Mengu-Timur (/ˈmɛŋɡuː ˈtɪmər/ MEN-goo TIM-ər) or Möngke Temür (Mongolian: ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ, Мөнхтөмөр; died 1280) was a son of Toqoqan Khan[1] (himself the son of Batu) and Köchu Khatun of Oirat,[2] the daughter of Toralchi Küregen and granddaughter of Qutuqa Beki. Mengu-Timur was a khan of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire in 1266–1280.
| Möngke Temür ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ | |
|---|---|
| Khan | |
_Timur._AH_665-679_AD_1267-1280_Bulghar_mint._Dated_AH_672_or_3_(AD_1273-1275).jpg) Coinage of Möngke (Mengu) Timur. Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275) | |
| Khan of the Golden Horde Western Half (Blue Horde) | |
| Reign | 1266–1280 |
| Predecessor | Berke |
| Successor | Tode Mongke |
| Died | 1280 Sarai |
| Spouse | Oljai Khatun Sultan Khatun Qutuqui Khatun |
| Issue | Toqta Toghrilcha Alqui Thocomerius |
| House | Borjigin |
| Dynasty | Golden Horde |
| Father | Toqoqan Khan |
| Mother | Köchu Khatun |
| Religion | Shamanist |
| Tamga |  |
His name literally means "Eternal Iron" in the Mongolian language.
Early reign and foreign policy
editDuring his reign, the Mongols together with their subjects, several Turkic tribes and the Russian princes, undertook military campaigns against Byzantium (c. 1269–1271), Lithuania (1275), and the Alans in the Caucasus (1277). The very first yarlyk (a license or written commandant of Mongol and Chinggisid rulers) found by historians was written on behalf of Mengu-Timur and contained information on the release of the Russian Orthodox Church from paying tribute to the Golden Horde, even though he was a shamanist. During the reign of Mengu-Timur, the Genoese traders purchased Caffa from the Mongols. But those Italian merchants paid taxes to the Mongol khans and sometimes to Nogai.
Both the German crusaders and the Lithuanians threatened the safety of Russian lands. In 1268, he sent his forces to Novgorod to assist his Russian vassals to conquer Danish Estonia, but after the Battle of Wesenberg was forced to withdraw. In 1274 Smolensk, the last of the Russian principalities, became subject to Mengu-Timur khan of the Golden Horde. The Khan also dispatched his army along with several Russian princes to Lithuania by the request of the Duke Lev of Galicia-Volhynia in 1275.
In 1277, he ended the long siege of the Alani city Dyadkov with the assistance of his Russian vassals and crushed the rebellion of the Volga Bulgars in Kazan. And he allowed German traders to travel freely through his domain.
In 1280, he launched his campaign against Poland which ended in his defeat. He died soon after this unsuccessful campaign.[3]
Golden Horde and the Mongol Empire
editMengu-Timur was originally nominated by Kublai Khan.[4][5] But he sided with Kaidu who was a rival of the latter. Kublai only stopped him from invading the Ilkhanate with a large force.[6] The Golden Horde helped Kaidu to put down the force of the Chagatai Khanate. In 1265, Kaidu was defeated by the Chagatai army under Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq. That is why, the Khan of the Jochid Ulus sent 30,000 armed-men headed by his uncle Berkecher to support Kaidu's force. Their victory over the Chagatai army forced Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq to initiate a peace treaty with them. Together they formed an alliance and demarcated the borders of their realms in Talas. Rashid al-Din claims that the meeting took place in the spring of 1269 in Talas, while Wassaf writes that it took place around 1267 to the south of Samarkand. Though He and Kaidu admonished Baraq for invading the Ilkhanate, Mengu-Timur congratulated Ilkhan Abagha upon his stunning victory over the Chagatai army in order to hide his true intention. The two had been probably fighting with each other until the 1270s. But some scholars disaffirm that such battles occurred.[7] By the 1270s, they had signed a peace treaty. In addition to the peace treaty, Abagha allowed Mongke Temur to collect tax income from some of the workshops in his khanate.
Baybars continued to conduct warm correspondence with the Golden Horde, particularly with Mengu Timur's general Nogai, who unlike Mengu Timur was very cooperative with Baybars. It is theorized that this intimacy was not only due to the religious connection (as Nogai was a Muslim, unlike his Khan), but also because Nogai was not really fond of Mengu-Timur.
During that time, Kublai dispatched his favorite son, Nomu Khan, against Kaidu to Almaliq. Nomu Khan sent letters to Chingisid nobles to reassert their support. Mongke Temur responded that he would protect Kublai from Kaidu if he assaulted the Yuan. In 1276, Chingisid princes Shiregi and Tokhtemur defected to Kaidu's side and arrested Kublai's son. Then they sent Nomughan and his brother Kökechü to Mengu-Timur and his general to Kaidu. The court of the Golden Horde released Nomughan in 1278[8] or 10 years later.[9] It seems that Mengu-Timur held him as a pawn in the wars of the Mongol world. He died of a neck injury in 1280.
Family
editMengu-Timur married several times:
- Öljei Khatun — daughter of Saljidai Küregen of Khongirad and Kelmish Aqa (daughter of Qutuqtu)
- Alqui
- Toqta
- Sultan Khatun (from Hüshin tribe)
- Abachi
- Tödeken
- Qutuqui Khatun (unknown tribe)
- Börlük
With unknown wives and concubines:
- Tudan
- Cholkhan
- Sarai Buqa
- Moloqai
- Ulus Buqa
- Qadan
- Qoduqai
- Künges
- Toghrilcha
- Öz Beg khan
- Jani beg khan/jani Muhammad khan the sin of Oz beg khan(sultan Gayas ud Din)
- Bardi beg khan,tani beg ( Jani beg)
- Din Muhammad ,valu muhammah khan,Baki muhammah khan,was the son of jani beg /jani Muhammad khan
- Iamon Quli khan the son of Din Muhammad.
- Öz Beg khan
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Morgan, David. The Mongols. p. 224.
- ^ Rashid al-Din. Universal History. Vol. II. p. 102.
- ^ New History of Yuan. Vol. 106.
- ^ Howorth, Henry Hoyle. History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Division 1.
- ^ Matsuwo, Otsahi. Khubilai kan.[full citation needed]
- ^ Saunders, J. J. The history of Mongol conquests.
- ^ Amitai Press, Reuven. Mamluk Ilkhanid war.
- ^ Rene Grousset
- ^ Rashi al-Din. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire.