SATB is an initialism that describes the scoring of compositions for choirs or consorts of instruments. The initials are for the voice types: S, soprano, A, alto, T, tenor and B, bass. It can also describe a choir, collectively for SATB music.
Choral music
editFour-part harmony using soprano, alto, tenor and bass is a common scoring in classical music,[1][2][3][4] including chorales and most Bach cantatas.[5]
The letters of the abbreviation are also used by publishers to describe different scorings for soloists and choirs other than four-part harmony. For example, the listing "STB solos, SATB choir" of Bach's Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140, indicates that a performance needs three soloists: soprano, tenor and bass, and a four-part choir.[5] "SATB/SATB" is used when a double choir is required, as in Penderecki's Polish Requiem.[6] or SSATB, with divided sopranos, is a typical scoring in English church music.[5]: 322 [7] A listing for Bach's Mass in B minor includes the maximum of SSATB soloists and SSAATTBB eight-part choir and also indicates that it contains choral movements for SATB, SSATB, SSATBB and SATB/SATB, as well as arias for individual soloists, and duets for SS, ST and SA.[5]: 299
Other letters of abbreviation, however with less consistency, have been used by publishers, such as "Tr" for treble (boy soprano), "Mz" for mezzo-soprano,[8] "Ba", "Bar" or "Bari" for baritone, "C" for both canto (the highest part) and contralto, and "Ct" for countertenor.[9] "SATB div." indicates that parts are sometimes divided (divisi) during a piece, often sharing the same staff.
Moreover, multiple parts can be assigned; first tenors, second basses, and so on.
Notation
editWhen the soprano and alto are notated in one staff, all stems for the soprano go up, and all for the alto go down. Similarly, when the tenor and bass are notated in one staff, the upper voice is marked by stems up, and both voices are written in bass clef, while the tenor is usually written in treble clef marked an octave down if it has its own staff.[10][11][12][13]
| voice | staff | stem |
|---|---|---|
| soprano (S) | treble clef | up |
| alto (A) | treble clef | down |
| tenor (T) | bass clef | up |
| bass (B) | bass clef | down |
The rules of voice leading apply to SATB notations.[11]
Instrumental music
editIn a broader sense, choirs of instruments can also be described by the abbreviation SATB, often for members of the same family of instruments, such as consorts of recorders,[14] viola da gamba,[15] saxophones[a][16][17] and trombones.[18] The abbreviations are also a common way to describe which "voices" perform in instrumental compositions such as fugues, including Bach's The Art of Fugue and The Musical Offering, written without indicating specific instruments.
Notes
edit- ^ SATB saxophone quartets consist of a soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophone.
References
edit- ^ SATB musiklexikon.info
- ^ Choral collections – Choir SATB Carus-Verlag 2022
- ^ Voces8 SATB / A Cappella Songbook thalia.de 2022
- ^ Dai, Jiajie (12 April 2019). Modelling Intonation and Interaction in Vocal Ensembles. QMRO Home (Thesis). Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d Shrock, Dennis: Choral Repertoire Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 298, ISBN 978-0-19-532778-6
- ^ Polish Requiem Schott Music 2022
- ^ Te Deum in D / By Henry Purcell alfred.com
- ^ Requiem : For S Mz T B Soli, SATB Chorus, and Orchestra [Latin] / Ed. by Kurt Soldan. tfront.com 2022
- ^ Arvo Pärt: Miserere Universal Edition 2022
- ^ Dr. Barbara Murphy, University of Tennessee, School of Music
- ^ a b "Voice Leading". Music Theory for the 21st-Century Classroom. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ "LilyPond Learning Manual: A.1.1 SATB template". LilyPond – Music notation for everyone. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ "LilyPond Learning Manual: 3.4.2 Four-part SATB vocal score". LilyPond – Music notation for everyone. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ The Schott Recorder Consort Anthology Schott Music 2022
- ^ Viola da Gamba SATB sheetmusicplus.com 2022
- ^ Saxophone Quartet saxpress.com 2022
- ^ Ruedeman, Timothy J.; Lamneck, Esther. Lyric-form archetype and the early works for saxophone quartet, 1844—1928: An analytical and historical context for saxophone quartet performance. ISBN 978-1-109-20991-4. OCLC 768132112.
- ^ Trombone Solo SATB Music sheetmusicplus.com 2022
Further reading
edit- Cargile, Kimberly Anne (27 January 2017). "An Analytical Conductor's Guide to the SATB A Capella Works of Arvo Part". The Aquila Digital Community (thesis). Retrieved 12 December 2022.