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Mieczysław Franciszek Rakowski (Polish: [mʲeˈt͡ʂɨswaf raˈkɔfskʲi] ; 1 December 1926 – 8 November 2008) was a Polish communist politician, historian and journalist who was Prime Minister of Poland from 1988 to 1989. He served as the seventh and final First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1989 to 1990.
Mieczysław Rakowski | |
|---|---|
 Rakowski in 2007 | |
| 7th First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party | |
| In office 29 July 1989 – 29 January 1990 | |
| President | Wojciech Jaruzelski |
| Prime Minister | Czesław Kiszczak Tadeusz Mazowiecki |
| Preceded by | Wojciech Jaruzelski |
| Succeeded by | Aleksander Kwaśniewski (As Leader of Social Democracy) |
| Prime Minister of Poland | |
| In office 27 September 1988 – 2 August 1989 | |
| President | Wojciech Jaruzelski (Jul - Aug 1989) |
| Chairman | Wojciech Jaruzelski (Sep 1988 - Jul 1989) |
| Preceded by | Zbigniew Messner |
| Succeeded by | Czesław Kiszczak |
| Deputy Prime Minister | |
| In office 12 February 1981 – 12 November 1985 | |
| President | Henryk Jabłoński |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1 December 1926 Kowalewko, Poznań Voivodeship, Poland |
| Died | 8 November 2008 (aged 81) Warsaw, Poland |
| Political party | Polish United Workers' Party |
| Spouse | Elżbieta Kępińska |
| Occupation | Historian, Journalist |
Career
editRakowski was born in a peasant family and operated a lathe as a teenager.[1] He served as an officer in the Polish People's Army from 1945 to 1949. He began his political career in 1946 as a member of the Polish Workers' Party, and from 1948 to 1990 he was a member of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), serving on its Central Committee from 1975 to 1990.
He received a doctorate in history from Warsaw's Institute for Social Sciences in 1956.[1] Rakowski served as the second-to-last communist Prime Minister of Poland from September 1988 to August 1989 (Czesław Kiszczak then served less than a month as the last Communist to hold the post, before the accession of Tadeusz Mazowiecki). He was the last First Secretary of the PZPR from July 1989 to January 1990. However, he was not, unlike his predecessors, the de facto leader of the country; the PZPR had given up its monopoly on power in early 1989.
Rakowski was also known as one of the founders and, from 1958 to 1982, first deputy and then chief editor of the weekly newspaper Polityka, one of the most influential publications at the time (Polityka continues to exist and is regarded by many[who?] as the most prestigious weekly in Poland).[2] Today[when?] some people[who?] still remember him as a journalist and editor rather than a politician.
Rakowski was involved in the Communist government during suppression of the Solidarity movement. He also played a part in the Polish transformation from state socialism to market capitalism, as his Communist-led government was forced to reform and he was one of the key players in the Polish Round Table Agreements.[3]
Prior to becoming Prime Minister, he had been divorced from the violinist Wanda Wiłkomirska, with whom he had two sons.
He died on 8 November 2008 from cancer in Warsaw at the age of 81.[4] He was buried at the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw.[5]
Awards and decorations
edit
Grand Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta (1997)[6]
Order of the Banner of Labour, 1st Class
Commander's Cross with Star of Order of Polonia Restituta
Order of the Banner of Labour, 2nd Class[7]
Golden Cross of Merit
Medal of the 40th Anniversary of People's Poland[8]
Medal of the 10th Anniversary of People's Poland[9]
Medal of Ludwik Waryński[10]
References
edit- ^ a b Applebaum, Anne (2012). Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-1956. New York USA: Doubleday. p. 312. ISBN 9780385515696.
- ^ Jacqueline Hayden (23 March 2006). The Collapse of Communist Power in Poland: Strategic Misperceptions and Unanticipated Outcomes. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-134-20801-2. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
- ^ Operacja "okrągłego stołu", interview with Filip Musiał, interia.pl, June 5, 2008 Archived June 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Martin, Douglas (11 November 2008). "Mieczyslaw Rakowski, Poland’s Last Communist Premier, Dies at 81". The New York Times.
- ^ "We wtorek pogrzeb Mieczysława Rakowskiego". Wprost. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
- ^ (in Polish) M.P. z 1997 r. nr 29, poz. 269.
- ^ (in Polish) Profil na stronie Biblioteki Sejmowej. [dostęp 22 kwietnia 2015].
- ^ (in Polish) „Głos Pomorza”, nr 295, 17 grudnia 1987, s. 3.
- ^ (in Polish) M.P. z 1955 r. nr 125, poz. 1624
- ^ (in Polish) „Życie Partii”, nr 5 (543), 8 marca 1989, s. 20.