Maymūn-Diz (Persian: میمون دز)[1] was a major fortress of the Nizari Ismailis of the Alamut Period described in historical records.[2][3] It has been variously identified with the Alamut Castle, Navizar Shah Castle, Shirkuh Castle, Shahrak Castle, and Shams Kalayeh Cave. Recently, Enayatollah Majidi located it on top of Mount Shatan (کوه شاتان Kūh-e Shātān; 36°28′34″N 50°36′25″E / 36.4762463°N 50.6069645°E) near Khoshk Chal.[4][5]
| Maymun-Diz | |
|---|---|
میمون دژ | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Status | Demolished |
| Type | cave-fortress |
| Location | disputed; near Alamut Castle |
| Country | Iran |
| Inaugurated | 1097 |
| Demolished | November 1256 |
| Client | Nizari Ismaili state |
| Technical details | |
| Material | plaster, gravel |
The fortress was surrendered by Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, who was residing there, to the invading Mongols under Hulagu Khan and was subsequently demolished. This was followed by surrender of Alamut and almost all other strongholds and the disestablishment of the Nizari state.
History
editThe date of the (beginning of the) construction by the Nizari Ismailis is variously given as 1097 (per Jami' al-tawarikh), 1103 (per Zubdat al-Tawarikh), and during the Imamate of Ala al-Din Muhammad (1211–1255) (per Tarikh-i Jahangushay).[6][7][8] The fortress was on a great spur of rock rising almost vertically from the valley.[9] Its ramparts were made of plaster and gravel.[7] Elsewhere it has been described as an "extraordinary cave-fortress".[9]
After the Mongol invasion of Iran and the subsequent death of the last Khwarezmian emperor, Hulagu Khan began to conquer the strongholds of the Nizari Ismailis as the main objective. He demanded the Nizari Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah dismantle the Nizari fortresses, including Alamut, and surrender himself to Hulagu Khan, who had reached Rudbar. Khurshah was residing in Maymun-Diz, and soon found the fortress encircled by Hulagu Khan and his eight tümens (80,000 fighters).[10][11] Teams of hand-picked Mongol fighters were distributed at around 250 meters intervals from the hilltop down to the valley.[9]
Apparently, the Mongols were hesitant to push the siege of Maymun-Diz, and were persuaded to accept some sort of compromise.[10] As winter was approaching, the besieging Mongols faced supply problems due to the difficulty of finding fodder for their horses.[12] On 19 November 1256, Khurshah with a group of notables left the fortress and surrendered to Hulagu Khan. Considering how well-fortified and well-provisioned Alamut was, the Mongols welcomed the surrender.[10][11] A group of Nizaris kept fighting in a last stand in the "qubba" (a supposedly high domed structure within the fort) and were killed.[13] Maymun-Diz was subsequently destroyed and its inhabitants were massacred. This is traditionally considered the date of the disestablishment of the Nizari Ismaili state.[11][10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Persian pronunciation: [mei̯mʊnˈdez]; also میمون دژ [mei̯mʊnˈdeʒ]. The first component means both "monkey" and "blessed", and is variously transliterated as maymun (maymūn), meymun (meymūn), maimun (maimūn), meimun (meimūn), meymoon, meimoon. The second component means "fortress", and is variously transliterated as dez, diz, dezh, dizh, dej, dij.
- ^ يوسف, فضايى، (2004). تحقيق در تاريخ و عقايد مذاهب اهل سنت اسماعيليه (in Persian). آشيانه كتاب،. p. 366. ISBN 9789646350779.
- ^ Kasravi, Ahmad; Amini, Mohammad (2011). شیعی گری: shi'ism (in Persian). Ketab.com. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-59584-307-4.
- ^ Majīdī, ʻInāyat Allāh (2005). Maymun dizh-i Alamut: barrisi-i jughrafiya-i va tārīkhī (in Persian). Bunyad-i Muqufa̲t-i Duktur Mahmud-i Afshār. ISBN 978-964-6053-24-3.
- ^ الله, مجيدي، عنايت (2006). مىمون دژ الموت بررسى تارىخى و جغرافىاىى (in Persian). بنىاد موقوفات دکتر محمود افشار،. ISBN 978-964-6053-24-3.
- ^ "Construction of Maimundiz". www.ismaili.net. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ a b Levi, Scott Cameron; Sela, Ron (2010). Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources. Indiana University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-253-35385-6.
- ^ Donzel, E. J. Van (1994). Islamic Desk Reference. BRILL. p. 258. ISBN 978-90-04-09738-4.
- ^ a b c Nicolle, David (2004). The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane. Brockhampton Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-1-86019-407-8.
- ^ a b c d Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Frye, Richard Nelson (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-521-06936-6.
- ^ a b c Daftary, Farhad. "The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands | The Institute of Ismaili Studies". www.iis.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Fragner, Bert G. (2009). Horses in Asia. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-7001-6103-5.
- ^ Pickthall, Marmaduke William; Asad, Muhammad (1967). Islamic Culture. Islamic Culture Board.