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Codex Mendoza

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The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex, believed to have been created around the year 1541.[1] It contains a history of both the Aztec rulers and their conquests as well as a description of the daily life of pre-conquest Aztec society. The codex is written using traditional Aztec pictograms with a translation and explanation of the text provided in Spanish. It is named after Don Antonio de Mendoza (1495-1552), the viceroy of New Spain, who supervised its creation and who was a leading patron of native artists.

Codex Mendoza
Bodleian Library, England,  United Kingdom
The founding of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan; first page of the Codex Mendoza, c. 1541
Typecodex
Date1541 approximately
Place of originMexico
Language(s)Glosses in Spanish
Materialbark paper[citation needed]
Size140 by 23.5 centimetres (55.1 by 9.3 in)
Formatscreenfold book
ScriptAztec script

Mendoza knew that the ravages of the conquest had destroyed multiple native artifacts, and that the craft traditions that generated them had been effaced. When the Spanish crown ordered Mendoza to provide evidence of the Aztec political and tribute system, he invited skilled artists and scribes who were being schooled at the Franciscan college in Tlatelolco to gather in a workshop under the supervision of Spanish priests where they could recreate the document for him and the King of Spain.[2] The pictorial document that they produced became known as the Codex Mendoza: it consists of seventy-one folios made of Spanish paper measuring 20.6 × 30.6 centimeters (8.25 × 12.25 inches).[3] The document is crafted in the native style, but it now is bound at a spine in the manner of European books.

The codex is also known as the Codex Mendocino and La colección Mendoza, and has been held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University since 1659. It was on display as part of the Bodleian's Gifts and Books exhibition from 16 June to 29 October 2023.[4] The Bodleian Library holds four other Mesoamerican codices: Codex Bodley, Codex Laud, Codex Selden, and the Selden Roll.

History

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The Codex Mendoza on display at the Bodleian Library

The manuscript must date from after 6 July 1529, since Hernán Cortéz is referred to on folio 15r as 'marques del Valle'.[5] It must have been produced before 1553, when it was in the possession of the French cosmographer André Thevet, who wrote his name on folios 1r, 2r, 70v, 71v.

The final page of the manuscript explains some of the circumstances in which it was produced.[6]

The reader must excuse the rough style in the interpretation of the drawings in this history, because the interpreter did not take time or work at all slowly...The interpreter was given this history ten days prior to the departure of the fleet, and he interpreted it carelessly because the Indians came to agreement late; and so it was done in haste and he did not improve the style suitable for an interpretation, nor did he take time to polish the words and grammar or make a clean copy.

The manuscript was therefore finished in haste and designed to be sent to Spain. More precise information regarding the exact date of the manuscript and the reasons it was produced is controversial. The testimony of the conquistador Jerónimo López, probably dating from 1547, may be relevant.[7]

it must have been about six years ago more or less that entering one day into the home of an Indian who was called Francisco Gualpuyogualcal, master of the painters, I saw in his possession a book with covers of parchment and asking him what it was, in secret he showed it to me and told me that he had made it by the command of Your Lordship, in which he has to set down all the land since the founding of the city of Mexico and the lords that had governed and ruled until the coming of the Spaniards and the battles and clashes that they had and the taking of this great city and all the provinces that it ruled and had made subject and the assignment of these towns and provinces that was made by Montezuma to the principal lords of this city and of the fee that each one of the knights gave him from the tributes of the towns that he had and the plan that he employed in the aforesaid assignment and how he sketched [?] the towns and provinces for it. (tr. H. B. Nicholson)

Silvio Zavala argued that the book referred to was the Codex Mendoza,[8] and his arguments were restated by Federico Gómez de Orozco.[9] If this is the case, then the Codex was written c. 1541 ('six years ago more or less' from López's recollection) and was commissioned by Mendoza. As H. B. Nicolson has pointed out, however, the description is not an exact fit for the Codex, and the identification is not certain.[10]

According to a later account by Samuel Purchas, a later owner of the Codex, writing in 1625, the Spanish fleet was attacked by French privateers and all of the booty, including the codex, was taken to France.[11]

It was certainly in the possession of André Thévet, cosmographer to King Henry II of France. Thévet wrote his name in five places on the codex, twice with the date 1553. It was later owned by the Englishman Richard Hakluyt. According again to Samuel Purchas, Hakluyt bought the Codex for 20 French francs. Some time after 1616 it was passed to Samuel Purchas, then to his son, and then to John Selden. The codex was deposited into the Bodleian Library at Oxford University in 1659, five years after Selden's death, where it remained in obscurity until 1831, when it was rediscovered by Viscount Kingsborough and brought to the attention of scholars.

Content

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Iconography descriptions of Codex Mendoza expanding on the foundation of Tenochtitlan as a civilization of power and authority.[12]

Written on European paper, it contains 71 pages, divided into three sections:

  • Section I, folios 1r to 17r or 18r, is a history of the Aztec people from 1325 through 1521 — from the founding of Tenochtitlan through the Spanish conquest. It lists the reign of each ruler and the towns conquered by them. It is uncertain whether folios 17v and 18r belong to Section I or Section II.[13]
  • Section II, folios 17v or 18v to 54v, provides a list of the towns conquered by the Triple Alliance and the tributes paid by each. This section is closely related to, and probably copied from, the Matrícula de Tributos, but the Codex Mendoza contains five provinces not included in the Matrícula. This probably represents material now missing from the Matrícula, but present when the Codex Mendoza was copied.[14]
  • Section III, folios 56v to 71v, is a pictorial depiction of the daily life of the Aztecs.

Folios 73 to 85 of MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, as currently foliated, do not form part of the Codex Mendoza. These folios comprise an originally separate manuscript, apparently written in England in the first half of the seventeenth century. This manuscript contains tables of the comparative value of Roman, Greek, English, and French money. The two manuscripts were bound together in England in the early seventeenth century.[15]

Section I

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Section II

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  •  
    Folio 17 verso
  •  
    Folio 20 recto
  •  
    Folio 37 recto
  •  
    Folio 43 recto
  •  
    Folio 46 recto
  •  
    Folio 47 recto
  •  
    Folio 52 recto

Section III

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  •  
    Folio 57 recto, A birth of a baby
  •  
    Folio 58 recto
  •  
    Folio 60 recto, Punishments and chores of children, ages 11 to 14
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    Folio 61 recto
    (top) 15-year-old boys beginning training in the military or the priesthood
    (bottom) A 15-year-old girl gets married
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    Folio 62 recto, (top rest) Participation of students and punishments for misbehavior (bottom) Preparation to warriorhood
  •  
    Folio 64 recto
    (top) Duties of novice priests
    (bottom) Ranks awarded to warriors
  •  
    Folio 65 recto
    (top) Ranks award to priest-warriors
    (bottom) Imperial officers
  •  
    Folio 67 recto
    (top) Warriors scout a town at night in preparation for an attack
    (middle) Negotiations after surrender.
    (bottom) High-ranking commanders
  •  
    Folio 69 recto
    Moctezuma II's palace

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Berdan, F. F.; Anawalt, P. R. (1992). "Codex Mendoza". Scientific American. 1 (6): 70. Bibcode:1992SciAm.266f..70A. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0692-70.
  2. ^ Carrasco, David (1999). City of Sacrifice : The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization. p. 19.
  3. ^ Anawalt, Patricia (2001). "Codex Mendoza". In Carrasco, David L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures :The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America vol.1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-19-514255-6. OCLC 872326807.
  4. ^ "Gifts and Books". visit.bodleian.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  5. ^ Berdan, F. F.; Anawalt, P. R. (1992). "Codex Mendoza". Scientific American. 1 (6): 5. Bibcode:1992SciAm.266f..70A. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0692-70.
  6. ^ Berdan, F. F.; Anawalt, P. R. (1997). The Essential Codex Mendoza. p. 148. ISBN 9780520204546.
  7. ^ Berdan, F. F.; Anawalt, P. R. (1992). "Codex Mendoza". Scientific American. 1 (6): 70. Bibcode:1992SciAm.266f..70A. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0692-70.
  8. ^ Zavala, Silvio (1938). "Las encomiendas de Nueva España y el gobierno de don Antonio de Mendoza". Revista de Historia de América. 1: 59–75.
  9. ^ Gómez de Orozco, Federico (1941). "¿Quien fue el autor material del Códice Mendocino y quien su interprete?". Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos. 5: 43–52.
  10. ^ Berdan, F. F.; Anawalt, P. R. (1992). "Codex Mendoza". Scientific American. 1 (6): 2. Bibcode:1992SciAm.266f..70A. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0692-70.
  11. ^ Berdan, F. F.; Anawalt, P. R. (1992). "Codex Mendoza". Scientific American. 1 (6): 7. Bibcode:1992SciAm.266f..70A. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0692-70.
  12. ^ Carrasco, David (1981). "City as Symbol in Aztec Thought: The Clues from the Codex Mendoza". History of Religions. 20 (3): 199–223. doi:10.1086/462868. ISSN 0018-2710. JSTOR 1062365. S2CID 161916200.
  13. ^ Berdan, F. F.; Anawalt, P. R. (1992). "Codex Mendoza". Scientific American. 1 (6): 55–6. Bibcode:1992SciAm.266f..70A. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0692-70.
  14. ^ Batalla Rosado, J. J. (Spring 2007). "The scribes who painted the Matrícula de Tributos and the Codex Mendoza". Ancient Mesoamerica. 18 (1): 31–51. doi:10.1017/s0956536107000077. S2CID 206292086.
  15. ^ Berman, F. F.; Anawalt, P. R. (1992). "Codex Mendoza". Scientific American. 1 (6): 23. Bibcode:1992SciAm.266f..70A. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0692-70.
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