Megara (/ˈmɛɡərə/; Greek: Μέγαρα, pronounced [ˈmeɣaɾa]) is a historic town and a municipality in West Attica, Greece. It lies in the northern section of the Isthmus of Corinth opposite the island of Salamis, which belonged to Megara in archaic times, before being taken by Athens.[3][4] Megara was one of the four districts of Attica, embodied in the four mythic sons of King Pandion II, of whom Nisos was the ruler of Megara. Megara was also a trade port, its people using their ships and wealth as a way to gain leverage on armies of neighboring poleis. Megara specialized in the exportation of wool and other animal products including livestock such as horses. It possessed two harbors, Pagae to the west on the Corinthian Gulf, and Nisaea to the east on the Saronic Gulf of the Aegean Sea.
Megara
Μέγαρα | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Megara Location within the region  | |
| Coordinates: 37°59′47″N 23°20′40″E / 37.99639°N 23.34444°E | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | Attica |
| Regional unit | West Attica |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Panagiotis Margetis[1] (since 2023) |
| Area | |
• Municipality | 330.1 km2 (127.5 sq mi) |
| • Municipal unit | 322.2 km2 (124.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Population (2021)[2] | |
• Municipality | 38,033 |
| • Density | 120/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| • Municipal unit | 30,773 |
| • Municipal unit density | 96/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| • Community | 29,122 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 191 00 |
| Area code(s) | 22960 |
| Website | www.megara.gr |
History
edit
Late Bronze
editMycenaean period
editIn the Late Bronze, Megara features prominently as a small kingdom in the myths and legends of Homer. Megara emerged between two fortified ports, Nisaea on the Saronic Gulf and Pagae on the Gulf of Corinth, on two acropolises Karia and Alkathos. However, Megara at this point remains more mythical until it started expanding in Iron II.
In Greek mythology, Nisus was a King of Megara and son of king Pandion II of Athens, and gave his name to the port Nisaea. Pandion II had married Pylia, daughter of King Pylas of Megara. Pylas was the son of Cteson, son of Lelex. Megara was the capital in Megaris.
Archaeology. Megara is considered a Mycenaean fortified site. Myths suggests the seat of a petty king with a megaron. However, modern buildings obscure the remains and only some ruins have been found. Isolated blocks of Cyclopean walls were first found on the upper part of the hill by Fimmen and later by Field.[5] A palace here would command the costal plain and valley towards the north-east.[6]
Iron Age
editAccording to Pausanias, the Megarians said that their town owed its origin to Car, the son of Phoroneus, who built the citadel called 'Caria' and the temples of Demeter called Megara, from which the place derived its name.[7]
In historical times, Megara was an early dependency of Corinth, in which capacity colonists from Megara founded Megara Hyblaea, a small polis north of Syracuse in Sicily. Megara then fought a war of independence with Corinth, and afterwards founded Chalcedon in 685 BC, as well as Byzantium (c. 667 BC).
Megara is known to have early ties with Miletos, which is located within the region of Caria in Asia Minor. According to some scholars, they had built up a "colonisation alliance". In the 7th/6th century BCE these two cities acted in concordance with each other.[8]
Both cities acted under the leadership and sanction of an Apollo oracle. Megara cooperated with that of Delphi. Miletos had her own oracle of Apollo Didymeus Milesios in Didyma. Also, there are many parallels in the political organisation of both cities.[8]
In the late 7th century BC Theagenes established himself as tyrant of Megara by slaughtering the cattle of the rich to win over the poor.[9] Arguably the most famous citizen of Megara in antiquity was Byzas, the legendary founder of Byzantium in the 7th century BC. The 6th century BC poet Theognis also came from Megara.
Second Persian Invasion
editDuring the second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) Megara fought alongside the Spartans and Athenians at crucial battles such as Salamis and Plataea.
First Peloponnesian War
editMegara defected from the Spartan-dominated Peloponnesian League (c. 460 BC) to the Delian league due to border disputes with its neighbour Corinth; this defection was one of the causes of the First Peloponnesian War (460 – c. 445 BC). By the terms of the Thirty Years' Peace of 446–445 BC Megara was forced to return to the Peloponnesian League.
Second Peloponnesian War
editIn the (second) Peloponnesian War (c. 431 – 404 BC), Megara was an ally of Sparta. The Megarian decree is considered to be one of several contributing "causes" of the Peloponnesian War.[10] Athens issued the Megarian decree, which banned Megarian merchants from territory controlled by Athens; its aim was to constrict the Megarian economy. The Athenians claimed that they were responding to the Megarians' desecration of the Hiera Orgas, a sacred precinct in the border region between the two states.
In the early 4th century BC, Euclid of Megara founded the Megarian school of philosophy which flourished for about a century, famous for the use of logic and dialectic.
Classical Age
editDuring the Celtic invasion in 279 BC, Megara sent a force of 400 peltasts (light infantrymen) to Thermopylae. During the Chremonidean War, in 266 BC, the Megarians were besieged by the Macedonian king Antigonus Gonatas and managed to defeat his elephants employing burning pigs. Despite this success, the Megarians had to submit to the Macedonians.
In 243 BC, exhorted by Aratus of Sicyon, Megara expelled its Macedonian garrison and joined the Achaean League, but when the Achaeans lost control of the Isthmus in 223 BC the Megarians left them and joined the Boeotian League. Not more than thirty years later, however, the Megarians grew tired of the Boeotian decline and returned their allegiance to Achaea. The Achaean strategos Philopoemen fought off the Boeotian intervention force and secured Megara's return, either in 203 or in 193 BC.
According to Plutarch, Megarians tried to unleash lions against the besieging Roman troops guided by Quintus Fufius Calenus around 48 BC, but the animals "rushed among the unarmed citizens themselves and preyed upon them as they ran hither and thither, so that even to the enemy the sight was a pitiful one".[11]
The Megarians were proverbial for their generosity in building and endowing temples. Saint Jerome reports "There is a common saying about the Megarians [...:] 'They build as if they are to live forever; they live as if they are to die tomorrow.'"[12]
The Greeks used the proverb "worthy of the Megarians share" (Ancient Greek: Τῆς Μεγαρέων ἄξιοι μερίδος), meaning dishonorable/dishonored.[13]
Democracy in Megara
edit
Megara seems to have experienced democracy on two occasions. The first was between 427 BC, when there was a democratic uprising, and 424 BC, when a narrow oligarchy was installed (Thuc. 3.68.3; 4.66-8, 73-4). The second was in the 370s BC, when we hear that the people of Megara expelled some anti-democratic conspirators (Diod. 15.40.4). By the 350s BC, though, Isocrates is referring to Megara in terms that suggests that it was an oligarchy again (Isoc. 8.117-19).
One of the first actions of the new oligarchy in 424 BC was to compel the people to vote openly, which suggests that the democracy had made use of the secret ballot. Megarian democracy also made use of ostracism. Other key institutions of the democracy included a popular Assembly and Council, and a board of five (or six) generals.[14]
According to Plutarch, Megara was also a democracy in the 6th century BC. The measures said to be implemented by the radical government included making interest-bearing loans illegal and forcing creditors to return the interest they had collected.[15] While some historians accept the existence of democracy in the archaic period, others consider the story to reflect the later anti-democratic political thought.[16]
Geography
editMegara is located in the westernmost part of Attica, near the Megara Gulf, a bay of the Saronic Gulf. The coastal plain around Megara is referred to as Megaris, which is also the name of the ancient city state centered on Megara. Megara is 8 km west of Nea Peramos, 18 km west of Elefsina, 19 km east of Agioi Theodoroi, 34 km west of Athens and 37 km east of Corinth.
Transport
editRoad
editThe A8 motorway connects Megara with Athens and Corinth.
Rail
editThe Megara railway station is served by Proastiakos suburban trains to Athens and Kiato.
Air
editThere is a small military airfield south of the town, ICAO code LGMG.[17]
Municipality
edit
The municipality of Megara was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of two former municipalities, Megara and Nea Peramos, which became municipal units.[18] In 2017 Kineta became a separate community within the municipal unit of Megara.[19]
The municipality has an area of 330.11 km2, the municipal unit 322.21 km2.[20]
Districts and suburbs
edit- Agia Triada
- Aigeirouses
- Kineta
- Koumintri
- Lakka Kalogirou
- Moni Agiou Ierotheou
- Moni Agiou Ioannou Prodromou
- Moni Panachrantou
- Pachi
- Stikas
- Vlychada
Population
edit| Year | Town | Municipal unit | Municipality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | 17,584 | - | - |
| 1981 | 20,814 | 21,245 | - |
| 1991 | 20,403 | 25,061 | - |
| 2001 | 23,032 | 28,195 | - |
| 2011 | 23,456 | 28,591 | 36,924 |
| 2021 | 25,467 | 30,773 | 38,033 |
Sports
edit- Vyzas F.C., football team
Notable people
edit
- Orsippus (8th century BC), runner
- Byzas (7th century BC), founder of Byzantium
- Theognis (6th century BC), elegiac poet
- Eupalinos (6th century BC), engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos on Samos
- Theagenes (c. 600 BC), Tyrant of Megara[21]
- Euclid (c. 400 BC), founder of the Megarian school of philosophy[22]
- Stilpo (c. 325 BC), philosopher of the Megarian school[23]
- Teles (3rd century BC), cynic philosopher.[24]
- Giorgos Papagiannis, Professional basketball player, playing for Fenerbahçe S.K. (basketball) in the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi
Facilities
edit- Medium-wave transmitter with a 180-metre-tall radio mast, broadcasting on 666 kHz and 981 kHz
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Municipality of Megara, Municipal elections – October 2023, Ministry of Interior
- ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^ "Mythology - Ancient History". Municipality of Salamina. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
- ^ "Ancient Salamis". Athens Attica. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
- ^ Field 1984:144. GAC 73
- ^ https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5374/1/5374_2812-vol1.PDF
- ^ Paus. i. 39. § 5, i. 40. § 6
- ^ a b Alexander Herda (2015), Megara and Miletos: Colonising with Apollo. A Structural Comparison of Religious and Political Institutions in Two Archaic Greek Polis States
- ^ Aristotle, Politics V 4,5
- ^ Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
- ^ Plutarch, Brutus 8,4
- ^ Jerome, To Ageruchia, Letter cxxiii.15
- ^ Suda, § tau.537
- ^ E. Robinson, Democracy Beyond Athens, Cambridge 2011, 46-47.
- ^ Graeber, David (2012). Debt. The First 5,000 Years. Melville House. pp. 191, 427. ISBN 9781612191294.
- ^ Forsdyke, Sara (2005). "Revelry and riot in Archaic Megara: democratic disorder or ritual reversal?". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 125: 73. doi:10.1017/S0075426900007114. S2CID 146491518.
- ^ World Aero Data[usurped]
- ^ "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
- ^ "ΦΕΚ 9Α - 2017, Αναγνώριση του αυτοτελούς οικισμού «Κινέτα» Δήμου Μεγαρέων ως Τοπικής Κοινότητας" (PDF) (in Greek). Government Gazette.
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. 18 March 2011. p. 437. ISSN 1106-5761. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
- ^ Oost, Stewart Irvin (July 1973). "The Megara of Theagenes and Theognis". Classical Philology. 68 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 186–196. doi:10.1086/365976. JSTOR 267749. S2CID 162187770.
- ^ Ravindran, Renuka (April 2007). "The Life of Euclid" (PDF). Resonance. 12 (4). Indian Academy of Sciences: 3. doi:10.1007/s12045-007-0033-2. S2CID 123498195. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
- ^ Platts, John (1825). A Universal Biography: 1st series. From the creation to the birth of Christ. Sherwood, Jones, and Company. p. 479.
- ^ Preus, Anthony (12 February 2015). Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 381. ISBN 9781442246393.
External links
edit- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 76.