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The ram cichlid (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) is a species of freshwater fish endemic to the Orinoco River basin, in the savannahs of Venezuela and Colombia in South America.[3] The species has been examined in studies on fish behaviour[4] and is a popular aquarium fish, traded under a variety of common names, including ram, blue ram, German blue ram, Asian ram, butterfly cichlid, Ramirez's dwarf cichlid, dwarf butterfly cichlid and Ramirezi.[3][5][6][7][8] The species is a member of the family Cichlidae and subfamily Geophaginae.[3][9]
| Ram cichlid | |
|---|---|
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| Male ("German Blue" morph) | |
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| Female ("German Blue" morph) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Genus: | Mikrogeophagus |
| Species: | M. ramirezi
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| Binomial name | |
| Mikrogeophagus ramirezi | |
| Synonyms | |
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Description
editMale specimens of the ram usually have the first few rays of the dorsal fin extended, but breeding has made some females also show this. When close to spawning, female rams have a pink or red blush on the abdomen. Females also have a blue sheen over the spot just below the dorsal fin, or a sparse scattering of blue scales in the upper half of the dark spot, and males do not show this. Males are slightly larger than females, with this species reaching 34–40mm.[10][11]
Distribution and habitat
editThe natural habitat of M. ramirezi is warm (25.5–29.5 °C (77.9–85.1 °F), acidic (pH 5.2-6.7) water courses in the Llanos savannas of Venezuela and Colombia.[5][7][12] The water is generally slow-flowing, contains few dissolved minerals, and ranges in colour from clear to darkly stained with tannins.[5] The species is typically found where cover in the form of aquatic or submersed vegetation is available.[5]
Reproduction
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Once sex mature, the fish form monogamous pairs prior to spawning, and the males do not tolerate other males.[7] The species is known to lay its small 0.9 - 1.5 mm, adhesive eggs on flattened stones[7][12][13] or directly into small depressions dug in the gravel.[5] Like many cichlids, M. ramirezi practices biparental brood care, with both the male and the female playing roles in egg-tending and territorial defense.[5][7] Typical clutch size for the species is 150–300 eggs,[5][6] though clutches up to 500 have been reported.[12] Parental ram cichlids have been observed to fan water over their eggs, which hatch in 40 hours at 29 °C (84 °F). The larvae are not free-swimming for five days, after which they are escorted by the male or the female in a dense school for foraging.[5]
Taxonomy, collection, and etymology
editThe ram cichlid is named after Manuel Ramirez, an early collector and importer of the species for the aquarium trade.[14] George S. Myers and R. R. Harry (1948) originally described the species as Apistogramma ramirezi, though the species was later moved to and from various genera, including: Microgeophagus, Papiliochromis, Pseudoapistogramma, and Pseudogeophagus.[15]
In the aquarium
editThe ram cichlid is popular in the tropical freshwater community aquarium. While some larger cichlids are not well suited for a community tank, if a male and female pair of this specific type are placed in a community tank, they can do well.
Varieties
editNumerous color morphs of M. ramirezi have been developed in Asia for the fishkeeping hobby. These include numerous xanthic morphs, known as gold rams or electric blue, along with larger, high-bodied, fattened "balloon" forms, and long-finned varieties.[5][7][16] Many of these varieties suffer from lower fertility, health problems, or reduced brood care in comparison to wild-type specimens.[5][6]
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Electric Blue "Goldface" morph -
"German Gold" morph -
Xanthic morph -
Wild-type (Colombian)
See also
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References
edit- ^ "Mikrogeophagus ramirezi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- ^ Myers GS, Harry RR (1948) The Ramirezi dwarf cichlid identified. Aquarium, Philad. 77.
- ^ a b c Froese, R.; D. Pauly (eds.). "Mikrogeophagus ramirezi, Ram cichlid". FishBase. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ Robins CR, Bailey RM, Bond CE, Brooker JR, Lachner EA, Lea RN, Scott WB (1991) World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 21: p. 243.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Linke H, Staeck L (1994) American cichlids I: Dwarf Cichlids. A handbook for their identification, care and breeding. Tetra Press. Germany. ISBN 1-56465-168-1
- ^ a b c Baensch, HA (1996). Riehl, Rüdiger (ed.). Aquarium Atlas (5th ed.). Germany: Tetra Press. ISBN 3-88244-050-3.
- ^ a b c d e f Loiselle, Paul V. (1995). The Cichlid Aquarium. Germany: Tetra Press. ISBN 1-56465-146-0.
- ^ Axelrod HR, Vorderwinkler W (1995) Encyclopedia of tropical fishes 30th Edn. TFH Publications, USA.
- ^ ITIS Report. "Mikrogeophagus ramirezi, Ram cichlid". Integrated Taxonomic Information Service. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ "Mikrogeophagus ramirezi, Ram cichlid : Aquarium".
- ^ "Mikrogeophagus ramirezi – Ram (Apistogramma ramirezi, Papiliochromis ramirezi, Microgeophagus ramirezi) — Seriously Fish".
- ^ a b c Richter H-J (1989) Complete book of dwarf cichlids. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, USA
- ^ Coleman RM, Galvani AP (1998) Egg Size Determines Offspring Size in Neotropical Cichlid Fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) Copeia 1:209-213.
- ^ Leibel WS (1993) A fishkeepers guide to South American Cichlids. Tetra Press. Belgium. 55-56.
- ^ Robins CR, Bailey RM (1982) The Status of the Generic Names Microgeophagus, Pseudoapistogramma, Pseudogeophagus and Papiliochromis (Pisces: Cichlidae) Copeia 1: 208-210.
- ^ Amazon Rift Aquarium. "Long finned rams". Retrieved 2007-04-09.