A military marine mammal is a cetacean or pinniped that has been trained for military uses. Examples include bottlenose dolphins, seals, sea lions, and beluga whales. The United States and Soviet militaries have trained and employed oceanic dolphins for various uses. Military marine mammals have been trained to rescue lost naval swimmers, guard navy ships against enemy divers, locate mines for later clearance by divers, and aid in location and recovery of equipment lost on the seabed.
Dolphins
editUses of Military Dolphins
editThese animals are able to defend ships against enemy divers, locate and retrieve lost or damaged equipment, attach homing devices for torpedoes to larger targets, locate submarines, and much more. [1]
Soviet Union Navy dolphins
editThe Soviet Navy operated a research facility to explore military uses of marine mammals at Kazachya Bukhta (44°34′48″N 33°24′08″E / 44.5800°N 33.4023°E), near Sevastopol. The Russian military's dolphin program is believed to have languished in the early 1990s.[2]
A Soviet military Beluga whale named Tichka twice escaped in 1991 and 1992, crossed the Black Sea and was admired by the residents of the Turkish town Gerze, who called him Aydın.[3]
Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Iran
editAfter the fall of the Soviet Union, the Soviet military dolphin program was passed to the Ukrainian Navy. In March 2000 the BBC reported that the Ukrainian navy had transferred their military dolphin project from Sevastopol to Iran. Iran bought the animals, and the chief trainer carried on his research at Iran's new oceanarium.[4]
In 2012, Ukraine allegedly "resurrected" the military dolphin program.[2] After the 2014 annexation of Crimea, the Ukrainian dolphin program was taken over by Russia.[5] Conflicting statements have been made regarding the fate of the dolphins. One claim is that the program had been demilitarized prior to the annexation, with all military dolphins either sold commercially or dead by natural causes. A counter-claim suggests that dolphins died patriotically after going on hunger strikes and resisting their Russian captors.[6] Russia reportedly intended to use advanced technology to visualise the dolphin's biosonar signals in future military dolphin research.[2]
Government public records show that in 2016, five bottlenose dolphins were purchased by the Russian defence ministry from Moscow’s Utrish Dolphinarium.[7][8]
In 2022 and 2023, there were reports that Russia had deployed dolphins to protect the Sevastopol Naval Base from Ukrainian attacks.[9][10]
United States Navy dolphins
editThe U.S. Navy trains dolphins and sea lions under the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, which is based in San Diego, California. The Navy gets some of its dolphins from the Gulf of Mexico. Military dolphins were used by the U.S. Navy during the First and Second Gulf Wars,[11] and their use dates back to the Vietnam War.[12] About 75 dolphins were in the program circa 2007,[13] and around 70 dolphins and 30 sea lions were reported to be in the program in 2019.[12]
Pioneering the use of dolphins in warfare was the scientist James Fitzgerald whom the CIA sent to Key West, Florida, to set up a classified laboratory in 1964. His assignment was to study whether dolphin hydrodynamics could be applied to the design of submarines, torpedoes and missiles and whether the animals could be trained to perform missions.[14]
The United States Navy implemented a program in 1960 to work with dolphins and sea lions in order to help with defense, mine detection, and the design of new submarines and new underwater weapons. The Navy did many tests with several marine mammals to determine which would be best for the required missions, with "more than 19 species...including some sharks and birds" tested, though the bottlenose dolphin and California sea lion were considered the best at what the Navy needed them for. The bottlenose dolphins' asset was their highly evolved biosonar, helping to find underwater mines, and the sea lions' asset was their impeccable underwater vision, which can help to detect enemy swimmers. In fiscal year 2007, the United States Navy spent $14 million on research on marine mammal training programs for object recovery and mine detection and had 75 trained dolphins.[15]
In 2005, there were press reports that some U.S. military dolphins based on Lake Pontchartrain had escaped during the Hurricane Katrina flooding.[16] The U.S. Navy dismissed these stories as nonsense or a hoax, though they may be taking on the status of an urban myth.[17]
Care of animals
editThe marine mammals used for the Navy's research and operations are cared for by a full-time staff of veterinarians, veterinarian technicians, and highly trained marine biologists.[18][non-primary source needed]
Training
editThe dolphins and sea lions are trained by five teams of the Navy's Marine Mammal fleet members. One team specializes in swimmer detection, three teams in mine location, and another team in object recoveries. The quick-response goal of this fleet is to mobilize a team and be on site within 72 hours. Dolphins are trained much like police dogs and hunting dogs are. They are given rewards such as fish on correct completion of a task. Dolphins are trained to detect underwater mines and enemy swimmers and then report back to their handlers.[19][20] Rumours that dolphins had been trained to kill divers have been denied by the US Navy, which claims that training dolphins to fight or kill humans is impossible.[12]
Retired US Admiral Tim Keating claimed that military dolphins could be used to detect mines in the Strait of Hormuz, after Iran threatened to close the waterway in January 2012.[21]
Israel
editOn January 10, 2022, Hamas, through a report by Al-Quds, suspects Israel of using dolphins for the purpose of targeting Hamas dive fighters. Similar Israel-related animal conspiracy theories were stated in August 2015 when Al-Quds claimed to have sources regarding another incident of a cetacean fighter, equipped with a remote control, a camera, and a weapon that can fire harpoon-type projectiles.[22]
Harm to animals
editRic O'Barry, a former U.S. Navy and civilian trainer of marine mammals, writes that the dolphins complied with their training program only to obtain food. Once they became full, they would no longer be obedient. To prevent this and potential escapes, the navy installed anti-foraging devices that prevented dolphins from fully opening their mouth to feed in the oceans. He also believes that deploying dolphins during war would cause the enemy to attack all dolphins that it comes across, because there is no way to tell a friendly dolphin from a hostile one.[23]
Seals and sea lions
editSeals and sea lions are trained and utilised by the US Navy and the Russian Navy. In Russia, dolphins and seals have been trained to carry tools for divers and to detect torpedoes, mines, and other ammunition to working depths of up to 120 metres. Seals are considered better suited than belugas for military use in polar conditions for their "high professionalism" and ability to learn, retain, and understand oral commands.[7]
Belugas
editIn 2019, a beluga was found off the coast of Norway that was believed to have most likely been trained by the Russian Navy.[12] The beluga, called Hvaldimir, was wearing a harness that was labeled "Equipment of St. Petersburg", seemed comfortable around humans, and attempted to pull ropes from the sides of a Norwegian fishing vessel. Beluga research was conducted by the Murmansk Sea Biology Research Institute in northern Russia on behalf of the Russian Navy. Experiments were conducted to determine whether belugas could be used to “guard entrances to naval bases’” in arctic regions and "assist deepwater divers and if necessary kill any strangers who enter their territory". The research concluded that dolphins and seals were better suited to military use in polar conditions than belugas.[7]
See also
edit
- Cetacean intelligence
- The Day of the Dolphin, a novel and later movie about training dolphins to carry out an assassination
- U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program
References
edit- ^ "Marine Mammals: The Navy's Super Searchers - U. S. Naval Undersea Museum". US. Navy Undersea Museum. US Navy Undersea museum. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ a b c Walker, Shaun (2014-07-06). "Ukraine demanding return of combat dolphins from Russia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
- ^ "One Whale's Story: Tichka/Aydin". 15 February 2016.
- ^ "Iran buys kamikaze dolphins". BBC News. 8 March 2000.
- ^ "Ukraine demanding return of combat dolphins from Russia". The Guardian. 6 July 2014.
- ^ Wolfson, Sam (2018-05-17). "Ukraine says military dolphins captured by Russia went on hunger strike". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
- ^ a b c Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (2019-04-29). "Whale with harness could be Russian weapon, say Norwegian experts". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
- ^ "Russia's military is recruiting dolphins, and their mission is a mystery". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
- ^ Russia's Killer Military Dolphins Are Defending Its Crimean Naval Base
- ^ Russia deploys trained dolphins at Black Sea naval base, satellite images show
- ^ Pickrell, John (March 28, 2003). "Dolphins Deployed as Undersea Agents in Iraq". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Aratani, Lauren (2019-05-01). "Licence to krill: why the US navy trains whales, dolphins and sea lions". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
- ^ Watkins, Thomas (2007-02-12). "Navy may deploy anti-terrorism dolphins". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
- ^ Holley, Joe (January 27, 2006). "James Fitzgerald; Pioneered Military's Use of Dolphins". Washington Post.
- ^ Mosendz, Polly (30 March 2014). "How to turn a dolphin, sea lion, or whale into a sea-creature commando". Quartz (publication). Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ Townsend, Mark (September 25, 2005). "Armed and dangerous - Flipper the firing dolphin let loose by Katrina". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ "Dispelling a myth of dangerous Navy dolphins". Countdown with Keith Olbermann. September 27, 2005.
- ^ "Animal health care". US Navy Marine Mammal Program. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
- ^ Rehn, KW; Riggs, PK (2002). "Non-Lethal Swimmer Neutralization Study". U.S. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Technical Report. Document Number 3138. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Frequently Asked Questions of the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program Archived 2009-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Singer, Peter (January 19, 2012). "Dolphins have no part in this dispute with Iran". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Killer Zionist dolphins? Hamas claims they exist". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
- ^ O'Barry, Ric. "Use of Dolphins by the U.S. Navy". Dolphin Project.
Further reading
edit- Anonymous. (May 2, 2003). "Searching the Sea". Scholastic News, 59(24), 2. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
- Gethings, Chris. Navy Newsstand - Eye on the Fleet. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
- "Marine Mammal Health Care of the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program". U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Animal Health Care. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
- Navy Office. (October 3, 2007) "Sonar - Balancing Environmental Stewardship and National Defense". Rhumb Lines. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
- Renwick, D. M., Simmons, R. & Truver, S. C. (August 1997). "Marine Mammals are a Force Multiplier". United States Naval Institute Proceedings, 123(8), 52.
- Walsh, D. (May 2007). "Sleek Sailors - The Navy's Marine Mammal Program". United States Naval Institute Proceedings, 133(5), 176. Retrieved January 28, 2008.