The Miwok or Miwokan languages (/ˈmiːwɒk/;[1] North Sierra Miwok: [míwːɨːk]), also known as Moquelumnan or Miwuk, are a group of endangered languages spoken in central California by the Miwok peoples, ranging from the Bay Area to the Sierra Nevada. There are seven Miwok languages, four of which have distinct regional dialects.[2] There are a few dozen speakers of the three Sierra Miwok languages, and in 1994 there were two speakers of Lake Miwok. The best attested language is Southern Sierra Miwok, from which the name Yosemite originates.[3] The name Miwok comes from the Northern Sierra Miwok word miw·yk meaning 'people.'[4]
| Miwok | |
|---|---|
| Miwokan | |
| Ethnicity | Miwok |
| Geographic distribution | California, western slopes of Sierra Nevada |
| Linguistic classification | Yok-Utian ?
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | miwo1275 |
 | |
Languages
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Language family by Mithun (1999):[4]
- Eastern Miwok
- Plains Miwok †
- Bay Miwok (a.k.a. Saclan) †
- Sierra Miwok
- Northern Sierra Miwok (†) (Camanche, Fiddletown, Ione, and West Point dialects)
- Central Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (East Central and West Central dialects)
- Southern Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (Yosemite, Mariposa, and Southern dialects)
- Western Miwok
- Coast Miwok † (Bodega and Marin dialects)
- Lake Miwok †
Proto-language
editReconstructions of Proto-Miwok plant and animal names by Callaghan (2014):[5]
Proto-Miwok animal names Gloss Proto-Miwok coyote *ʔole wolf *hu·n, *hun·u- antelope, bighorn *ha·lu-ṣ pocket gopher *syw·yt dog *haju chicken hawk *suj·u duck hawk *wek-wek fish hawk *tuk-tuk California condor *mol·uk ? great horned owl *tuk·u-·li barn owl *wič·iki-ṣ burrowing owl *ṭok(·)ok... valley quail *hek... roadrunner *ʔuj(·)uj u, *ʔu·juju ? kingfisher *ča·ṭa·-ṭa- pileated woodpecker *pak-pak California woodpecker *palaṭ·ak lesser snow goose *wa·wo ? goose spp. *low·ot ? lizard *pit·e-·li ? frog, sound of frog *waṭa·k ? grasshopper *ko·ṭo ? head louse *ke·t, *ket·y- flea *ky(·)ky-ṣ spider *pok·um body louse *čypsi scorpion *ʔet·ym
Proto-Miwok plant names Gloss Proto-Miwok mountain pine and nuts *san(·)ak pine nuts, nuts *ṣanak gray pine and nuts *sa·k, *sak·y cedar, cypress *mo·nuk ? valley oak, tree *ʔalwaṣ, ʔala·waṣ live oak *sa·ṭa small oak tree *su·k ? white oak *mol·a, *mo·la maple *ṣa·ji buckeye (tree and fruit) *ʔu·nu tree alder *sot·um ? elderberry tree/fruit *ʔantaj manzanita (tree and berries) *ʔe·je, *ʔej·e Sierra gooseberry *ki·li poison oak Proto-Utian *nykys brush *lim·e wormwood (sage herb) *kičin grapes *mut(·)e black basket root *mul·a root, basket root (Carex spp.) *su·li Indian potato (Brodiaea spp.) *wa·la tea plant *huk... jimson weed ?
References
edit- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian Languages. University of California, Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 156.
- ^ "Origin of the word Yosemite (and linked references)". Yosemite.ca.us. 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
- ^ a b Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 535. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9.
- ^ Callaghan, Catherine. (2014). Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: With Notes on Yokuts. Trends in Linguistics Documentation 31. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110276770
Further reading
edit- Berman, Howard. 1982. Freeland's Central Sierra Miwok Myths. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Report #3.
- Broadbent, Sylvia M., and Callaghan, Catherine A. 1960. "Comparative Miwok: A Preliminary Survey". International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 26, no. 4: 301–316.
- Broadbent, Sylvia M. 1964. The Southern Sierra Miwok Language. Publications in Linguistics (Vol. 38). Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Broadbent, Sylvia M., and Pitkin, Harvey. 1964. "A Comparison of Miwok and Wintun." In Studies in Californian Linguistics, ed. W. Bright, 19–45. University of California Publications in Linguistics, vol. 34. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1965. Lake Miwok Dictionary. University of California Press.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1970. Bodega Miwok Dictionary. Publications in Linguistics 60. University of California Press.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1984. Plains Miwok Dictionary. Publications in Linguistics 105. University of California Press.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1987. Northern Sierra Miwok Dictionary. Publications in Linguistics 110. University of California Press.
- Freeland, Lucy S. 1947. "Western Miwok Texts with Linguistic Sketch". International Journal of American Linguistics 13:31-46.
- Freeland, Lucy Shepherd. 1951. Language of the Sierra Miwok. Waverly Press.
- Freeland, Lucy Shepherd and Broadbent, Sylvia M. 1960. Central Sierra Miwok Dictionary with Texts. University of California Press.
- Keeling, Richard. 1985. "Ethnographic Field Recordings at Lowie Museum of Anthropology". Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. v. 2. North-Central California: Pomo, Wintun, Nomlaki, Patwin, Coast Miwok, and Lake Miwok Indians.
- Sloan, Kelly Dawn. 1991. Syllables and Templates: Evidence from Southern Sierra Miwok. Ph.D. thesis. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. hdl:1721.1/13166. OCLC 1138916466.
External links
edit- Miwok language keyboards at Languagegeek