Underwater divers may be employed in any branch of an armed force, including the navy, army, marines, air force and coast guard. Scope of operations includes: search and recovery, search and rescue, hydrographic survey, explosive ordnance disposal, demolition, underwater engineering, salvage, ships husbandry, reconnaissance, infiltration, sabotage, counterifiltration, underwater combat and security.[1]
History of military diving
editMilitary divers are essential to many missions and campaigns. Combat and demolition work, underwater and coastal reconnaissance, ordnance disposal, search and rescue, salvage operations, construction, ship maintenance and underwater engineering. Every branch of the U.S. military employs divers, and more than 40 nations have military diving units. Military diving is an occupation that has risks and responsibilities beyond those of other professional diving. Research and development in military diving equipment and procedures often eventually contributes to recreational and technical diving practice.[1]
Military diving development was influenced by the development of submarine technology in the early 20th century. There were several serious accidents following the widespread deployment of submarines, and the main application for military diving at that time was salvage and later rescue and recovery operations. Submarine escape equipment development helped with early scuba development.[1]
Combat diving.[1]
Fleet and engineering diving.[1]
Application of diving by branches of the military
edit- Navy divers are used in ships husbandry, marine construction and salvage, demolition and mine clearance and special forces.
- Army divers may be used in engineering activities such as bridge construction and demolition, and by special forces units.
- Marine divers may be used for reconnaissance, preparation for amphibious operations, coastal demolition, disposal of explosives and special operations
- Air forces frequently use divers for search and rescue missions.
- In some countries the coastguard is considered to be a military force, and there are several applications for coastguard diving operations both operationally and for ships husbandry purposes.
Armed forces with diving units
editScope of operations
editTactical diving
editClearance diving
editClearance divers are specialists in underwater demolition, explosive ordnance disposal and improvised explosive device disposal. They are tasked with locating and destroying or recovering underwater ordnance at sea in ships, in the approaches to ports and anchorages, in port facilities and installations and in the coastal environment of amphibious operations.[2]
Ships husbandry
editShips husbandry or ship husbandry is all aspects of maintenance, cleaning,[3] and general upkeep of the hull, rigging, and equipment of a ship. It may also be used to refer to aspects of maintenance which are not specifically covered by the technical departments.[4] The term is used in both naval and merchant shipping,[5] but naval vessel husbandry may also be used for specific reference to naval vessels.[6] Underwater ships husbandry includes hull cleaning, inspection, and some kinds of repair work.[7]
Marine salvage
editUnderwater engineering
editSearch and rescue
editSearch and recovery
editUnderwater search and recovery is the process of locating and recovering underwater objects, often by divers.[8] but also by the use of submersibles, remotely operated vehicles and electronic equipment on surface vessels.[9][10]
Recovery techniques depend upon the type and size of the object. Smaller objects, can simply be carried up by the diver. Heavier objects represent a material change to the diver's buoyancy control, and may put the diver at risk from an uncontrolled ascent if contact with the object is lost during ascent. Medium-sized objects are normally recovered using a lifting bag. Lift bags can be rated up to several tons, but these require an independent supply of inflation gas. Large objects usually require specialised commercial lifting equipment.
Military diver training
editSee also
edit- Anti-frogman techniques – Methods of protection from incursions by divers and swimmers
- Frogman – Tactical scuba diver
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Grollimund, Tim (2014). "Military Diving - A history of innovation". Alert Diver. Summer 2014. Durham, North Carolina: Divers Alert Network. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ^ "Navy Clearance Diver". www.adas.org.au. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
- ^ Nelson, Mark. "Ship's Husbandry". Jackspeak of the Royal Canadian Navy. ReadyAyeReady.com. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ Staff. "1: Hull Maintenance". Ship Husbandry (PDF). Royal Australian Navy Apprentice Training Establishment.
- ^ Jensen, Milinda D. (3 March 2004). "Underwater Ship Husbandry Combines Navy, Civilian Divers into Successful Team". Story Number: NNS040303-02. Naval Sea Systems Command Public Affairs. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ Staff (2014). "Naval Vessel Husbandry". Strategy Logistics. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ "Underwater Ship Husbandry: Nature of Discharge (EPA-842-R-99-001.)" (PDF). Phase I Final Rule and Technical Development Document of Uniform National Discharge Standards. United States Environmental Protection Agency. April 1999. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ PADI (2003). PADI Search & Recovery manual. ASIN: B000YPP84E. United States: PADI.
- ^ US Navy (2006). US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ^ NOAA Diving Manual, 4th Edition CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company