Michał Rola-Żymierski (pronounced [ˈmixaw ˈrɔla ʐɨˈmjɛrskʲi]; 4 September 1890 – 15 October 1989) was a Polish high-ranking Communist Party leader, communist military commander and NKVD secret agent. He was appointed as Marshal of Poland, and served in this position from 1945 until his death.
Michał Rola-Żymierski | |
|---|---|
 Michał Rola-Żymierski as Marshal of Poland | |
| Minister of National Defence | |
| In office 5 July 1945 – 6 November 1949 | |
| Prime Minister | Edward Osóbka-Morawski (1945–1947) Józef Cyrankiewicz (1947–1949) |
| General Secretary | Bolesław Bierut |
| Preceded by | Marian Kukiel (as Minister of National Defence of the Polish government-in-exile) |
| Succeeded by | Konstantin Rokossovsky |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michał Łyżwiński 4 September 1890 Kraków, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 15 October 1989 (aged 99) Warsaw, Polish People's Republic |
| Political party | Communist Party of Poland (1931–1938) Polish Workers' Party (1943–1948) Polish United Workers' Party (1948–1989) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Austria-Hungary Second Polish Republic Polish People's Republic |
| Branch/service | Austro-Hungarian Army (1911–1914) Polish Legions (1914–1919) Polish Army (1919–1927) People's Guard (1942–1944) People's Army (1944) People's Army of Poland (1944–1989) |
| Years of service | 1911–1927 1942–1949 |
| Rank | Marshal of Poland |
| Commands | Gwardia Ludowa |
| Battles/wars | World War I Polish-Soviet War 1926 Polish Coup d'Etat World War II |
Early life
editRola-Żymierski was born Michał Łyżwiński in Kraków under the Austrian Partition, to the family of railway clerk, Wojciech Łyżwiński. He joined the Zarzewie and later joined the Polish Rifle Squads. At the age of 20, he enrolled at the law faculty of the Jagiellonian University in 1910, but was drafted a year later.[1] In the years 1911–1912, he served compulsory service in the Austro-Hungarian Army, where he graduated from the school of reserve officers. After his brother committed a widely publicised murder-robbery in Kraków, he began to call himself Żymierski around 1913.[2]
Military career
editWorld War I
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When World War I erupted in 1914, he joined the Polish Legions. He initially served as a company and battalion commander of the 1st Brigade. Żymierski fought in the Battle of Laski and Anielin and in the vicinity of the Dęblin Fortress, where on October 23, 1914 he was seriously wounded. In the summer of 1915, after his promotion to the rank of major, he served as commander of Polish Military Organisation. After the Oath Crisis of 1917, he retired from the Austro-Hungarian army with rank of lieutenant colonel and returned to Kraków, where he graduated from the Kraków Trading School. He later became the commander of the 2nd Infantry Regiment in the Polish Auxiliary Corps.[3]
In February 1918, after the signing of Treaty of Brest, he was the initiator of the rebellion of 2nd Legion Brigade and its breakthrough through the front during the Battle of Rarańcza. Then he handed over the command of this formation to General Józef Haller. After the front had passed, he became the chief of staff of the Polish II Corps in Russia following his promotion to the rank of colonel. After the corps was disarmed by the Germans after the Battle of Kaniów in May 1918, he served in command positions in the Polish Military Organization in Russia. He was the commander of the 2nd Infantry Regiment in the 4th Polish Rifle Division.
Polish-Soviet war
editIn 1918, he joined the reborn Polish Army. In March 1919, he was appointed commander of the Ciechanów Military District. In August 1919, in connection with the outbreak of the First Silesian Uprising, he became the head of the branch of the Supreme Command for the Silesian Uprising with the task of managing the insurgent action in Upper Silesia. During the Polish-Soviet War, he took over a section of the front near the Berezina River. He served as the commander of the 2nd Brigade and then the 2nd Legions Infantry Division. For his performance during this phase of the war, he was awarded the Virtuti Militari V class.[4]
Post war
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After the war, he was sent to Paris, where he graduated from École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr. He then completed an internship at the French General Staff. Upon his return, he was promoted to General. Żymierski served in Warsaw as the Deputy Chief of Administration of the Polish Army. Żymierski was appointed deputy head of the Army Administration for Armaments, where he was responsible for finances and purchases of military equipment at the Ministry of Military Affairs.[1]
One of his subordinates and later Prime Minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, in his memoirs written in exile succinctly commented on his economic talents. In his 1921 opinion about Żymierski, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły wrote:[5]
"A very good officer of the General Staff in the higher commands, talented, very dutiful, very active, excellent educator of the officer corps, very good administrator, with great initiative."
During the 1926 coup d'état, he defended the democratically elected government of Stanisław Wojciechowski. After the coup, in 1927, the new sanacja regime of Marshal Józef Piłsudski charged him with bribery and embezzlement. Following an official investigation, he was court-martialled and demoted to private first class, expelled from the army and sentenced to five years in prison. Karol Popiel later claimed that accusing Żymierski of corruption was a kind of political revenge on the part of Józef Piłsudski and was supposed to indirectly discredit Władysław Sikorski.[1]
Upon his release in 1931, Żymierski went to France. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence and became a well-paid secret agent delivering information about the Franco-Polish alliance. He joined the Communist Party of Poland. His secret engagement with Moscow was discontinued when Stalin ordered the dissolution of the Polish Communist Party (KPP) in 1938 during the Great Purge.[1]
World War II
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Żymierski returned to Poland shortly before the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II,[1] and soon resumed his clandestine work for the NKVD (as revealed first by Józef Światło). He unsuccessfully applied for return to the army. In the fall of 1939, he obtained false documents in the name of Zwoliński which he used it during the German occupation of Poland. According to the official biography of Żymierski, published anonymously in 1986, in February 1940 an underground civil court composed of anti-Piłsudski activists considered the 1927 arrest and sentencing of Żymierski as unjust and rehabilitated him. The civil court was probably unaware that Żymierski was then an agent of the NKVD, and the court's decision had no legal significance and force in the light of the applicable criminal law of the Second Polish Republic, as the only judicial authorities that could acquit Żymierski under the conditions of the occupation was the judicial system operating from May 1940.[6]
Under the pseudonym "Rola", he engaged in the Soviet dealings with Nazi German Gestapo secret police. In 1943, by Soviet executive order, he was named the deputy commander of the Communist and Soviet-backed Gwardia Ludowa, and from 1944, the commander of Armia Ludowa. He was promoted by the Communist-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation back to the rank of General and became the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army fighting alongside the Soviet Union (the Polish Armed Forces in the East). He was Minister of Defence in the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (Rząd Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, January–June 1945). On 3 May 1945, he was promoted to the rank of Marshal of Poland.[1]
Post-war
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On June 15, 1945, when the controversy over establishing the border with Czechoslovakia intensified, Żymierski, replacing the absent prime minister, issued an ultimatum to the Czechoslovak side. After its rejection, Polish troops entered Cieszyn Silesia. Żymierski announced the further advance of Polish troops beyond Olza, Silesian Voivodeship. The order was quickly suspended by a decision of the Polish political authorities.[7]
From 1946, Żymierski served as head of the Commission of State Security. He was responsible for repressions against the former resistance fighters, members of the Polish 2nd Corps and non-communist politicians, as well as for the deployment of the Polish Army against Poland's Freedom and Independence fighters; and the roundup of Ukrainian families in Operation Vistula against the OUN-UPA. Until 1949, he also held the post of Minister of National Defence. In this year, he was replaced by the Polish-born Soviet Marshal, Konstantin Rokossovsky, who received the rank of Marshal of Poland and held his office until 1956. As a consequence of Stalinist purges organised in Poland by Bolesław Bierut, Żymierski was arrested in 1952. However, he was released in 1955 without any charges. He was rehabilitated by the Polish government in 1956.[8]
After the end of Stalinism in Poland, he held various posts, including deputy head of the National Bank of Poland (between 1956 and 1967) and the honorary head of the ZBoWiD (Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy, an organisation of Polish war veterans). He was also a member of the Polish United Workers' Party and, after Wojciech Jaruzelski's introduction of martial law in Poland, Żymierski also became a member of its Central Committee and of the Front of National Unity.[9]
He died in Warsaw on 15 October 1989 and was the last person to hold the rank of Marshal of Poland. He was buried with full military honors at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw. Żymierski's grave was desecrated twice by unknown perpetrators.[10]
Promotions
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Fähnrich (Ensign) - 30 September 1912
Leutnant (Second lieutenant) - July 1914
Oberleutnant (First lieutenant) - 29 September 1914
Hauptmann (Captain) - 9 October 1914[11]
Major (Major) - 6 November 1914
Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant colonel) - 1 November 1916[12]
Pułkownik (Colonel) - 22 May 1920
Generał brygady (Brigadier general) - 1 December 1924[13]
Generał broni (Lieutenant general) - 22 July 1944
Marszałek Polski (Marshal of Poland) - 3 May 1945[14]
Honours and awards
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- Poland
|
Grand Cross of the Virtuti Militari (1945) |
|
Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari (1921) |
|
Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1946) |
|
Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1925) |
|
Order of the Builders of People's Poland (1970) |
|
Order of the Banner of Work, 1st class (1964) |
|
Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st class (1945) |
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|
Cross of Valour, four times (1921,1922) |
|
Partisan Cross (1946) |
|
Silesian Uprising Cross (1947) |
|
Medal of the 30th Anniversary of People's Poland (1974) |
|
Medal of the 40th Anniversary of People's Poland (1984) |
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Medal "For Oder, Neisse and the Baltic" (1945) |
|
Medal "For Warsaw 1939-1945" (1945) |
|
Medal of Victory and Freedom (1945) |
|
Medal "For Participation in the Fights in Defense of the People's Power" (1983) |
|
Medal Rodła (1987) |
|
Gold Medal of Merit for National Defence |
|
Medal of Ludwik Waryński |
|
Gold Medal "For Merit for the National Defense League" |
|
Wound Decoration (three times) |
- USSR
- Other countries
|
Order of the Iron Crown (Austria-Hungary) |
|
Commander of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) |
|
Order of the White Lion, 1st class (Czechoslovakia) |
|
Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (France) |
|
Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (France) |
|
Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (France) |
|
Victory Medal 1914-1918 (France) |
|
Grand Officer of Order of the Crown of Italy (Italy) |
|
Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit (United States) |
|
Order of the People's Hero (Yugoslavia) |
- Honorary Citizen
Żymierski received the title of 'Honorary Citizen' of cities Bielsko-Biała, Kraków, Włocławek, Płock, Chełm, Toruń, Kłodzko, Bydgoszcz, Łęczyca and Sosnowiec. Following the fall of communist rule in Poland on 1989, city councils of Bielsko-Biała, Kraków, Włocławek, Płock and Chełm passed resolutions that declared the withdrawal of Żymierski's honorary citizenship because of his role in implementing the communist regime in Poland.[15]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Informacja historyczna (2012). "Michał Żymierski (1890–1989)". Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30.
W 1927 roku wyszły na światło dzienne malwersacje, jakich Żymierski dokonał w okresie sprawowania funkcji ministerialnej. Podczas procesu udowodniono mu popełnienie nadużyć i przyjęcie korzyści majątkowych. Niezawisły sąd skazał go prawomocnie na degradację, wydalenie z wojska i 5 lat więzienia. Translation: "In 1927, the embezzlement that Żymierski made during his ministerial office came to light. During the trial, he was found to have committed abuses and accepted financial benefits. An independent court sentenced him to final degradation, expulsion and 5 years in prison."
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Prof. Jacek Wijaczka (2016). "Michał Rola-Żymierski. Honorowy Obywatel Miasta (tytuł odebrany)". Urząd Miasta Torunia.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Alojzy Zielecki (2006). "Polish independence movement in Sanok and the region against the backdrop of national events at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries". Rocznik Sanocki: 199–200. ISSN 0557-2096.
- ^ Jaroslaw Palka; Jerzy Poksiński. "Michael Żymierski 1890 - 1989". p. 91.
- ^ Jaroslaw Palka; Jerzy Poksiński. "Michael Żymierski 1890 - 1989". p. 103.
- ^ Wydawnictwo MON. Marszałek Polski Michał Żymierski. pp. 88–89.
- ^ Anna Sobór. Świderska "Jakub Berman. Biografia komunisty". pp. 166–168.
- ^ Paweł Dubiel; Józef Kozak. Polacy w II wojnie światowej: kim byli, co robili. Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rytm". p. 199.
- ^ ""Michał Żymierski 1890-1989"". dzieje.pl. September 25, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
- ^ Piotr Lipiński. Towarzysze Niejasnego. pp. 29, 37.
- ^ (in Polish) Pałka J., Pokosiński J., Michał Żymierski 1890-1989, Warszawa 2015, s 30
- ^ (in Polish) Ostatnie nowiny. Wojskowe. „Głos Stolicy”, s. 3, nr 20 z 18 grudnia 1916.
- ^ (in Polish) Rocznik Oficerski 1924, s. 119.
- ^ (in Polish) „Marszałek Polski Michał Żymierski” W.I.H.
- ^ Niechciani honorowi obywatele. Miasta zmagają się z przeszłością
Further reading
edit- Andrew A. Michta, Red Eagle: The army in Polish politics 1944-1988.
External links
edit- Sprawa karna Michała Żymierskiego (2) at Palestra
- Sprawa karna Michała Żymierskiego (3) at Palestra