Freedom of the press in China refers to the journalism standards and its freedom and censorship exercised by the government of China. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China guarantees "freedom of speech [and] of the press" which the government, in practice, routinely violates with total impunity, according to Reporters Without Borders.[1]
Authorities often label independent or investigative coverage as "fake news".[2] Since Xi Jinping became the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 2012, various commentators, protesters, feminists, lawyers, journalists, and activists have been arrested, detained, jailed, and threatened for attempting to exercise press freedom.[3] The 2020 World Press Freedom Index states that China is trying to establish a “new world media order” and maintain a system of information hyper-control, which the report says had negative effects for the entire world during the coronavirus public health crisis.[4] As of 2023[update], Reporters Without Borders called China "the world's largest jailer of journalists."[1]
Background
editThe country's constitution prohibits media workers, including internet users, from publishing, writing, circulating, or otherwise posting fake news, misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda related to various subjects such as national security, terrorism, ethnic hatred, violence, and obscenity. However, most private journalists are restricted from sharing certain views and opinions with the general public.[5]
China introduced Article 35 of the constitution of China that provides its citizens the right to observe "press freedom" in a free environment. However, Article 51 prohibits such activities for the national interest, which limits press freedom in the country. Chinese mass media such as radio and television broadcast news fall under Article 25, which limits their ability to broadcast plays, news, and other forms of information in free journalism standards. This, according to the Regulation on the Administration of Publishing, prevents transmitting of such content that poses risks to sovereignty and public interest.[5]
Freedom of the Press in China was greatest during the early period (1966–1968) of the Cultural Revolution.[6] During this period, several Red Guard organizations also operated independent printing presses to publish newspapers, articles, speeches, and big-character posters.[6]
Media organizations and its workers, explicitly, foreign media working within the country, "must" obtain a license before they engage in journalism compiled with standards which are regulated by the foreign affairs authority. Foreign media have limited access or freedom to attend press conferences of the National People's Congress. However, the law of China allows state-owned media with "free press", such as raising questions or concerns in the press conference.[5] Domestically, all credentialled journalists must study Xi Jinping thought through the "Study Xi, Strengthen the Country propaganda application" in order for them to renew their press credentials.[1] The app instructs journalists to "correctly guide public opinion."[7]
Global rank
editAs of 2023[update], the global rank of China declined to 179 out of 180, with only North Korea having less press freedom. China has been one of the countries with nominal freedom of press regulations. Reporters Without Borders, a non-government organization dedicated to safeguarding the right to information, published an annual report, the World Press Freedom Index, indicating that the Chinese Communist Party, the ruling party, is exercising self- and direct-censorship on the press.[8]
Censorship
editAccording to Reporters Without Borders, the role of the media in China is to impart state propaganda.[1] According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, in 2023, China ranks as the "worst jailer of journalists," with Uyghurs making up almost half of all imprisoned journalists.[9] China often blocks news websites, social media platforms, and other services such as Facebook, Gmail, Google, Instagram, and Pinterest, and has limited their access to the general public. The Great Firewall has blocked most foreign news websites, such as Voice of America, BBC News, The New York Times, and Bloomberg News. In 2017, Chinese authorities also removed about "300 politically sensitive articles" from the Cambridge University Press. However, this article removal was later contested online on Change.org. In 2019, some scholars and writers deleted their posts or permanently deleted their feeds after authorities asked them to do so. Some writers were warned for retweeting or liking posts.[10]
Under Xi Jinping, press censorship has increased.[11] The authorities often raid pro-democracy activists and media owners in an attempt to suppress the press.[12] In 2019, China blocked all available versions of Wikipedia in the country without any notice to Wikimedia Foundation.[13]
Chinese journalists are often detained for alleged negative coverage. In 2016, more than twenty journalists, including commentator Jia Jia, were arrested after an open letter was published calling on Chinese leader Xi Jinping to resign. According to Reporters without Borders, independent journalists and bloggers are often surveilled, harassed, detained, and, in some cases, tortured.[1] A report published by the Committee to Protect Journalists in 2016 asserted that an estimated 49 journalists are serving prison terms, indicating that China is a "prolific jailer of media workers".[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e "China". Reporters Without Borders. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "China's pressure and propaganda - the reality of reporting Xinjiang". BBC News. 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ Schlesinger, David; Henochowicz, Anne; Wang, Yaqiu (17 March 2016). "Why Xi Jinping's Media Controls Are 'Absolutely Unyielding'". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ "2020 World Press Freedom Index: "Entering a decisive decade for journalism, exacerbated by coronavirus" | RSF". rsf.org. 19 April 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ a b c Zhang, Laney (8 June 2019). "Limits on Freedom of Expression". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ a b Russo, Alessandro (2020). Cultural Revolution and Revolutionary Culture. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 148. doi:10.2307/j.ctv15kxg2d. ISBN 978-1-4780-1218-4. JSTOR j.ctv15kxg2d. OCLC 1156439609.
- ^ "How China trains its journalists to report "correctly"". The Economist. 20 July 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "China : Even tighter control". Reporters Without Borders. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "China is the world's worst jailer of journalists, CPJ says". Radio Free Asia. 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "One Country, One Censor: How China undermines media freedom in Hong Kong and Taiwan". Committee to Protect Journalists. 16 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Press Freedom Continues to Face Setbacks in China". Voice of America. 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "How China is limiting freedom of the press in Hong Kong". PBS NewsHour. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Wikipedia blocked in China in all languages". BBC News. 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "China Gets Worst Ever Score in Global Press-Freedom Survey". Time. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
Further reading
edit- "Foreign journalists in China see 'rapid decline in media freedom': survey". U.S. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- Yu, Elaine (8 March 2021). "Will Hong Kong's Free Press Survive?". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- Guo, Yi (2020). Freedom of the Press in China: A Conceptual History, 1831-1949. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-9-0485-4462-2. Retrieved 9 March 2021.