Methylorubrum extorquens is a Gram-negative bacterium. Methylorubrum species often appear pink, and are classified as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs, or PPFMs.[4] The wild type has been known to use both methane and multiple carbon compounds as energy sources.[4] Specifically, M. extorquens has been observed to use primarily methanol and C1 compounds as substrates in their energy cycles.[5] It has been also observed that use lanthanides as a cofactor to increase its methanol dehydrogenase activity[6][7]
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| Methylorubrum extorquens (Urakami and Komagata 1984) Green and Ardley 2018[1]
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Genetic structure
editAfter isolation from soil, M. extorquens was found to have a single chromosome measuring 5.71-Mb.[8] The bacterium itself contains 70 genes over eight regions of the chromosome that are used for its metabolism of methanol.[9] Within a section of the chromosome, of M. extorquens AM1 are two xoxF genes that enable it to grow in methanol.[9]
M. extorquens AM1 genome encodes a 47.5 kb gene of unknown function. This gene encodes an over 15,000 residue-long polypeptide along with three unique compounds that are not expressed.[10] The microbe uses the mxa gene[11] as a way to dehydrogenate methanol and use it as an energy source.[10]
Chemical use
editMethylorubrum extorquens uses primarily C1 and C2 compounds to grow.[9] Utilizing compounds with few carbon-carbon bonds allows the bacterium to successfully grow in environments with methanol, such as on the surface of leaves whose stomata emit methanol.[12] The ability to use methanol as both a carbon and energy source was show to be advantageous when colonizing Medicago truncatula.[13]
H4MPT-dependent formaldehyde oxidation was first isolated in M. extroquens AM1 and has been used to define if an organism is utilizing methylotrophic metabolism.[10]
Relationships with other organisms
editMany bacteria within the family Methylobacteriaceae live in different biotic environments such as soils, dust, and plant leaves.[14] Some of these bacteria have been found in symbiotic relationships with the plants they inhabit in which they provide fixed nitrogen or produce vitamin B12.[14] M. extorquens also produces PhyR which plants use to regulate stress response, allowing the plant to survive in different conditions.[15] In addition to PhyR, the bacterium can produce a hormone related to overall plant and root growth.[9]
M. extorquens has been found to have a mutualistic relationship with strawberries.[16] Ultimately, M. extorquens is used to oxidize 1,2-propanediol to lactaldehyde, which is later used in chemical reactions.[17] If introduced to blooming plants, furaneol production increases, changing the way the strawberry tastes.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Green PN, Ardley JK (September 2018). "Review of the genus Methylobacterium and closely related organisms: a proposal that some Methylobacterium species be reclassified into a new genus, Methylorubrum gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 68 (9): 2727–2748. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002856. PMID 30024371.
- ^ LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de
- ^ Kato Y, Asahara M, Arai D, Goto K, Yokota A (October 2005). "Reclassification of Methylobacterium chloromethanicum and Methylobacterium dichloromethanicum as later subjective synonyms of Methylobacterium extorquens and of Methylobacterium lusitanum as a later subjective synonym of Methylobacterium rhodesianum". The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 51 (5): 287–299. doi:10.2323/jgam.51.287. PMID 16314683.
- ^ a b Lidstrom ME, Chistoserdova L (April 2002). "Plants in the pink: cytokinin production by methylobacterium". Journal of Bacteriology. 184 (7): 1818. doi:10.1128/JB.184.7.1818.2002. PMC 134909. PMID 11889085.
- ^ Belkhelfa S, Roche D, Dubois I, Berger A, Delmas VA, Cattolico L, et al. (2019). "Continuous Culture Adaptation of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 and TK 0001 to Very High Methanol Concentrations". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 1313. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01313. PMC 6595629. PMID 31281294.
- ^ Good, Nathan M.; Fellner, Matthias; Demirer, Kemal; Hu, Jian; Hausinger, Robert P.; Martinez-Gomez, N. Cecilia (February 25, 2020). "Lanthanide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases require an essential aspartate residue for metal coordination and enzymatic function". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 295 (24): 8272–8284. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA120.013227. PMC 7294098. PMID 32366463.
- ^ Nakagawa T, Mitsui R, Tani A, Sasa K, Tashiro S, Iwama T, et al. (2012-11-27). "A catalytic role of XoxF1 as La3+-dependent methanol dehydrogenase in Methylobacterium extorquens strain AM1". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e50480. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750480N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050480. PMC 3507691. PMID 23209751.
- ^ Belkhelfa S, Labadie K, Cruaud C, Aury JM, Roche D, Bouzon M, et al. (February 2018). "Complete Genome Sequence of the Facultative Methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens TK 0001 Isolated from Soil in Poland". Genome Announcements. 6 (8). doi:10.1128/genomeA.00018-18. PMC 5824006. PMID 29472323.
- ^ a b c d Dourado MN, Camargo Neves AA, Santos DS, Araújo WL (2015). "Biotechnological and agronomic potential of endophytic pink-pigmented methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp". BioMed Research International. 2015: 909016. doi:10.1155/2015/909016. PMC 4377440. PMID 25861650.
- ^ a b c Vuilleumier S, Chistoserdova L, Lee MC, Bringel F, Lajus A, Zhou Y, et al. (2009-05-18). "Methylobacterium genome sequences: a reference blueprint to investigate microbial metabolism of C1 compounds from natural and industrial sources". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5584. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5584V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005584. PMC 2680597. PMID 19440302.
- ^ "MX1 Gene - GeneCards | MX1 Protein | MX1 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- ^ Nemecek-Marshall M, MacDonald RC, Franzen JJ, Wojciechowski CL, Fall R (August 1995). "Methanol Emission from Leaves (Enzymatic Detection of Gas-Phase Methanol and Relation of Methanol Fluxes to Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Development)". Plant Physiology. 108 (4): 1359–1368. doi:10.1104/pp.108.4.1359. PMC 157513. PMID 12228547.
- ^ Sy A, Timmers AC, Knief C, Vorholt JA (November 2005). "Methylotrophic metabolism is advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during colonization of Medicago truncatula under competitive conditions". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (11): 7245–7252. Bibcode:2005ApEnM..71.7245S. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005. PMC 1287603. PMID 16269765.
- ^ a b Sy A, Timmers AC, Knief C, Vorholt JA (November 2005). "Methylotrophic metabolism is advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during colonization of Medicago truncatula under competitive conditions". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (11): 7245–7252. Bibcode:2005ApEnM..71.7245S. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005. PMC 1287603. PMID 16269765.
- ^ Gourion B, Francez-Charlot A, Vorholt JA (February 2008). "PhyR is involved in the general stress response of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1". Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (3): 1027–1035. doi:10.1128/JB.01483-07. PMC 2223570. PMID 18024517.
- ^ a b Siegmund B, Leitner E (January 2014). "Chapter 26 - The Effect of Methylobacteria Application on Strawberry Flavor Investigated by GC-MS and Comprehensive GC×GC-qMS". In Ferreira V, Lopez R (eds.). Flavour Science. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 141–145. ISBN 978-0-12-398549-1.
- ^ Nasopoulou C, Pohjanen J, Koskimäki JJ, Zabetakis I, Pirttilä AM (August 2014). "Localization of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) and Methylobacterium extorquens genes of strawberry flavor biosynthesis in strawberry tissue by in situ hybridization". Journal of Plant Physiology. 171 (13): 1099–1105. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.018. PMID 24973582.
External links
edit- Methylorubrum J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
- Methylobacterium extorquens NCBI
- Type strain of Methylobacterium extorquens at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase