The Métis Nation of Alberta (MNA) is a registered not-for-profit society in Alberta, Canada, that acts as a representative voice on behalf of Métis people within the province.[3]
 | |
| Formation | 1928 |
|---|---|
| Founder | Felice Callihoo, Joseph Dion, James P. Brady, Malcolm Norris, and Peter Tompkins. |
| Type | Not-for-profit |
| Headquarters | Delia Gray Building 11738 Kingsway Ave Edmonton, Alberta, T5G 0X5 |
| Services | Métis representation |
Membership (2024) | 68,000[1] |
President | Andrea Sandmaier[2] |
Main organ | Citizens' Council |
| Affiliations | Métis National Council |
| Website | albertametis |
Formerly called | Métis Association of Alberta |
Formed in 1928 as the Métis Association of Alberta, its primary founding members were Felice Callihoo, Joseph Dion, James P. Brady, Malcolm Norris, and Peter Tompkins.
The MNA is led by a democratically elected President, a position currently (as of 2023[update]) held by Andrea Sandmaier since 2023, as well as an elected Women's Representative and Youth Representative. The organization also has 22 regionally-elected Citizens' Representatives and District Captains, who, together with the President, Women's Representative and Youth Representative, make up the Otipemisiwak Métis Government.[2]
The organization and its 22 Districts have branches that deal with unemployment, child services, land agreements, and the rights of Métis people as Aboriginal peoples in Canada (as recognized and affirmed in Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982).[3]
The MNA currently has over 68,000 registered citizens.[2] Alberta itself is home to eight Métis Settlements established by provincial legislation; many Métis Settlement members are also registered MNA citizens, but many are not. The Metis Settlements are the only secure Métis land base in Canada, resulting in Alberta having the largest population of declared Métis of any Canadian province.
History
editThe Métis Nation within Alberta is an integral part of the larger Métis Nation—a distinct Indigenous people whose homeland stretches across west-central North America.
By the early 1800s, the Métis Nation emerged as a new and distinct Indigenous people in what is now western Canada. The Métis Nation developed its own group identity, language (Michif), culture, way of life, and forms of self-government throughout the inter-related communities and territory of their homeland. The Métis Nation Homeland spans present day Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, and extends into Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the northern United States.
Since the early 20th century, the Métis in Alberta have organized at the provincial level to advocate for the rights and interests that we hold together as an Aboriginal people.
In 1928, Felice Callihoo, Joseph Dion, James P. Brady, Malcolm Norris, and Peter Tompkins founded the Association des Métis Alberta et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, which would later be known as the Métis Association of Alberta (MAA; later renamed the Métis Nation of Alberta). The organization would be the manifestation of the Métis Nation within Alberta's long struggle to have their self-government, rights, and interests recognized within the province.
In 1934, in response to MAA lobbying, Alberta appointed the "Half-breed Commission" to examine and report on Métis health, education, homelessness, and land issues. The MAA's leadership consistently attended the commission's hearings. After a two-year investigation, the Commission recommended that the province provide Métis with a secure land base and adequate services. In 1938, Alberta responded by adopting the Métis Population Betterment Act, which created the province's 12 original Métis colonies (between 1941 and 1960, Alberta rescinded four of these colonies).
In 1961, the MAA was first incorporated and registered under provincial legislation. This registration was mainly done because governments began making funding available to Indigenous representative organizations such as the MNA but insisted that such organizations be incorporated in order to be legally-recognized entities and obtain the funding available. MAA's leaders chose to incorporate the organization to act as a legal and administrative complement to Métis self-government.
In 1975, the Alberta Federation of Metis Settlements Association (FMS) was incorporated and registered under provincial legislation. It aimed to provide the remaining Métis colonies with a united voice. One of the FMS' earliest leaders, Adrian Hope, was a proud member of the MAA who had attended the hearings of the Half -breed Commission on the MAA's behalf and had served as MAA president from 1961 to 1967. The FMS negotiated with the Government of Alberta for increased political, cultural, social, and economic development on the eight remaining Métis colonies.
Ultimately, these negotiations culminated in the signing of the Alberta-Metis Settlements Accord in 1989. The following year, pursuant to the Accord, Alberta passed the Metis Settlements Act and related legislation, and granted the Metis Settlements General Council (MSGC) fee-simple title to the lands of what are now known as the Metis Settlements. This was done for the benefit of all Métis in Alberta:
[T]his legislation is for all Métis of Alberta. Yes, it's directed to the settlements because that is in fact where the land base of 1.25 million acres is located, on the eight settlements. But any Métis can access membership and the rights to live and follow the Métis culture on these settlements... The Métis Association of Alberta, which is more or less the umbrella group for off-settlement Métis, concurs in this process. That in itself is historic because the Métis community have come together on this process realizing that they all win, they all have access to it. So I don't think we're establishing two classes of people. That's not the intent. We're doing this for the Métis of Alberta ....[4]
The MNA has the only objectively verifiable registry of citizens of the Métis Nation within Alberta, a registry funded by the federal government, which is the level of government with constitutional responsibility for Métis.[5] Citizens of the Metis Nation exist both on and off of the Metis Settlements and Métis Settlement membership, in of itself, does not necessarily identify rights-bearing citizens of the Métis Nation.[6]
On 16 November 2017, the MNA and Canada signed a Framework Agreement that set the stage for self-government negotiations with the Métis Nation within Alberta. In particular, the Framework Agreement commits the parties to making best-efforts to reach a self-government agreement within two years (by 16 November 2019) that would provide for recognition of a constitution, which would establish the core functions of a self-government for the Métis Nation within Alberta. On June 27, 2019, the Government of Canada and the Métis Nation of Alberta signed a Métis Government Recognition and Self-Government Agreement (MGRSA) which recognizes the MNA as the government of the Metis Nation within Alberta and identifies the path for formalizing that recognition of the MNA as the government of the Métis Nation within Alberta within the Canadian legal system.
2020s: defections and a new constitution
editIn 2020, six local of the MNA voted to leave the MNA and start a new body called the Alberta Metis Federation.[7] This was at the same time that the MNA was in a dispute with the Manitoba Metis Federation.[8]
In 2021 the MNA sued the province for breaking off negotiations over a Metis Consultation Policy (MCP). In January 2022, Justice Bernadette Ho of the Alberta Court of King's Bench ruled that the Government had the right to stop negotiations and that the "MNA has not provided a conclusive answer to the question of who speaks for the non-settlement Métis".[9]
In December 2022, MNA members voted to approve the Otipemisiwak Métis Government Constitution. The legality of this document has been challenged in court by the Metis Settlements General Council[10] and the MNA local Grande Cache.[11]
On February 24, 2023, the MNA signed the Métis Nation Within Alberta Self-Government Recognition and Implementation Agreement with the Government of Canada. Métis Settlements General Council has filed a notice in the federal court for a judicial review of this agreement.[12] The Fort Macy Metis has also challenged this agreement on the basis that the agreement "adopts and deploys the term 'Métis Nation within Alberta' in order to assert a province-wide geographical scope of the MNA’s self-government that will, or has the potential to, subsume and/or supplant rights-bearing Métis Communities.”[12]
Organization and governance
editThe Métis Nation of Alberta is led by a democratically elected President a position currently (as of 2023[update]) held by Andrea Sandmaier since 2023, as well as an elected Women's Representative (Tai Amy Grauman) and Youth Representative (Rebecca Lavallee). The organization also has 22 regionally-elected Citizens' Representatives and District Captains, who, together with the Provincial President, Women's Representative and Youth Representative, make up the Otipemisiwak Métis Government.[2]
The organization has branches that deal with unemployment, child services, land agreements, and the rights of Métis people as Aboriginal peoples in Canada (as recognized and affirmed in Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982).[3] The MNA currently has over 68,000 registered citizens. These branches have appointed Secretaries that deal with their respective portfolios. Secretaries are members of the Citizens' Council, that are appointed to Cabinet (government) by the President. These Secretaries meet with government officials and stakeholders.[2]
The MNA is divided into 22 Districts across Alberta, each with its own Citizens' Representative and District Captain:[13]
| District[13] | Citizens' Representative / District Captain[14][15]
(as of 2023[update]) |
Approx. Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Foothills | Darryl W. Campbell / Vacant | Southern Alberta |
| 2 Medicine Hat | Catherine Schnell / Vacant | South East Alberta |
| 3 Red Deer | Joe Chodzicki / Vacant | Red Deer County |
| 4 Rocky View | Lisa San Filippo / Amber Boyd | South Central Alberta |
| 5 Calgary Nose | Nelson Anthony Lussier / Vacant | North Calgary |
| 6 Calgary Elbow | Jason Chernow / Carmen Lasante | South Calgary |
| 7 Jasper House | Kaila Mitchell / Vacant | Central Western Alberta |
| 8 Lac Ste. Anne | Lisa Wolfe / Vacant | Central Alberta, Lac Ste. Anne County |
| 9 Fort Edmonton | Sarah Wolfe / Vacant | South Edmonton |
| 10 Edmonton Whitemud | Aura Leddy / Vacant | North Edmonton |
| 11 St. Albert | Alfred L'Hirondelle / Vacant | St. Albert, Alberta, Beaumont, Alberta, Leduc, Alberta |
| 12 St. Paul-Cold Lake | Karen Collins / Bernie Poitras | Central East Alberta |
| 13 Grande Prairie | Shannon Dunfield / Vacant | Grande Prairie |
| 14 Peace River | Barry Dibb / Vacant | Peace River |
| 15 Fort Vermilion | Bobbi Paul-Alook / Vacant | Northwestern Alberta |
| 16 Fort Chipewyan | Judy Ann Cardinal / Vacant | North Eastern Alberta |
| 17 Fort McMurray | Brooke Bramfield / Vacant | North Eastern Alberta, Fort McMurray |
| 18 Conklin | Valerie Quintal / Vacant | North Eastern Alberta |
| 19 Lac La Biche | Jason Ekeberg / Vacant | Eastern Alberta, Lac La Biche |
| 20 Athabasca Landing | Joseph Noel Tremblay / Brian Ladouceur | Central Alberta |
| 21 Lesser Slave Lake | Grant Lacombe / Vacant | Northern Alberta, Lesser Slave Lake |
| 22 Wabasca-Desmarais | Nancy Margaret Cardinal / Regan Auger | Northern Alberta |
The Otipemisiwak Métis Government Cabinet:
| Cabinet Position[14] | Member
(as of 2023[update]) |
District |
|---|---|---|
| President, Secretary of Consultation, Intergovernmental Relations, Justice & Self-Government | Andrea Sandmaier | Provincially Elected |
| Women's Representative, Secretary of Advancement of Women & Girls | Tai Amy Grauman | Provincially Elected |
| Youth Representative, Secretary of Youth & Sport | Rebecca Lavallee | Provincially Elected |
| Secretary of Records | Shannon Dunfield | 13 Grande Prairie |
| Secretary of Treasury | Jason Ekeburg | 19 Lac La Biche |
| Secretary of Citizenship & Registry | Joe Chodzicki | 3 Red Deer |
| Secretary of Harvesting & Culture | Grant Lacombe | 21 Lesser Slave Lake |
| Secretary of Housing & Infrastructure | Valerie Quintal | 18 Conklin |
| Secretary of Mental Health & Addictions | Kaila Mitchell | 7 Jasper House |
| Secretary of Health & Seniors | Bobbi Paul-Alook | 15 Fort Vermillion |
| Secretary of Children & Family Services | Brooke Bramfield | 17 Fort McMurray |
| Secretary of Education, Training, Language & Veteran Affairs | Lisa Wolfe | 8 Lac Ste. Anne |
| Secretary of Tourism & Economic Development | Lisa San Filippo | 4 Rocky View |
| Secretary of Environment, Climate Change & Emergency Management | Jason Chernow | 6 Calgary Elbow |
| Secretary of Metis Settlements & First Nation Relations | Karen Collins | 12 St. Paul-Cold Lake |
Métis Settlements General Council
editThis section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (September 2019) |
The Métis of Alberta are the only Métis in Canada to have a negotiated and legislated land base. There are eight Metis Settlements covering an area of 1,400,000 acres (5,700 km2). The land was granted by Letters Patent in 1990 and is held collectively in fee simple through the Métis Settlements General Council, the only governing political assembly of the Metis Territories.[16]
The eight Settlements are:
| Métis Settlements of Alberta | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Municipal district or specialized municipality[17] |
2021 Census of Population[18] | ||||
| Population (2021) |
Population (2016) |
Change (%) |
Land area (km2) |
Population density (/km2) | ||
| Buffalo Lake | Smoky Lake County | 379 | 712 | −46.8% | 335.68 | 1.1 |
| East Prairie | Big Lakes County | 310 | 304 | +2.0% | 328.42 | 0.9 |
| Elizabeth | MD of Bonnyville No. 87 | 594 | 653 | −9.0% | 246.45 | 2.4 |
| Fishing Lake | MD of Bonnyville No. 87 | 414 | 446 | −7.2% | 348.64 | 1.2 |
| Gift Lake[a] | Big Lakes County Northern Sunrise County |
625 | 658 | −5.0% | 803.29 | 0.8 |
| Kikino[b] | Smoky Lake County Lac La Biche County |
978 | 934 | +4.7% | 441.69 | 2.2 |
| Paddle Prairie | County of Northern Lights | 551 | 544 | +1.3% | 1,726.45 | 0.3 |
| Peavine | Big Lakes County | 387 | 607 | −36.2% | 798.95 | 0.5 |
| Total Metis settlements | 4,238 | 4,858 | −12.8% | 5,029.57 | 0.8 | |
| Province of Alberta | 4,262,635 | 4,067,175 | +4.8% | 634,658.27 | 6.7 | |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Gift Lake comprises two parts. The majority is located within Big Lakes County, while the balance is located within Northern Sunrise County. The Big Lakes County portion (part "A") had a population of 625 living on 802.46 km2 (309.83 sq mi) in 2021, while the Northern Sunrise County portion (part "B") had a population of 0 living on 0.83 km2 (0.32 sq mi).[18]
- ^ Kikino comprises two parts. The majority is located within Smoky Lake County, while the balance is located within Lac La Biche County. The Smoky Lake County portion (part "A") had a population of 978 living on 440.92 km2 (170.24 sq mi) in 2021, while the Lac La Biche County portion (part "B") had a population of 0 living on 0.77 km2 (0.30 sq mi).[18]
References
edit- ^ "Governance".
- ^ a b c d e "Citizens' Council - Métis Nation of Alberta".
- ^ a b c "Who We Are". Métis Nation of Alberta. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ Hansard, 22nd Leg, 2nd Sess (5 June 1990) at 1669-70 (Hon. Mr. Rostad), cited in Kikino Métis Settlement v Abtosway, 2018 ABCA 199 at para 5.
- ^ Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development), 2016 SCC 12 at para 50.
- ^ L'Hirondelle v Alberta (Sustainable Resource Development), 2013 ABCA 12 at para 34.
- ^ https://www.fortmcmurraytoday.com/news/local-news/six-metis-communities-form-alberta-metis-federation-breaking-from-metis-nation-of-alberta [bare URL]
- ^ "Federation says it's breaking free of colonial box to represent Red River Métis across all boundaries". thestar.com. 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ^ "Court finds Métis Nation of Alberta not the lone voice for off-settlement Métis, sides with province". thestar.com. 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ^ Forester, Bret. "Métis Nation of Alberta mounts court challenge to Manitoba Métis self-government deal". CBC News.
- ^ "Métis groups take issue with Métis Nation of Alberta constitution". My Lloydminster Now. 9 December 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ^ a b "Métis settlements, Fort McKay Métis separately seek judicial reviews of MNA agreement with feds". Windspeaker.com. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ^ a b "Districts". Métis Nation of Alberta. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
- ^ a b "Citizens Council". Métis Nation of Alberta. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
- ^ "District Council". Métis Nation of Alberta. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
- ^ "Our Land - Our Culture - Our Future". Métis Settlements General Council. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
- ^ "Specialized and Rural Municipalities and Their Communities" (PDF) (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. August 30, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
- ^ a b c "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and designated places". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
Further reading
edit- Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion, and Audreen Hourie. Métis legacy Michif culture, heritage, and folkways. Métis legacy series, v. 2. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2006. ISBN 0-920915-80-9
- Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion and Darren Prefontaine. "Metis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography". Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications Inc. and Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2001. ISBN 1-894717-03-1
- Bell, Catherine Edith. Alberta's Metis Settlements Legislation An Overview of Ownership and Management of Settlements Lands. Regina, Sask., Canada: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, 1994. ISBN 0-88977-081-6
- Driben, Paul. We Are Metis The Ethnography of a Halfbreed Community in Northern Alberta. Immigrant communities & ethnic minorities in the United States & Canada, 2. New York: AMS Press, 1985. ISBN 0-404-19406-0
- Gordon, Naomi, and Maria King. Voices of Courage Alberta Métis Veterans Remembered. 2006. ISBN 0-9736895-2-8
- Pocklington, T. C. The Government and Politics of the Alberta Metis Settlements. Regina, Sask., Canada: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, 1991. ISBN 0-88977-060-3
- Sawchuk, Joe. The Dynamics of Native Politics The Alberta Metis Experience. Purich's Aboriginal issues series. Saskatoon: Purich Pub, 1998. ISBN 1-895830-09-5