"Michelle" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1965 album Rubber Soul. It was composed principally by Paul McCartney, with the middle eight co-written with John Lennon.[4][5] The song is a love ballad with part of its lyrics sung in French.
| "Michelle" | |
|---|---|
 Norwegian single picture sleeve | |
| Song by the Beatles | |
| from the album Rubber Soul | |
| Released | 3 December 1965 |
| Recorded | 3 November 1965[1] |
| Studio | EMI, London |
| Genre | |
| Length |
|
| Label | Parlophone |
| Songwriter(s) | Lennon–McCartney |
| Producer(s) | George Martin |
Following its inclusion on Rubber Soul, the song was released as a single in some European countries and in New Zealand, and on an EP in France, in early 1966. It was a number 1 hit for the Beatles in Belgium, France, Norway, the Netherlands and New Zealand. Concurrent recordings of the song by David and Jonathan and the Overlanders were similarly successful in North America and Britain, respectively. "Michelle" won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1967 and has since become one of the most widely recorded of all Beatles songs.
Composition
editThe instrumental music of "Michelle" originated separately from the lyrical concept. According to McCartney:
"Michelle" was a tune that I'd written in Chet Atkins' finger-picking style. There is a song he did called "Trambone" with a repetitive top line, and he played a bass line while playing a melody. This was an innovation for us; even though classical guitarists had played it, no rock 'n' roll guitarists had played it. The first person we knew to use finger-picking style was Chet Atkins ... I never learned it. But based on Atkins' "Trambone", I wanted to write something with a melody and a bass line in it, so I did. I just had it as an instrumental in C.[6]
The words and style of "Michelle" have their origins in the popularity of Parisian Left Bank culture during McCartney's Liverpool days. In his description, "it was at the time of people like Juliette Greco, the French bohemian thing."[7] McCartney had gone to a party of art students where a student with a goatee and a striped T-shirt was singing a French song. He soon wrote a farcical imitation to entertain his friends that involved French-sounding groaning instead of real words. The song remained a party piece until 1965, when John Lennon suggested he rework it into a proper song for inclusion on Rubber Soul.[4]
McCartney asked Jan Vaughan, a French teacher and the wife of his old friend Ivan Vaughan, to come up with a French name and a phrase that rhymed with it. McCartney said: "It was because I'd always thought that the song sounded French that I stuck with it. I can't speak French properly so that's why I needed help in sorting out the actual words."[4]
Vaughan came up with "Michelle, ma belle", and a few days later McCartney asked for a translation of "these are words that go together well", rendered, for scansion, as sont des mots qui vont très bien ensemble ("are words that go very well together").[4] When McCartney played the song for Lennon, Lennon suggested the "I love you" bridge. Lennon was inspired by a song he heard the previous evening, Nina Simone's version of "I Put a Spell on You", which used the same phrase but with the emphasis on the last word, "I love you".[4][5]
Each version of this song has a different length. The UK mono mix is 2:33 whereas the stereo version extends to 2:40 and the US mono is 2:43.[8] The version available in The Beatles: Rock Band has a running time of 2:50.
Musical structure
edit
The song was initially composed in C, but was played in F on Rubber Soul (with a capo on the fifth fret). The verse opens with an F major chord ("Michelle" – melody note C) then the second chord (on "ma belle" – melody note D♭) is a B♭7♯9 (on the original demo in C, the second chord is a F7♯9). McCartney called this second chord a "great ham-fisted jazz chord" that was taught to them by Jim Gretty who worked at Hessey's music shop in Whitechapel, central Liverpool and which George Harrison uses (as a G♭7♯9) (see Dominant seventh sharp ninth chord) as the penultimate chord of his solo on "Till There Was You".[9] After the E♭6 (of "these are words") there follows an ascent involving different inversions of the D dim chord. These progress from A♭dim on "go" – melody note F, bass note D; to Bdim (C♭dim) on "to" – melody note A♭, bass note D; to Ddim on "ge ..." – melody note B (C♭) bass note B; to Bdim on ... 'ther ..." – melody note A♭ bass note B, till the dominant (V) chord (C major) is reached on "well" – melody note G bass note C.[10]
George Martin, the Beatles' producer, recalled that he composed the melody of the guitar solo,[11] which is heard midway through the song and again during the fadeout.[12] He showed Harrison the notes during the recording session[13] and then accompanied the guitarist (on piano, out of microphone range) when the solos were overdubbed.[11] In terms of its complementary role to the main melody, musicologist Walter Everett likens this guitar part to two musical passages that Martin had arranged for singer Cilla Black the previous year: a bassoon–English horn combination on "Anyone Who Had a Heart" and the baritone electric guitar on "You're My World".[13]
Release
editEMI's Parlophone label released Rubber Soul on 3 December 1965 in Britain,[14] with "Michelle" sequenced as the final track on side one of the LP.[15] The album was widely viewed as marking a significant progression within the Beatles' work and in the scope of pop music generally.[16] Recalling the album's release for Mojo magazine in 2002, Richard Williams said "Michelle" represented "the biggest shock of all" to a contemporary pop audience, as McCartney conveyed "all his nostalgia for a safe childhood in the 1950s, itself a decade suffused with nostalgia for the inter-war security of the '20s and '30s, the era to which this song specifically refers."[17]
Although no single from Rubber Soul was issued in Britain or America, "Michelle" was the most popular Rubber Soul track on US radio.[18][nb 1] The song was released as a commercial single in several other countries.[20] It topped charts in Italy (for eight weeks), the Netherlands (seven weeks), Sweden (five weeks), Denmark (four weeks) and Hong Kong, Ireland, New Zealand and Singapore.[1] In May 1966, Billboard's Hits of the World listed the song at number 1 in Argentina and Norway, among other countries.[21] It was also number 1 in France (for five weeks)[1] as the lead track on an EP release, since France continued to favour the extended-play format over singles.[22]
At the 1967 Ivor Novello Awards, "Michelle" won in the category of "the Most Performed Work" of 1966, ahead of "Yesterday".[23] "Michelle" won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1967,[24] against competition from "Born Free", "The Impossible Dream", "Somewhere My Love" and "Strangers in the Night".[25] In 1999, BMI named "Michelle" as the 42nd most performed song of the 20th century.[26][27]
Critical reception
editIn a contemporary review for the NME, Allen Evans described "Michelle" as a "memorable track" with a "bluesy French sound" in which McCartney's vocal was supported by "[the] others using voices as instruments".[28][29] Record Mirror's reviewer admired the lyrics and said that the song was "just remotely, faintly, slightly similar to 'Yesterday' in the general approach" and "another stand-out performance".[30] Eden of KRLA Beat described "Michelle" as a "beautiful ballad", adding: "Although it doesn't sound at all like his fantastic 'Yesterday', it is another tender love song, sung as only Paul could sing it. He even croons the choruses in French – and what better language for a love song?"[31] Jazz critic and broadcaster Steve Race admitted being "astonished" by the album, and added "When I heard 'Michelle' I couldn't believe my ears. The second chord is an A-chord, while the note in the melody above is A-flat. This is an unforgivable clash, something no one brought up knowing older music could ever have done. It is entirely unique, a stroke of genius ... I suppose it was sheer musical ignorance that allowed John and Paul to do it, but it took incredible daring."[32]
Among the Beatles' peers, Bob Dylan, whose work was especially influential on Lennon and Harrison's songwriting on Rubber Soul, was dismissive of McCartney's ballad style. In March 1966, he said: "A song like 'Yesterday' or 'Michelle' ... it's such a cop-out, man ... if you go to the Library of Congress you can find a lot better than that. There are millions of songs like 'Yesterday' and 'Michelle' written in Tin Pan Alley."[25] Levi Stubbs of the Four Tops, an American vocal group promoted in the UK by Beatles manager Brian Epstein, cited the song as an example of the sophistication the Beatles had introduced into pop music. He said that the US music scene had been "very dead-beat" and "stagnant" before the arrival of the British Invasion, after which: "Good music became accepted. Would 'Michelle' have been a hit before the Beatles? Of course not."[33]
From 1970, McCartney's standing among music critics suffered as the authentic rock 'n' roll qualities personified by Lennon came to be valued over his former bandmate's more eclectic tastes.[34] In his 1979 essay on the Beatles in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, Greil Marcus said that Rubber Soul was the best of all the band's LPs[35] and that "every cut was an inspiration, something new and remarkable in and of itself" except "Michelle", although he added, "to be fair, [it] paid the bills for years to come".[36]
Cover versions
edit"Michelle" was the most successful track from Rubber Soul for other recording artists[37] and attracted dozens of cover versions within a year of its release.[38] Author Peter Doggett lists it with "Yesterday" and several other Beatles compositions, mostly written by McCartney, that provided contemporary relevance for "light orchestras and crooners" in the easy listening category, persuaded adults that the new generation's musical tastes had merit and, by becoming some of the most widely recorded songs of all time, "ensured that Lennon and McCartney would become the highest-earning composers in history".[39][nb 2]
The song was a UK hit in January 1966 for the Overlanders,[40] whose version topped the Record Retailer chart.[20] It also reached number 2 in Australia. Signed to Pye Records, the Overlanders issued their recording after the Beatles had declined to release it as a single themselves in the United Kingdom and the United States. Pye and the Overlanders were given the Beatles' blessing because the record label had recently acquiesced to Epstein's request that they withdraw a single by Lennon's estranged father, Alf Lennon.[41]
Bárbara y Dick had a hit in Argentina with the song which got in to the Argentine Top Ten in October 1966.[42]
"Michelle" was also covered by David and Jonathan, whose version was produced by Martin.[43] This recording went to number 1 in Canada[44][45] and number 18 in the US,[46] and was also a top 20 hit in Britain.[47] Author Jon Savage writes that both the Overlanders' and David and Jonathan's versions were "mainstream pop songs, accentuating the very Beatles balladry that put off many hardcore fans"; he says this added to a perception that the Beatles had become "part of the Establishment" after receiving their MBEs from Queen Elizabeth II in October 1965.[48][nb 3] The Beatles version was not released as a single in North America.[1]
American singer Billy Vaughn was another artist who recorded the song soon after its release. In his comments on the Lennon–McCartney composition, Steve Race remarked that Vaughn's arranger had altered the second chord to incorporate an A♭ note, thereby "taking all the sting out" of the unorthodox change. Race said this was indicative of how a formally trained arranger "was so attuned to the conventional way of thinking he didn't even hear what the boys had done".[32]
Andy Williams covered the song on his 1966 album The Shadow of Your Smile. That same year, "Michelle" was one of Louis Andriessen's "Satirical Arrangements" of Beatles songs for singer Cathy Berberian. American jazz singer Sarah Vaughan also covered the song, while Matt Monro recorded it in 1973 with a string quartet. Instrumental versions were released by the Ventures, using a clavinet over the solo; Booker T. & the M.G.'s; and French bandleader Paul Mauriat, whose interpretation author John Kruth describes as "the most elegant Muzak version" of the song.[51]
Italian singer Mango released an a cappella rendition of "Michelle" on his 2002 album Disincanto.[52] The band Rubblebucket covered the song in 2010,[53] a trip hop version that was included on their Triangular Daisies EP. Beatallica did a cover of the song incorporating the music from "For Whom the Bell Tolls" by Metallica. Titled "For Whom Michelle Tolls", the track appeared on their 2013 album Abbey Load.[51]
In 1973, jazz vocal group The Singers Unlimited released an acapella version of "Michelle". This was later sampled in rap artist Masego's "Navajo". "Navajo"'s underlying instrumental was used in the 2021 song "Champagne Poetry" from Drake's album Certified Lover Boy. [54]
McCartney live performances
edit
"Michelle" was performed by McCartney throughout his 1993 world tour.[55] He has rarely performed the song since, but did include it in a 2009 performance in Washington, DC, in honour of Michelle Obama, the American First Lady, and he would play it on most (if not all) of his performances in France or other francophone countries.[56]
On 2 June 2010, after being awarded the Gershwin Prize for Popular Song by President Barack Obama in a ceremony at the White House, McCartney performed the song for Michelle Obama, who sang along from her seat. McCartney quipped, "I could be the first guy ever to be punched out by a president."[57][58] Michelle Obama reportedly later told others that she could never have imagined, growing up an African-American girl on the South Side of Chicago, that someday a Beatle would sing "Michelle" to her as First Lady of the United States.[59]
Personnel
editAccording to Walter Everett:[60][nb 4]
- Paul McCartney – lead vocal, backing vocal, acoustic guitar, bass guitar
- John Lennon – backing vocal, classical guitar
- George Harrison – backing vocal, acoustic guitar, lead guitar
- Ringo Starr – drums
Chart performance
editThe Beatles
| Chart (1966) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[62] | 3 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[63] | 1 |
| Denmark (Salgshitlisterne Top 20)[64] | 6 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[65] | 1 |
| French EP charts[66] | 1 |
| Italy (Musica e Dischi)[67] | 1 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[68] | 1 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100)[69] | 1 |
| New Zealand (Listener)[70] | 1 |
| Norway (VG-lista)[71] | 1 |
| Sweden (Kvällstoppen)[72] | 1 |
| Sweden (Tio i Topp)[73] | 1 |
| West German Musikmarkt Hit-Parade[74][75] | 6 |
Billy Vaughn
| Chart (1965–66) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary[76] | 18 |
| US Billboard Hot 100[77] | 77 |
| US Billboard Easy Listening | 17 |
Bud Shank
| Chart (1966) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| US Billboard Hot 100[77] | 65 |
| US Billboard Easy Listening | 12 |
Spokesmen
| Chart (1966) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| US Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100[78] | 106 |
David & Jonathan
| Chart (1966) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Australian Kent Music Report | 42 |
| Canada Top Singles (RPM)[79] | 1 |
| Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[80] | 1 |
| UK Record Retailer Chart | 11 |
| US Billboard Hot 100[77] | 18 |
| US Billboard Easy Listening[81] | 3 |
Overlanders
|
|
Certifications and sales
edit| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
|---|---|---|
| Norway (IFPI Norway)[89] | Silver | 25,000[89] |
Notes
edit- ^ In a 1987 interview, McCartney said that, as they had been with "Yesterday", the Beatles were reluctant to release "Michelle" as a single "because we didn't think it fitted our image ... They might have been perceived as Paul McCartney singles and maybe John wasn't too keen on that."[19]
- ^ The other songs cited by Doggett are "And I Love Her", "Eleanor Rigby", "Here, There and Everywhere", "The Fool on the Hill", "Hey Jude", "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road".[39]
- ^ According to Savage, this perception was short-lived since the Beatles' activities from March 1966 onwards indicated a desire to depart from their image as pop stars, with no regard for their audience's expectations.[49] After the Beatles released Revolver in August, the Overlanders called it "absolutely useless" and said that, despite their success with "Michelle", they would not consider recording any of the album's songs.[50]
- ^ Alternatively to Everett's line-up, Ian MacDonald wrote that "Michelle" was "made in nine hours and seems to have been played mostly, if not entirely, by McCartney using overdubs". He speculated that McCartney might even have sung the backing vocals and played the drums.[61]
References
edit- ^ a b c Sullivan 2017, p. 397.
- ^ Hamelman, Steven L. (2004). But is it Garbage?: On Rock and Trash. University of Georgia Press. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-0-8203-2587-3.
- ^ Molanphy, Chris (13 January 2024). "And the Grammy Goes to... Edition". Hit Parade | Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Turner 2010, pp. 94.
- ^ a b Sheff 2000, p. 137.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 273.
- ^ "Pete Doherty meets Paul McCartney". The Guardian. 14 October 2007.
- ^ Kruth 2015, pp. 143–44.
- ^ Pedler 2003, pp. 435–37.
- ^ Pedler 2003, pp. 412–13.
- ^ a b Kruth 2015, p. 143.
- ^ Winn 2008, p. 372.
- ^ a b Everett 2001, p. 327.
- ^ Miles 2001, p. 215.
- ^ Lewisohn 2005, pp. 69, 200.
- ^ Frontani 2007, p. 5.
- ^ Williams, Richard (2002). "Rubber Soul: Stretching the Boundaries". Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days That Shook the World (The Psychedelic Beatles – April 1, 1965 to December 26, 1967). London: Emap. p. 40.
- ^ Kruth 2015, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Hertsgaard 1996, pp. 131–32.
- ^ a b Sullivan 2017, p. 398.
- ^ Ovens, Don (dir. reviews & charts) (14 May 1966). "Billboard Hits of the World". Billboard. p. 42. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ^ Schaffner 1978, p. 204.
- ^ "The Ivors 1967". theivors.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ^ Rodriguez 2012, p. 198.
- ^ a b Kruth 2015, p. 144.
- ^ "BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century". Broadcast Music, Inc. 13 December 1999. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
- ^ Sullivan 2017, pp. v, 397.
- ^ Evans, Allen (3 December 1965). "Beatles Tops". NME. p. 8.
- ^ Sutherland, Steve, ed. (2003). NME Originals: Lennon. London: IPC Ignite!. p. 34.
- ^ RM Disc Jury (4 December 1965). "It's Rubber Soul Time ...". Record Mirror. p. 7. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
- ^ Eden (1 January 1966). "The Lowdown on the British Rubber Soul" (PDF). KRLA Beat. p. 15.
- ^ a b Lydon, Michael (2014) [March 1966]. "Lennon and McCartney: Songwriters – A Portrait from 1966". Rock's Backpages.
- ^ Savage 2015, p. 447.
- ^ Doggett 2015, p. 371.
- ^ Kruth 2015, p. 9.
- ^ Marcus 1992, pp. 220–21.
- ^ Clayson 2003, p. 130.
- ^ Rodriguez 2012, p. 5.
- ^ a b Doggett 2015, p. 390.
- ^ Savage 2015, p. 52.
- ^ Turner 2016, p. 39.
- ^ Billboard, April 2, 1966 - Billboard HITS OF THE WORLD, ARGENTINA, This Week 9, Last Week _
- ^ Everett 2001, p. 329.
- ^ Kruth 2015, p. 146.
- ^ "RPM Top 40 Singles - February 28, 1966" (PDF).
- ^ Rodriguez 2012, p. 239.
- ^ Unterberger, Richie. "David and Jonathan". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
- ^ Savage 2015, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Savage 2015, pp. 52–53, 316–17.
- ^ Jones, Peter (3 September 1966). "'Revolver – absolutely useless' say Overlanders". Record Mirror. p. 6.
- ^ a b Kruth 2015, p. 147.
- ^ "Mango – Disincanto". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ^ Jackson, Josh (18 November 2010). "50 Greatest Beatles Covers of All Time". Paste. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ^ Savage, Mark (3 September 2021). "Drake credits The Beatles on Certified Lover Boy". BBC. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ Madinger & Easter 2000.
- ^ Gavin, Patrick (2 August 2009). "Paul McCartney dedicates Beatles' classic 'Michelle' to first lady Michelle Obama". Politico. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
- ^ "McCartney rocks White House, croons 'Michelle'". The Denver Post. Associated Press. 3 June 2010.
- ^ Miller, Sunlen (3 June 2010). "ABC News television news report". World News Now.
- ^ Caption by White House photographer Pete Souza in the official White House photostream on Flickr. Photo uploaded 30 December 2010. Accessed 12 January 2011.
- ^ Everett 2001, pp. 326–27.
- ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 174–75.
- ^ "The Beatles – Michelle" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "The Beatles – Michelle" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "The Beatles - Salgshitlisterne Top 20". Danske Hitlister. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
- ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
- ^ "Les Chansons Classées par Points des Années 60". infodisc.fr. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^ "Classifiche". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 31 May 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Singoli". Then, in the "Titolo" field, search "Michelle".
- ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 7, 1966" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ "The Beatles – Michelle" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "NZ listener charts". flavourofnz.co.nz. 6 May 1966. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "The Beatles – Michelle". VG-lista. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ Hallberg, Eric (1993). Eric Hallberg presenterar Kvällstoppen i P 3: Sveriges radios topplista över veckans 20 mest sålda skivor 10. 7. 1962 - 19. 8. 1975. Drift Musik. p. 130. ISBN 9163021404.
- ^ Hallberg, Eric; Henningsson, Ulf (1998). Eric Hallberg, Ulf Henningsson presenterar Tio i topp med de utslagna på försök: 1961 - 74. Premium Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 919727125X.
- ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts" (Enter "Beatles" in the search box) (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
- ^ "The Beatles Single-Chartverfolgung (in German)". musicline.de. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 24 January 1966. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- ^ a b c Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
- ^ Joel Whitburn's Bubbling Under the Billboard Hot 100 1959-2004
- ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 5751." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
- ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 5662." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 65.
- ^ "The Overlanders – Michelle" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
- ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Michelle". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
- ^ "The Overlanders – Michelle" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
- ^ "The Overlanders – Michelle". VG-lista.
- ^ "SA Charts 1965 – March 1989". Retrieved 1 September 2018.
- ^ "Overlanders: Artists Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ "Beatles" (Enter "Beatles" in the search box) (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ a b Erickson, Espen (14 May 1966). "From The Music Capitals Of The World - Oslo". Billboard. p. 34. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
Sources
edit- Clayson, Alan (2003). Paul McCartney. London: Sanctuary. ISBN 1-86074-486-9.
- Doggett, Peter (2015). Electric Shock: From the Gramophone to the iPhone – 125 Years of Pop Music. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-1-84792-218-2.
- Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men through Rubber Soul. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514105-9.
- Frontani, Michael R. (2007). The Beatles: Image and the Media. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-966-8.
- Hertsgaard, Mark (1996). A Day in the Life: The Music and Artistry of the Beatles. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-33891-9.
- Kruth, John (2015). This Bird Has Flown: The Enduring Beauty of Rubber Soul, Fifty Years On. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-573-6.
- Lewisohn, Mark (2005) [1988]. The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions: The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962–1970. London: Bounty Books. ISBN 978-0-7537-2545-0.
- Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000). Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions. ISBN 0-615-11724-4.
- Marcus, Greil (1992) [1979]. "The Beatles". In DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James; George-Warren, Holly; Miller, Jim (eds.). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music. New York, NY: Straight Arrow. ISBN 0-679-73728-6 – via greilmarcus.net.
- MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (2nd rev. ed.). Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3.
- Miles, Barry (1997). Many Years from Now. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
- Miles, Barry (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8308-9.
- Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8167-6.
- Rodriguez, Robert (2012). Revolver: How the Beatles Reimagined Rock 'n' Roll. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-009-0.
- Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27763-6.
- Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). The Beatles Forever. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-055087-5.
- Sheff, David (2000) [1981]. All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
- Sullivan, Steve (2017). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volumes 3 & 4. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-5448-0.
- Turner, Steve (2010). A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-06-084409-7.
- Turner, Steve (2016). Beatles '66: The Revolutionary Year. New York, NY: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-247558-9.
- Winn, John C. (2008). Way Beyond Compare: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume One, 1962–1965. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-45239-9.
External links
edit- Handwritten lyrics of Michelle in The Beatles Loan at the British Library
