used for thatching.[4]
Edible oil can be extracted from the mesocarp and kernel of A. maripa. Oleic acid is the predominant fatty acid in oil extracted from the mesocarp, while lauric acid predominates in the kernel. About half of the fatty acids in the mesocarp oil are saturated and half unsaturated. The tocopherol content of the mesocarp oil was average (in comparison to other edible oils) while the kernel oil was low in tocopherols.[10]
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ Barker, A. (2021). "Attalea maripa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T66829050A66836478. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T66829050A66836478.en. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Attalea maripa". WCSP World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
- ^ "Attalea maripa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Henderson, Andrew; Gloria Galeano; Rodrigo Bernal (1995). Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08537-4.
- ^ a b c Fragoso, Jose M. V. (1997). "Tapir-Generated Seed Shadows: Scale-Dependent Patchiness in the Amazon Rain Forest". Journal of Ecology. 85 (4). British Ecological Society: 519–29. doi:10.2307/2960574. JSTOR 2960574.
- ^ Cook, O. F. (1940). "Aublet the botanist, a pioneer against slavery, with a memorial genus of palms". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 30 (7): 294–99.
- ^ Govaerts, R.; J. Henderson; S.F. Zona; D.R. Hodel; A. Henderson (2006). "World Checklist of Arecaceae". The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
- ^ a b Beard, J. S. (1953). "The Savanna Vegetation of Northern Tropical America". Ecological Monographs. 23 (2). Ecological Society of America: 149–215. doi:10.2307/1948518. JSTOR 1948518.
- ^ a b c d e Macía, Manuel J. (2004). "Multiplicity in palm uses by the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 144 (2): 149–59. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00248.x.
- ^ a b Bereau, Didier; Bouchra Benjelloun-Mlayah; Michel Delmas (2001). "Maximiliana maripa Drude mesocarp and kernel oils: Fatty acid and total tocopherol compositions". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 78 (2): 213–14. doi:10.1007/s11746-001-0245-8. S2CID 84280800.
- ^ a b Posey, Darrell Addison (1985). "Indigenous management of tropical forest ecosystems: the case of the Kayapó indians of the Brazilian Amazon". Agroforestry Systems. 3 (2): 139–58. doi:10.1007/BF00122640. S2CID 20326757.
- ^ Morcote-Ríos, Gaspar; Rodrigo Bernal (2001). "Remains of palms (Palmae) at archaeological sites in the New World: A review". Botanical Review. 67 (3): 309–50. doi:10.1007/BF02858098. S2CID 46582757.
Further reading
edit- Schultes, Richard E. (1974). Palms and religion in the northeast Amazon. Principes 18 (1): 3-21. Astrocaryum vulgare, Bactris gasipaes, Euterpe oleracea, E. precatoria, Leopoldinia piassaba, Maximiliana martiana, Oenocarpus bacaba, Socratea exorrhiza
External links
edit
Media related to Attalea maripa at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Attalea maripa at Wikispecies