Modalistic Monarchianism, also known as Modalism or Oneness Christology, is a Christian theology upholding the oneness of God as well as the divinity of Jesus. As a form of Monarchianism, it stands in contrast with Binitarianism and Trinitarianism. Followers of Modalistic Monarchianism consider themselves to be strictly monotheistic, similar to Jews and Muslims. Modalists consider God to be absolutely one and believe that he reveals himself to creation through different "modes" (or "manifestations"), such as the Father, Son, and the Holy Ghost, without limiting his modes or manifestations.[1][2] The term Modalism was first used by Trinitarian scholar Adolf von Harnack, referencing this belief.
In this view, all the Godhead is understood to have dwelt in Jesus from the incarnation as a manifestation of the God of the Old Testament. The terms "Father" and "Son" are then used to describe the distinction between the transcendence of God and the incarnation (God in immanence).[3] Lastly, since God is a spirit, it is held that the Holy Spirit should not be understood as a separate entity but rather to describe God in action.
Modalistic Monarchianism is closely related to Sabellianism and Patripassianism, two ancient theologies condemned as heresy in the Great Church and successive state church of the Roman Empire.[4][5]
History
editTheologian and church historian Adolf von Harnack first used the term modalism to describe a doctrine that was believed in the late 2nd century and 3rd century.[6] During that time period, Christian theologians were attempting to clarify the relationship between God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.[7] Concerned with defending the absolute unity of God, modalists such as Noetus, Praxeas, and Sabellius explained the divinity of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit as the one God revealing himself in different ways or modes:[8]
- God revealed as the creator and lawgiver is called "the Father";
- God revealed as the savior in Jesus Christ is called "the Son";
- God revealed as the one who sanctifies and grants eternal life is called "the Spirit".
By the 4th century, a consensus had developed in favor of Trinitarianism, and modalism was generally considered a heresy.[4][5]
With the advent of Pentecostalism, the revived theology developed into a central tenet of Oneness Pentecostalism. Oneness Pentecostals teach the divinity of Jesus and understand him to be a manifestation of Yahweh, the God of the Old Testament, in the flesh, and the Holy Spirit, or God in action.[1][9] They also baptize solely in the name of Jesus or Jesus Christ; in this way, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are considered titles pertaining to the one God, not descriptions of distinct individuals, and Jesus is seen as the one name for these titles.[10]
Current adherents
editModalistic Monarchianism is accepted within Oneness Pentecostalism. Much of the movement's theology attempts to begin with an Old Testament understanding of God in order to understand what the first apostles would have believed about Jesus. It also seeks to avoid use of theological categories produced by Platonic-Aristotelian epistemologies, preferring rather to tell the story of redemption through narrative.[11] Thus, the distinction found in the New Testament writers between God the Father and Jesus is understood to be from the attempts to identify God the Father and Jesus together, rather than to separate them more than necessary.
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Bernard, David (1993). "Father, Son, and Holy Ghost". The Oneness of God. Word Aflame Press. ISBN 978-0-912315-12-6. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008.
The Bible speaks of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost as different manifestations, roles, modes, titles, attributes, relationships to man, or functions of the one God, but it does not refer to Father, Son, and Holy Ghost as three persons, personalities, wills, minds, or Gods. God is the Father of us all and in a unique way the Father of the man Jesus Christ. God manifested himself in flesh in the person of Jesus Christ, called the Son of God. God is also called the Holy Spirit, which emphasizes his activity in the lives and affairs of mankind. God is not limited to these three manifestations; however, in the glorious revelation of the one God, the New Testament does not deviate from the strict monotheism of the Old Testament. Rather, the Bible presents Jesus as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. Jesus is not just the manifestation of one of three persons in the Godhead, but he is the incarnation of the Father, the Jehovah of the Old Testament. Truly, in Jesus dwells all the fulness of the Godhead bodily.
- ^ "Definition of Modalistic Monarchianism". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
Monarchianism holding that Jesus Christ was not a distinct person of Trinitarianism but was rather one of three successive modes or manifestations of God
- ^ "Monarchianism | Christianity". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
Modalistic Monarchianism took exception to the "subordinationism" of some of the Church Fathers and maintained that the names Father and Son were only different designations of the same subject, the one God, who "with reference to the relations in which He had previously stood to the world is called the Father, but in reference to his appearance in humanity is called the Son." It was taught by Praxeas, a priest from Asia Minor, in Rome about 206 and was opposed by Tertullian in the tract Adversus Praxean (c. 213), an important contribution to the doctrine of the Trinity.
- ^ a b "Sabellianism". Catholic Answers. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
In 382 the Council of Rome, with Pope Damasus I presiding, condemned the heresy, stating, "We anathematize those also who follow the error of Sabellius in saying that the same one is both Father and Son" (Tome of Pope Damasus, 2).
- ^ a b "Sabellianism". Banner of Truth USA. 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
The revelations of Father and Son therefore, to Sabellius, belonged to the past, and the Church now was the Church of the Spirit, and after the end of the age, there would just be God, who would be neither Father, Son, nor Spirit. His teaching was rightly condemned by the Church, which understood that it strikes at the very foundations of Christianity.
- ^ McGrath 2013, p. 56.
- ^ McGrath 2013, p. 54.
- ^ McGrath 2013, p. 57.
- ^ Bernard, David K. (1993). "Jesus is God". The Oneness of God. Word Aflame Press. ISBN 978-0-912315-12-6. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008.
Jesus is everything that the Bible describes God to be. He has all the attributes, prerogatives, and characteristics of God Himself. To put it simply, everything that God is Jesus is. Jesus is the one God. There is no better way to sum it all up than to say with the inspired Apostle Paul, "For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily. And ye are complete in Him" (Colossians 2:9-10).
- ^ Gill, Kenneth (April 1998). "Dividing Over Oneness". Christian History. Christianity Today. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
So went one of the hymns of the Oneness Pentecostals, for whom Jesus was the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Their desire to recapture the mantle of the apostolic church started with questions over the proper formula to use in water baptism. But they were soon questioning even the doctrine of the Trinity.
- ^ Norris 2009, p. 27.
Sources
edit- McGrath, Alister E. (2013). Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-67286-0.
- Norris, David S. (2009). I Am: A Oneness Pentecostal Theology. Hazelwood, Mo.: Word Aflame Press. ISBN 9781567227307. OCLC 312444348.