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Psilopogon

(Redirected from Megalaima)

Psilopogon is a genus of Old World barbets that used to include only a single species, the fire-tufted barbet (P. pyrolophus). Results of molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the genus is nested within an evolutionary branch consisting of Asian barbets that were formerly placed in the genus Megalaima proposed by George Robert Gray in 1841. Since Psilopogon was proposed by Salomon Müller already in 1835, this name takes priority.[1][2]

Psilopogon
Fire-tufted barbet (Psilopogon pyrolophus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Megalaimidae
Genus: Psilopogon
Müller, S., 1836
Type species
Psilopogon pyrolophus
Müller, S.
Synonyms

Megalaima G. R. Gray, 1842

The name Psilopogon combines the Ancient Greek psilos meaning "bare" and pōgōn meaning "beard".[3]

Taxonomy

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The genus Psilopogon was introduced in 1836 by the German naturalist Salomon Müller to accommodate a single species, the fire-tufted barbet (Psilopogon pyrolophus), which is therefore the type species.[4][5]

In the 19th and 20th centuries, about 19 generic names were proposed for Asian barbet species in collections of natural history museums, including Megalaima by George Robert Gray in 1849 and Mezobucco by George Ernest Shelley in 1889.[6] Molecular phylogenetic research of Asian barbets revealed that the Megalaima species form a clade, which also includes the fire-tufted barbet. Barbets formerly placed in Megalaima were therefore reclassified under the genus Psilopogon, which now contains the following 33 species:[7]

As of February 2023, the list of birds maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) as well as the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World maintained by members of Cornell University both treat Psilopogon cyanotis as a subspecies of Psilopogon duvaucellii.[8][9] The taxon Psilopogon cyanotis was not included in the 2013 molecular phylogenetic study by Robert Jan den Tex and Jennifer Leonard.[1]

Genus Psilopogon – Müller, S., 1836 – thirty three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Fire-tufted barbet

 

Psilopogon pyrolophus
S. Müller, 1836 		Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Coppersmith barbet

 

Psilopogon haemacephalus
(Statius Müller, 1776[10])

Nine subspecies
  • P. h. haemacephalus
  • P. h. indicus
  • P. h. roseus
  • P. h. intermedia
  • P. h. delicus
  • P. h. mindanensis
  • P. h. celestinoi
  • P. h. cebuensis
  • P. h. homochroa
Pakistan to the Philippines and Indonesia Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


White-cheeked barbet

 

Psilopogon viridis
(Boddaert, 1783[11]) 		Western Ghats and adjoining hills
  		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Great barbet

 

Psilopogon virens
(Boddaert, 1783[12])

Four subspecies
  • P. v. virens
  • P. v. marshallorum
  • P. v. magnificus
  • P. v. clamator
northern India, Nepal and Bhutan, Bangladesh and some parts of Southeast Asia, as far east as Laos Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Brown-headed barbet

 

Psilopogon zeylanicus
(Gmelin, 1788)

Three subspecies
 Western Ghats and hilly parts of southern peninsular India Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Crimson-fronted barbet

 

Psilopogon rubricapillus
Gmelin, 1788 		Sri Lanka Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Blue-throated barbet

 

Psilopogon asiaticus
(Latham, 1790) 		Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Lineated barbet

 

Psilopogon lineatus
(Vieillot, 1816) 		West Bengal and Bangladesh Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Yellow-fronted barbet

 

Psilopogon flavifrons
(Cuvier, 1816) 		Sri Lanka Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Black-banded barbet

 

Psilopogon javensis
(Horsfield, 1821) 		Java and Bali Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Yellow-eared barbet

 

Psilopogon australis
(Horsfield, 1821) 		Java and Bali Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Flame-fronted barbet

 

Psilopogon armillaris
(Temminck, 1821) 		Java and Bali Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Golden-whiskered barbet

 

Psilopogon chrysopogon
(Temminck, 1824)

Three subspecies
  • P. c. chrysopogon
  • P. c. chrysopsis
  • P. c. laetus
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Borneo and Sumatra Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Red-throated barbet

 

Psilopogon mystacophanos
(Temminck, 1824) 		Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 NT 


Black-eared barbet

 

Psilopogon duvaucelii
(Lesson, 1830)

Three subspecies
  • P. d. duvaucelii
  • P. d. gigantorhinus
  • P. d. tanamassae
Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Green-eared barbet

 

Psilopogon faiostrictus
(Temminck, 1831) 		southern China, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Brown-throated barbet

 

Psilopogon corvinus
(Temminck, 1831) 		western Java Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Yellow-crowned barbet

 

Psilopogon henricii
(Temminck, 1831) 		Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 NT 


Black-browed barbet

 

Psilopogon oorti
(Müller, 1836) 		Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Red-crowned barbet

 

Psilopogon rafflesii
(Lesson, 1839) 		Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 NT 


Golden-throated barbet

 

Psilopogon franklinii
(Edward Blyth, 1842[13])

Two subspecies
  • P. f. franklinii
  • P. f. ramsayi
Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam and mainland China Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Blue-eared barbet

 

Psilopogon cyanotis
(Blyth, 1847)

Three subspecies
  • P. c. cyanotis
  • P. c. orientalis
  • P. c. stuarti (Robinson & Kloss, 1919)
northeast India ‍and Bangladesh to peninsular Thailand Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Malabar barbet

 

Psilopogon malabaricus
(Blyth, 1847) 		Western Ghats from around Goa south to southern Kerala
  		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Taiwan barbet

 

Psilopogon nuchalis
(Gould, 1863) 		Taiwan Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Red-vented barbet

 

Psilopogon lagrandieri
(Verreaux, 1868) 		Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Chinese barbet

 

Psilopogon faber
(R. Swinhoe, 1870) 		southern China Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Moustached barbet

 

Psilopogon incognitus
(Hume, 1874) 		Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Golden-naped barbet

 

Psilopogon pulcherrimus
(Sharpe, 1888) 		Indonesia and Malaysia Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Mountain barbet


Psilopogon monticola
(Sharpe, 1889) 		Borneo Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Bornean barbet

 

Psilopogon eximius
(Sharpe, 1892) 		Indonesia and Malaysia, Borneo Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Necklaced barbet

 

Psilopogon auricularis
(Robinson & Kloss, 1919) 		southern Laos and Vietnam Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Indochinese barbet

 

Psilopogon annamensis
(Robinson & Kloss, 1919) 		Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Turquoise-throated barbet

 

Psilopogon chersonesus
(Chasen & Kloss, 1927) 		Thailand Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 




Phylogeny

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Coppersmith barbet

 

Crimson-fronted barbet

Malabar barbet

 
 

Yellow-eared barbet

Black-eared barbet

Bornean barbet

 
 
 

Great barbet

Red-vented barbet

Fire-tufted barbet

 
 
 

Red-throated barbet

Black-banded barbet

Red-crowned barbet

 
 
 

Flame-fronted barbet

Yellow-crowned barbet

Golden-naped barbet

 

Green-eared barbet

 
 

Lineated barbet

 

Brown-headed barbet

 

White-cheeked barbet

Yellow-fronted barbet

 
 

Golden-throated barbet

Necklaced barbet

 
 
 

Brown-throated barbet

 

Golden-whiskered barbet

Golden-whiskered barbet

Mountain barbet

 
 

Taiwan barbet

Chinese barbet

Moustached barbet

 
 

Blue-throated barbet

Indochinese barbet

 

Turquoise-throated barbet

Black-browed barbet

Relationship within the genus[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Den Tex, R.-J.; Leonard, J. A. (2013). "A molecular phylogeny of Asian barbets: Speciation and extinction in the tropics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2013MolPE..68....1D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.004. PMID 23511217.
  2. ^ Ericson, P. G. P. (2012). "Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (5): 813–824. Bibcode:2012JBiog..39..813E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02650.x. S2CID 85599747.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ Müller, Salomon (1835). "Aanteekeningen over de natuurlijke gesteldheid van een gedeelte der westkust en binnenlanden van Sumatra, met bijvoeging van eenige waarnemingen en beschrijvingen van verscheid dieren". Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie (in Dutch). 2: 315–355 [339]. The title page is dated 1835 but the article was not published until 1836.
  5. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 30.
  6. ^ Ripley, S. D. (1945). "The barbets" (PDF). The Auk. 62 (4): 542–563. doi:10.2307/4079804. JSTOR 4079804.
  7. ^ Moyle, R. G. (2004). "Phylogenetics of barbets (Aves: Piciformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (1): 187–200. Bibcode:2004MolPE..30..187M. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00179-9. PMID 15022769.
  8. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Jacamars, puffbirds, toucans, barbets, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  9. ^ Clements, J.F.; Schulenberg, T.S.; Iliff, M.J.; Fredericks, T.A.; Gerbracht, J.A.; Lepage, D.; Billerman, S.M.; Sullivan, B.L.; Wood, C.L. (2022). "The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2022". Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  10. ^ Statius Müller, P. L. (1776). "Der Blutskopf. Bucco haemacephalus". Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Schwedischen Leibarztes &c. &c. vollständigen Natursystems. Supplements- und Register-Band über alle sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs. Nürnberg: Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe. p. 88.
  11. ^ Boddaert, P. (1783). "870. Barbu verd, Buff. XIII". Table des Planches Enluminées d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés. Utrecht. p. 53.
  12. ^ Boddaert, P. (1783). "871. Le grand Barbu, Buff. XIII". Table des Planches Enluminées d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés. Utrecht. p. 53.
  13. ^ Blyth, E. (1842). "Notes on various Indian and Malayan birds". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 11 (1): 160–195.
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