Winnecke 4 (also known as Messier 40 or WNC 4) is an optical double star consisting of two unrelated stars in a northerly zone of the sky, Ursa Major.
_(noao-m40).jpg) Winnecke 4 double star | |
| Observation data Epoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Ursa Major |
| A | |
| Right ascension | 12h 22m 12.5272s[1] |
| Declination | +58° 4′ 58.549″[1] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.64[2] |
| B | |
| Right ascension | 12h 22m 18.9992s[3] |
| Declination | +58° 5′ 10.366″[3] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 10.11[2] |
| Characteristics | |
| A | |
| Spectral type | K0 III[4] |
| B | |
| Spectral type | G0 V[4] |
| Astrometry | |
| A | |
| Parallax (π) | 3.2191 ± 0.0118 mas[1] |
| Distance | 1,013 ± 4 ly (311 ± 1 pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | +0.88[4] |
| B | |
| Parallax (π) | 6.9328 ± 0.0155 mas[3] |
| Distance | 470 ± 1 ly (144.2 ± 0.3 pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | +4.0[4] |
| Details | |
| A | |
| Mass | 1.15[5] M☉ |
| Radius | 4.48[6] R☉ |
| Luminosity | 13[6] L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 3.16[5] cgs |
| Temperature | 4,957[5] K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | −0.164[7] dex |
| Age | 4.1[7] Gyr |
| B | |
| Mass | 1.00[5] M☉ |
| Radius | 1.1[8] R☉ |
| Luminosity | 1.56[8] L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 4.36[5] cgs |
| Temperature | 6,146[5] K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | −0.26[5] dex |
| Other designations | |
| A: HD 238107, SAO 28353 | |
| B: HD 238108, SAO 28355 | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | data |
| A | |
| B | |
The pair were discovered by Charles Messier in 1764 while he was searching for a nebula that had been reported in the area by Johannes Hevelius. Not seeing any nebulae, Messier catalogued this apparent pair instead. The pair were rediscovered by Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke in 1863, and included in the Winnecke Catalogue of Double Stars as number 4. Burnham calls M40 "one of the few real mistakes in the Messier catalog," faulting Messier for including it when all he saw was a double star, not a nebula of any sort.[9]
In 1991 the separation between the components was measured at 51.7″, an increase since 1764. Data gathered by astronomers Brian Skiff (2001) and Richard L. Nugent (2002) strongly suggested the subject was merely an optical double star rather than a physically connected (binary) system.[4] The A star that seems the brighter is over twice as far as B.[10] Parallax measurements from the Gaia satellite show the two stars, HD 238107 and HD 238108, are at distances of 311 ± 1 parsec (1,013 ± 4 light-years) and 144.2 ± 0.3 parsecs (470 ± 1 light-year) respectively. HD 238108 is itself a genuine binary star, with an 18th magnitude white dwarf companion 5 arcseconds away and a parallax distance of 146.8 ± 2.3 parsecs (479 ± 8 light-years).[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e). Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. (March 2000). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 355: L27–L30. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e). Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b c d e Nugent, Richard L (2002). "The Nature of the Double Star M40". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 96: 63. Bibcode:2002JRASC..96...63N.
- ^ a b c d e f g Anders, F.; Khalatyan, A.; Chiappini, C.; Queiroz, A. B.; Santiago, B. X.; Jordi, C.; Girardi, L.; Brown, A. G. A.; Matijevič, G.; Monari, G.; Cantat-Gaudin, T.; Weiler, M.; Khan, S.; Miglio, A.; Carrillo, I.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Minchev, I.; de Jong, R. S.; Antoja, T.; Ramos, P.; Steinmetz, M.; Enke, H. (August 2019). "Photo-astrometric distances, extinctions, and astrophysical parameters for Gaia DR2 stars brighter than G = 18". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 628: A94. arXiv:1904.11302. Bibcode:2019A&A...628A..94A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935765. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b Sit, Tawny; Ness, M. K. (2020). "The Age Distribution of Stars in the Milky Way Bulge". The Astrophysical Journal. 900 (1): 4. arXiv:2006.01158. Bibcode:2020ApJ...900....4S. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9ff6. S2CID 219179385.
- ^ a b Stassun, Keivan G.; et al. (2019-10-01). "The Revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (4): 138. arXiv:1905.10694. Bibcode:2019AJ....158..138S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3467. hdl:1721.1/124721. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 166227927.
- ^ Robert Burnham (1978). Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System. Courier Corporation. p. 1982. ISBN 978-0-486-23673-5.
- ^ Merrifield, M. R; Gray, M. E; Haran, B (2017). "Gaia Shows that Messier 40 is Definitely Not a Binary Star". The Observatory. 137: 23. arXiv:1612.00834. Bibcode:2017Obs...137...23M.
External links
edit
Media related to Messier 40 at Wikimedia Commons- SEDS: Messier Object 40
- Messier 40 CCD LRGB image with 2 hrs total exposure
- Sir Patrick Moore; Mike Merrifield; Pete Lawrence. "M40 – Optical Double Star". Deep Sky Videos. Brady Haran.
- Winnecke 4 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
