Wikipedia

Mainz

(Redirected from Moguntiacum)

This article is about the city in Germany. For the light cruiser, see SMS Mainz. For the Mainz sword, see Gladius. For the school, see Music and Audio Institute of New Zealand.

Mainz (German: [maɪnts] ⓘ; see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants,[3] it is Germany's 35th-largest city. It lies in the Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region—Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr—which also encompasses the cities of Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Offenbach am Main, and Hanau.

Mainz
Määnz / Meenz (Hessian)
Mayence (French)
City
View of Mainz Cathedral from Wiesbaden
Houses on Market Square
Old Town
St. Peter
Osteiner Hof
Drususstein
Judensand (Jews' Sand) cemetery
Christuskirche
Mainz Cathedral and Rhine (Upper Rhine)
Flag of Mainz
Flag
Coat of arms of Mainz
Coat of arms
Location of Mainz
Map
Mainz is located in Germany
Mainz
Mainz
Mainz is located in Rhineland-Palatinate
Mainz
Mainz
Coordinates: 49°59′58″N 08°16′25″E / 49.99944°N 8.27361°E / 49.99944; 8.27361
CountryGermany
StateRhineland-Palatinate
DistrictUrban district
Founded13/12 BC
Subdivisions15 boroughs
Government
 • Lord mayor (2023–31) Nino Haase[1] (Ind.)
Area
 • Total
97.75 km2 (37.74 sq mi)
Highest elevation
285 m (935 ft)
Lowest elevation
85 m (279 ft)
Population
 (2022-12-31)[2]
 • Total
220,552
 • Density2,300/km2 (5,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
55116–55131
Dialling codes06131, 06136
Vehicle registrationMZ
Websitewww.mainz.de
Official nameShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz
TypeCultural
Criteria(ii)(iii)(vi)
Designated2021
Reference no.[1]

Mainz is located at the northern end of the Upper Rhine Plain, on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the Hessian capital of Wiesbaden and the mouth of the River Main into the Rhine. It is the largest city of Rhenish Hesse, a region of Rhineland-Palatinate that was historically part of Hesse, and is one of Germany's most important wine regions because of its mild climate. Mainz is connected to Frankfurt am Main by the Rhine-Main S-Bahn rapid transit system. Before 1945, Mainz had six boroughs on the other side of the Rhine (see: de:Rechtsrheinische Stadtteile von Mainz). Three have been incorporated into Wiesbaden (see: de:AKK-Konflikt), and three are now independent.

Mainz was founded as Castrum Mogontiacum by Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus in the 1st century BC on the northern frontier of the Roman Empire, and became the capital of the Roman province of Germania Superior. The city was settled by the Franks from 459 on, and in the 8th century it became an important city within the Holy Roman Empire, as capital of the Electorate of Mainz and seat of the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, the primate of Germany. Mainz Cathedral is one of the three Rhenish Imperial Cathedrals along with Speyer Cathedral and Worms Cathedral.

Since the 12th century, Mainz was one of the ShUM-cities [de]—a league formed by the cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz—which are referred to as the cradle of Ashkenazi Jewish life and as the center of Jewish life during Medieval times. The Jewish heritage of these cities is one of a kind, and has been declared the UNESCO World Heritage Site of "ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz" [de],[4] which includes the Judensand [de] (Jews' Sand), the second-oldest Jewish cemetery in Europe after the Heiliger Sand in Worms.

Mainz is the birthplace of Johannes Gutenberg, who introduced letterpress printing to Europe with his movable type printing press, starting the global spread of the printing press, and in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the Gutenberg Bibles, two of which are kept at the city's Gutenberg Museum. Mainz was heavily damaged in World War II; more than 30 air raids destroyed around half of the old town in the city centre, but many buildings were rebuilt post-war.

Like most cities in the Rhineland, Mainz holds extensive carnival celebrations, that are known as the second-most important in Germany, after the celebrations in Cologne. The borough of Lerchenberg is the seat of ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen, lit. "Second German Television"), the second-most important German public service television broadcaster, as well as of 3sat, another television broadcaster, that is jointly operated by public broadcasters from Germany (ARD and ZDF), Austria (ORF), and Switzerland (SRG SSR).

Alternative names

edit

Mainz has a number of different names in other languages and dialects. In Latin it is known as Mogontiacum (pronounced [mɔɡɔnˈti.akũː]) or Moguntiacum and, in the local Hessian dialect, it is Määnz [mɛːnt͡s] or Meenz [meːnt͡s]. It is known as Mayence [majɑ̃s] in French, Magonza [maˈɡontsa][5] in Italian, Maguncia [maˈɣunθja] in Spanish, Mogúncia [muˈɣũsjɐ] in Portuguese, Moguncja [mɔˈɡunt͡sja] in Polish, Magentza (מגנצא) in Yiddish, and Mohuč in Czech and Slovak (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmoɦutʃ]).[6]

Before the 20th century, Mainz was commonly known in the Anglosphere either as Mentz, its English version, or by its French version Mayence. It is the namesake of two American cities named Mentz.[7]

Geography

edit

Topography

edit

Mainz is on the 50th latitude north, on the left bank of the Rhine.[8][9] The east of the city is opposite where the Main falls into it.[8] As of 2021, the population was 217,272.[8] The city is part of the FrankfurtRheinMain area of 5.9 million people.[10] Mainz can easily be reached from Frankfurt International Airport in 30 minutes by commuter railway   or regional trains RE 2 RE 3 RB 31.[11] The river port of Mainz is located on the Rhine and thus on one of the most important waterways in Germany.[12] The container port hub is north of the town centre.[12]

After the last ice age, sand dunes were deposited in the Rhine valley at what was to become the western edge of the city. The Mainz Sand Dunes area is now a nature reserve with a unique landscape and rare steppe vegetation for this area.[13][14]

While the Mainz legion camp was founded in 13/12 BC on the Kästrich hill, the associated vici and canabae (civilian settlements) were erected towards the Rhine. Historical sources and archaeological findings both prove the importance of the military and civilian Mogontiacum as a port city on the Rhine.[15]

 
View north along the Rhine with the old Winterhafen in the lower left and the former port facilities further north
 
Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden
 
Line showing 50° north latitude on the Gutenbergplatz

Climate

edit

Mainz experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

Climate data for Mainz
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		5.3
(41.5) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		19
(66) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24
(75) 		23.6
(74.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8
(46) 		4.5
(40.1) 		14.0
(57.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		5.9
(42.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 38
(1.5) 		36
(1.4) 		38
(1.5) 		38
(1.5) 		51
(2) 		58
(2.3) 		56
(2.2) 		53
(2.1) 		41
(1.6) 		43
(1.7) 		48
(1.9) 		46
(1.8) 		550
(21.5)
Source: Intellicast[16]

History

edit
See also: Timeline of Mainz

Roman Mogontiacum

edit
 
Remains of a Roman town gate from the late 4th century

The Roman stronghold or castrum Mogontiacum, the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Drusus perhaps as early as 13/12 BC. As related by Suetonius the existence of Mogontiacum is well established by four years later (the account of the death and funeral of Nero Claudius Drusus). Although the city is situated opposite the mouth of the Main, the name of Mainz is not from Main, the similarity being perhaps reinforced by folk-etymological reanalysis. Main is from Latin Moenis (also Moenus or Menus), the name the Romans used for the river. Linguistic analysis of the many forms that the name "Mainz" has taken on make it clear that it is a simplification of Mogontiacum.[17] The name appears to be Celtic,[18] however, it had also become Roman and was selected by them with a special significance.[18] The Roman soldiers defending Gallia had adopted the Gallic god Mogons (Mogounus, Moguns, Mogonino), for the meaning of which etymology offers two basic options: "the great one", similar to Latin magnus, which was used in aggrandizing names such as Alexander magnus, "Alexander the Great" and Pompeius magnus, "Pompey the great", or the god of "might" personified as it appears in young servitors of any type whether of noble or ignoble birth.[19]

 
The Drusus monument or Drususstein (surrounded by the 17th-century citadel) raised by the troops of Nero Claudius Drusus to commemorate him
 
Remains of the Roman aqueduct of Mogontiacum

Mogontiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine.[20] The town of Mogontiacum grew up between the fort and the river. The castrum was the base of Legio XIV Gemina and XVI Gallica (AD 9–43), XXII Primigenia, IV Macedonica (43–70), I Adiutrix (70–88), XXI Rapax (70–89), and XIV Gemina (70–92), among others. Mainz was also a base of a Roman river fleet, the Classis Germanica. Remains of Roman troop ships (navis lusoria) and a patrol boat from the late 4th century were discovered in 1982/86 and may now be viewed in the Museum für Antike Schifffahrt. A temple dedicated to Isis Panthea and Magna Mater was discovered in 2000[21] and is open to the public. The city was the provincial capital of Germania Superior, and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as Lyon. Among the famous buildings were the largest theatre north of the Alps and a bridge across the Rhine. The city was also the site of the assassination of emperor Severus Alexander in 235.

Alemanni forces under Rando sacked the city in 368. From the last day of 405[22] or 406, the Siling and Asding Vandals, the Suebi, the Alans, and other Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine, possibly at Mainz. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, Aureus, was put to death by the Alemannian Crocus.[23]

Throughout the changes of time, the Roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation, which is a testimony to Roman military judgement. Different structures were built there at different times. The current citadel originated in 1660, but it replaced previous forts. It was used in World War II. One of the sights at the citadel is still the cenotaph raised by legionaries to commemorate their general, Drusus.[24]

Frankish Mainz

edit

In the 4th century, Alemans repeatedly invaded the neighborhood of Mogontiacum.[25] In 357, the city was liberated by the Emperor Julian.[25] The last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at Mainz was Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), who relied heavily on his Magister militum per Gallias, Flavius Aëtius. In 451, Attila's Huns sacked the city.[25]

 
Gold solidus of the Frankish king Theudebert I, Mainz mint, c. 534

The Franks from the middle and upper Rhine area took Mainz shortly before 460.[26] After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the Franks under the rule of Clovis I gained control over western Europe by the year 496.[27] Clovis, son of Childeric, became king of the Salians in 481, ruling from Tournai.[28] He converted from paganism to Catholic Christianity.[28] Theudebert I (c. 500–547 or 548) had installed Sidonius [de][29] as bishop of Mainz.[30] Dagobert I (605/603–639) reinforced the walls of Mainz.[31][32]

Charlemagne (768–814), through a succession of wars against other tribes, built a vast Frankish empire in Europe. Mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to Christianity.[33] Meanwhile, language change was gradually working to divide the Franks. After the death of Charlemagne, distinctions between France and Germany began to be made.[34][35] The Rhine roughly formed the border of their territories, whereby the three important episcopal cities of Mainz, Worms and Speyer with their counties to the left of the Rhine were assigned to East Francia.[26][36]

Christian Mainz

edit
See also: Free City of Mainz
Free City of Mainz
Freie Stadt Mainz
1244–1462
StatusImperial city
CapitalMainz
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• City established
c. 13 BC
• City charter granted
   by Abp Siegfried III
1244
• Rival archbishops
1461
• Charter revoked by
   Abp Adolph II
1462
• German Mediatisation
1803
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
  Archbishopric of Mainz
Archbishopric of Mainz  

In the early Middle Ages, Mainz played a significant role in the Christianisation of the German and Slavic peoples. The first archbishop in Mainz, Boniface, was killed in 754 while attempting to convert the Frisians to Christianity and is buried in Fulda.[37] The archbishopric of Mainz was established in 781 when Boniface's successor Lullus was granted the pallium by Pope Adrian I.[38] Throughout history, the Archbishops of Mainz held high positions, including serving as archchancellors of the Holy Roman Empire. Notably, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz is unique as it is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see called a Holy See (sancta sedes).

Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, a 10th-century Hispano-Arabic, Sephardi Jewish traveler, writes the following about the city:

"Mainz [Maghānja] is a very large city, partly inhabited and partly cultivated fields. It is in the land of the Franks, on a river called the Rhine [Rīn]. Wheat, barley, rye, grapevines and fruit are plentiful."[39]

In 1244, Archbishop Siegfried III granted Mainz a city charter, allowing the citizens to establish and elect a city council.[40] In 1461, a feud between two archbishops, Diether von Isenburg and Adolf II von Nassau, caused unrest in the city. Following Archbishop Adolf's raid on Mainz in 1462, those who opposed him, including Johannes Gutenberg, were either expelled or imprisoned. Ultimately, after the death of Archbishop Adolf II, Diether von Isenburg was reinstated as the Archbishop of Mainz, duly elected by the chapter and appointed by the Pope.[41]

Early Jewish community

edit
Main article: Jewish community of Mainz
 
Interior of the Weisenau Synagogue, built in the first half of the 18th century

The Jewish community of Mainz dates to the 10th century CE. It is noted for its religious education. Rabbi Gershom ben Judah (960–1040) taught there, among others.[42] He concentrated on the study of the Talmud, creating a German Jewish tradition. Mainz is also the legendary home of the martyred Rabbi Amnon of Mainz, composer of the Unetanneh Tokef prayer.[43] From the late 12th century rabbis met in synods.[44]

The city of Mainz responded to the Jewish population in a variety of ways, behaving in a capricious manner towards them. Sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected; at other times, they were persecuted. The Jews were expelled in 1438, 1462 (after which they were invited to return), and in 1470.[45] Jews were attacked in the Rhineland massacres of 1096 and by mobs in 1283.[46] Outbreaks of the Black Death were usually blamed on the Jews, at which times they were massacred, such as the murder of 6000 Jews in 1349.[47]

Outside of the medieval city centre, there is a Jewish cemetery, with over 1500 headstones dating from the 11th through the 19th centuries.[42] The earliest known gravestone is date to 1062 or 1063, and these early gravestones resemble those found in Italy in the 8th–9th centuries.[42]

Nowadays the Jewish community is growing rapidly, and a new synagogue by the architect Manuel Herz was constructed in 2010 on the site of the one destroyed by the Nazis on Kristallnacht in 1938.[48][49][50] As of 2021, the Jewish community Mainz has 985 members.[51]

Republic of Mainz

edit
Main article: Republic of Mainz

During the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop-elector of Mainz, Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal, had already fled to Aschaffenburg by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, the Jacobins of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the Rhenish Palatinate, proclaimed the 'Republic of Mainz'. Led by Georg Forster, representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: Prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil (although the French dominated Mainz was neither free nor democratic). Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March 1793. After a siege of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 23 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. It came to the Battle of Mainz in 1795 between Austria and France. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.[52]

 
Tombstone of Jeanbon Baron de St. André, Prefect of Napoleonic Mainz

In 1797, the French returned. The army of Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the German territory to the west of the Rhine, and the Treaty of Campo Formio awarded France this entire area, initially as the Cisrhenian Republic. On 17 February 1800, the French Département du Mont-Tonnerre was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during the War of the Sixth Coalition, the weakened Napoleon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.[53]

Rhenish Hesse

edit

In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as Rhenish Hesse (German: Rheinhessen) was awarded to the Hesse-Darmstadt, Mainz being the capital of the new Hessian province of Rhenish Hesse. From 1816 to 1866, a part of the German Confederation, Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of Austrian, Prussian and Bavarian troops.[54]

On the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city's powder magazine, the Pulverturm, exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the Powder Tower Explosion or Powder Explosion.[55][56][57]

During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone.[58][59] After the founding of the German Empire in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the Franco-Prussian War France had lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany (which France had occupied bit by bit from 1630 to 1795), and this defined the new border between the two countries.[60]

Industrial expansion

edit
 
Mainz towards the Rhine (around 1890)

For centuries the inhabitants of the fortress of Mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences. In 1872 Mayor Carl Wallau and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract to expand the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the Gartenfeld, an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the banks of the Rhine to the north of the rampart.[61] The city expansion more than doubled the urban area which allowed Mainz to participate in the industrial revolution which had previously avoided the city for decades.[61]

Eduard Kreyßig [de] was the man who made this happen.[61] Having been the master-builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Kreyßig had the vision for the new part of town, the Neustadt.[61] He also planned the first sewer system for the old part of town since Roman times and persuaded the city government to relocate the railway line from the Rhine side to the west end of the town. The main station was built from 1882 to 1884 according to the plans of Philipp Johann Berdellé [de].[62]

 
Mainz including expansion zone the Rhine (1898)

Kreyßig constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall – which was the largest of its kind in Germany at that time – as well a synagogue,[63] the Rhine harbour and a number of public baths and school buildings.[64] Kreyßig's last work was Christ Church (Christuskirche), the largest Protestant church in the city and the first building constructed solely for the use of a Protestant congregation.[65] In 1905 the demolition of the entire circumvallation and the Rheingauwall was taken in hand, according to the imperial order of Wilhelm II.[66]

20th century

edit

During the German Revolution of 1918 the Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council was formed which ran the city from 9 November until the arrival of French troops under the terms of the occupation of the Rhineland agreed in the Armistice. The French occupation was confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles which went into effect 28 June 1919. The Rhineland (in which Mainz is located) was to be a demilitarized zone until 1935 and the French garrison, representing the Triple Entente, was to stay until reparations were paid.[67]

In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed a Rhenish Republic.[68] It collapsed in 1924.[68] The French withdrew on 30 June 1930.[68] Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in January 1933 and his political opponents, especially those of the Social Democratic Party, were either incarcerated or murdered.[69] Some were able to move away from Mainz in time.[69] One was the political organizer for the SPD, Friedrich Kellner, who went to Laubach, where, as the chief justice inspector of the district court, he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-page diary.[70][71]

In March 1933, a detachment from the National Socialist Party in Worms brought the party to Mainz. They hoisted the swastika on all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers. In 1936, the Nazis remilitarized the Rhineland with great fanfare, the first move of Nazi Germany's meteoric expansion. The former Triple Entente took no action.[72]

During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted the Oflag XII-B prisoner of war camp.[73] The city was also the location of four subcamps of the Hinzert concentration camp, mostly for Luxembourgish, Polish, Dutch and Soviet prisoners, but also Belgian, French and Italian.[74]

During World War II, several air raids destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.[75] Mainz was captured on 22 March 1945[75] against uneven German resistance (staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city) by the 90th Infantry Division under William A. McNulty, a formation of the XII Corps under Third Army commanded by General George S. Patton Jr.[76]

From 1945 to 1949, the city was part of the French zone of occupation. When the state of Rhineland-Palatinate was founded on 30 August 1946 by the commander of the French army on the French occupation zone Marie Pierre Kœnig, Mainz became the capital of the new state.[77] In 1962, the diarist, Friedrich Kellner, returned to spend his last years in Mainz. His life in Mainz, and the impact of his writings, is the subject of the Canadian documentary My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner.[78]

Following the withdrawal of French forces from Mainz, the United States Army Europe occupied the military bases in Mainz. Today United States Army Europe and Africa only occupies McCulley Barracks in Wackernheim and the Mainz Sand Dunes for the training areas. Mainz is home to the headquarters of the Bundeswehr's Landeskommando Rhineland-Palatinate [de] and other units.[79]

Cityscape

edit
 
Mainz skyline May 2007, from South Railway bridge over the Rhine looking north
 
Mainz May 2011, Schillerplatz, looking southeast
 
Market square and cathedral

Architecture

edit

The destruction caused by the Bombing of Mainz in World War II led to the most intense phase of building in the history of the town. During the last war in Germany, more than 30 air raids destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.[80] The attack on the afternoon of 27 February 1945 remains the most destructive of all 33 bombings that Mainz has suffered in World War II in the collective memory of most of the population living then. The air raid caused most of the dead and made an already hard-hit city largely levelled.[81][82][83] Nevertheless, the post-war reconstruction took place very slowly. While cities such as Frankfurt had been rebuilt fast by a central authority, only individual efforts were initially successful in rebuilding Mainz. The reason for this was that the French wanted Mainz to expand and become a model city. Mainz lay within the French-controlled sector of Germany and it was a French architect and town-planner, Marcel Lods, who produced a Le Corbusier-style plan of an ideal architecture.[84][85][86] But the first interest of the inhabitants was the restoration of housing areas. Even after the failure of the model city plans it was the initiative of the French (founding of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, elevation of Mainz to the state capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, the early resumption of the Mainz carnival) driving the city in a positive development after the war. The City Plan of 1958 by Ernst May allowed a regulated reconstruction for the first time. In 1950, the seat of the government of Rhineland-Palatinate had been transferred to the new Mainz and in 1963 the seat of the new ZDF, notable architects were Adolf Bayer, Richard Jörg and Egon Hartmann. At the time of the two-thousand-years-anniversary in 1962 the city was largely reconstructed. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Oberstadt had been extended, Münchfeld and Lerchenberg added as suburbs, the Altstadttangente (intersection of the old town), new neighbourhoods as Westring and Südring contributed to the extension. By 1970 there remained only a few ruins. The new town hall of Mainz had been designed by Arne Jacobsen and finished by Dissing+Weitling.[87] The town used Jacobsens activity for the Danish Novo company[88] erecting a new office and warehouse building to contact him. The urban renewal of the old town changed the inner city. In the framework of the preparation of the cathedrals millennium, pedestrian zones were developed around the cathedral, in northern direction to the Neubrunnenplatz and in a southern direction across the Leichhof to the Augustinerstraße and Kirschgarten. The 1980s brought the renewal of the façades on the Markt and a new inner-city neighbourhood on the Kästrich. During the 1990s the Kisselberg[89] and the "Fort Malakoff Center" at the site of the old police barracks[90] were built.

 
Town Hall by Jacobsen

Main sights

edit
 
The Deutschhaus, the House of Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate
 
Kaiserstraße ("Emperor Street") with boulevard and Christuskirche
 
Theodor Heuss Bridge
 
Interior of the Augustinian Church

Administration

edit
 
Mainz Rad and FSV Mainz 05 flags on the Domplatz

The city of Mainz is divided into 15 local districts according to the main statute of the city of Mainz. Each local district has a district administration of 13 members and a directly elected mayor, who is the chairman of the district administration. This local council decides on important issues affecting the local area, however, the final decision on new policies is made by Mainz's municipal council.[91]

In accordance with section 29 paragraph 2 Local Government Act of Rhineland-Palatinate, which refers to municipalities of more than 150,000 inhabitants, the city council has 60 members.[91]

Districts of the town are:[92]

Until 1945, the districts of Bischofsheim (now an independent town), Ginsheim-Gustavsburg (which together are an independent town) belonged to Mainz. The former districts Amöneburg, Kastel, and Kostheim – (in short, AKK) are now administered by the city of Wiesbaden (on the north bank of the river). The AKK was separated from Mainz when the Rhine was designated the boundary between the French occupation zone (the later state of Rhineland-Palatinate) and the U.S. occupation zone (Hesse) in 1945.[93][94]

Coat of arms

edit
Main article: Wheel of Mainz

The coat of arms of Mainz is derived from the coat of arms of the Archbishops of Mainz and features two six-spoked silver wheels connected by a silver cross on a red background.[95]

Population

edit
Historical population
YearPop.±%
5016,000—    
7505,000−68.8%
130024,000+380.0%
154510,000−58.3%
170020,000+100.0%
181625,251+26.3%
187153,902+113.5%
190084,251+56.3%
1910110,634+31.3%
1925108,552−1.9%
1933142,627+31.4%
1939158,333+11.0%
194540,000−74.7%
195196,005+140.0%
1956115,812+20.6%
1961135,192+16.7%
1966149,387+10.5%
1971178,639+19.6%
1981187,564+5.0%
1991182,867−2.5%
2001185,293+1.3%
2006196,425+6.0%
2011200,957+2.3%
2016213,528+6.3%
2019218,578+2.4%
2023223,318+2.2%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

Mainz has a population of about 220,000 and is the largest city in Rhineland-Palatinate. Mainz passed 100,000 in 1908. In 1945, After WWII, right side of the Rhine river, which were a part of Mainz, became a part of Wiesbaden and other part of Hesse due to its occupation zone where Mainz and Rhineland-Palatinate were French occupation zone and Wiesbaden and Hesse were American occupation zone where both cities became its state capital in 1946. Mainz lost 21.1% of population at this time. Mainz and Wiesbaden has rivalries who the better city on the Rhine river are even today. Mainz became an attractive city, especially for young people due to its radio and television broadcasters, Universities and good workplaces. Mainz's population grow normally and Mainz passed 200,000 in 2011.

Foreign populations

edit

The following list shows the largest foreign populations in Mainz as of 2022:

Rank Nationality Population (2022)
1   Turkey 5,424
2   Italy 3,875
3   Poland 3,300
4   Serbia 2,739
5   Ukraine 2,587
6   Bulgaria 2,126
7   Portugal 1,920
8   Russia 1,790
9   Syria 1,612
10   Morocco 1,325
11   Spain 1,106
12   France 942

Politics

edit

Mayor

edit
 
Results of the second round of the 2019 mayoral election

The mayor of Mainz was Michael Ebling of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) until he was promoted State Minister of the Interior in the government of Rhineland-Palatinate in October 2022. The new mayoral election was held on 12 February 2023, with a runoff after Mainz carnival. The final election took place 5 March 2023. The new elected mayor is Nino Haase, independent.[96]

Election 2019 of the council:[needs update]

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Michael Ebling Social Democratic Party 30,278 41.0 35,752 55.2
Nino Haase Independent (CDU, ÖDP, FW) 23,968 32.4 29,029 44.8
Tabea Rößner Alliance 90/The Greens 16,621 22.5
Martin Malcherek The Left 2,063 2.8
Martin Ehrhardt Die PARTEI 999 1.4
Valid votes 73,929 99.6 64,781 99.4
Invalid votes 289 0.4 372 0.6
Total 74,218 100.0 65,153 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 161,967 45.8 162,030 40.2
Source: City of Mainz (1st round, 2nd round)

City council

edit
 
Results of the 2019 city council election

The Mainz city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) 1,582,459 27.7   7.5 17   5
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 1,339,561 23.5   6.9 14   4
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 1,151,572 20.2   7.2 12   5
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 340,501 6.0   0.9 4   1
The Left (Die Linke) 335,459 5.9   1.3 4   1
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 302,604 5.3   2.3 3   1
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) 238,727 4.2   0.2 2 ±0
Die PARTEI 127,581 2.2 New 1 New
Free Voters (FW) 108,701 1.9   0.9 1 ±0
Pirate Party (Piraten) 78,595 1.4   0.4 1 ±0
Volt Germany (Volt) 67,376 1.2 New 1 New
Alliance for Innovation and Justice (BIG) 31,419 0.6   0.1 0 ±0
Total votes 5,704,555 100.0
Total ballots 100,522 100.0 60 ±0
Electorate/voter turnout 162,321 61.9   11.0
Source: City of Mainz

Culture

edit

Mainz is home to a Carnival, the Mainzer Fassenacht or Fastnacht, which has developed since the early 19th century. Carnival in Mainz has its roots in the criticism of social and political injustices under the shelter of cap and bells. Today, the uniforms of many traditional Carnival clubs still imitate and caricature the uniforms of the French and Prussian troops of the past. The height of the carnival season is on Rosenmontag ("rose Monday"), when there is a large parade in Mainz, with more than 500,000 people celebrating in the streets.[97][98]

The first-ever Katholikentag, a festival-like gathering of German Catholics, was held in Mainz in 1848.[99]

 
Forum of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz

Johannes Gutenberg, credited with the invention of a modern printing press with movable type, was born here and died here.[100] Since 1968 the Mainzer Johannisnacht commemorates the person Johannes Gutenberg in his native city. The Mainz University, which was refounded in 1946, is named after Gutenberg; the earlier University of Mainz that dated back to 1477 had been closed down by Napoleon's troops in 1798.[101]

Mainz was one of three important centres of Jewish theology and learning in Central Europe during the Middle Ages. Known collectively as Shum, the cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz played a key role in the preservation and propagation of Talmudic scholarship.[102][103]

The city is the seat of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (literally, "Second German Television", ZDF), one of two federal nationwide TV broadcasters. There are also a couple of radio stations based in Mainz. The Mainzer Stadtschreiber (City clerk in Mainz) is an annual German literature award.[104]

Other cultural aspects of the city include:

Education

edit

Sports

edit

The local football club 1. FSV Mainz 05 has a long history in the German football leagues. Since 2004 it has competed in the Bundesliga (First German soccer league) except a break in second level in 2007–08 season. Mainz is closely associated with renowned coach Jürgen Klopp, who spent the vast majority of his playing career at the club and was also the manager for seven years, leading the club to Bundesliga football for the first time. After leaving Mainz Klopp went on to win two Bundesliga titles and reaching a Champions League final with Borussia Dortmund. In the summer of 2011, the club opened its new stadium called Coface Arena, which was later renamed Opel Arena. Further relevant football clubs are TSV Schott Mainz,[105] SV Gonsenheim,[106] Fontana Finthen,[107] FC Fortuna Mombach[108] and FVgg Mombach 03.[109]

 
Mewa Arena

The local wrestling club ASV Mainz 1888 is currently in the top division of team wrestling in Germany, the Bundesliga. In 1973, 1977, 2012 and 2023 the ASV Mainz 1888 won the German championship.[110]

In 2007 the Mainz Athletics won the German Men's Championship in baseball.[111][112]

As a result of the 2008 invasion of Georgia by Russian troops, Mainz acted as a neutral venue for the Georgian Vs Republic of Ireland football game.[113]

The biggest basketball club in the city is the ASC Theresianum Mainz. Its men's team is playing in the Regionalliga and its women's team is playing in the 2.DBBL.[114]

USC Mainz

edit

Universitäts-Sportclub Mainz (University Sports Club Mainz) is a German sports club based in Mainz (Germany). It was founded on 9 September 1959[115] by Berno Wischmann primarily for students of the University of Mainz. It is considered one of the most powerful Athletics Sports clubs in Germany. 50 athletes of USC have distinguished themselves in a half-century in club history at Olympic Games, World and European Championships. In particular in the decathlon dominated USC athletes for decades: Already at the European Championships in Budapest in 1966, Mainz won three (Werner von Moltke, Jörg Mattheis and Horst Beyer) all decathlon medals. In the all-time list of the USC, there are nine athletes who have achieved more than 8,000 points – at the head of Siegfried Wentz (8762 points in 1983) and Guido Kratschmer (1980 world record with 8667 points). The most successful athlete of the association is more fighter, sprinter and long jumper Ingrid Becker (Olympic champion in 1968 in the pentathlon and Olympic champion in 1972 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay and European champion in 1971 in the long jump). The most famous athletes of the present are the sprinter Marion Wagner (world champion in 2001 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay) and the pole vaulters Carolin Hingst (Eighth of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing) and Anna Battke.[116]

Three world titles adorn the balance of USC Mainz. For the discus thrower, Lars Riedel attended (1991 and 1993) and the already mentioned sprinter Marion Wagner (2001). Added to 5 titles at the European Championships, a total of 65 international medals and 260 victories at the German Athletics Championships.[117]

The players of USC's basketball section played from the season 1968/69 to the season 1974/75 in the National Basketball League (BBL) of the German Basketball Federation (DBB). As a finalist to winning the DBB Cup in 1971 USC Mainz played in the 1971–72 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup against the Italian Cup winners of Fides Napoli.[118]

Mainz Athletics

edit
Main article: Mainz Athletics

The Baseball and Softball Club Mainz Athletics is a German baseball and softball club located in the city of Mainz in Rhineland-Palatinate. The Athletics is one of the largest clubs in the Baseball-Bundesliga Süd in terms of membership, claiming to have hundreds of active players. The club has played in the Baseball-Bundesliga for more than two decades and has won the German Championship in 2007 and 2016.

Economy

edit
 
Bonifatius center building

Wine centre

edit

Mainz is documented to be a wine-growing region since bishop Boniface acquired a vineyard boardering the city wall and further vine platations in Bretzenheim in 752[119] and is one of the centres of the German wine industry.[120] Since 2008, the city is a member of the Great Wine Capitals Global Network (GWC), an association of well-known wineculture-cities of the world.[121] Many wine traders work in the city. The sparkling wine producer Kupferberg produced in Mainz-Hechtsheim and Henkell – now located on the other side of the river Rhine – were once founded in Mainz. The famous Blue Nun, one of the first branded wines, was marketed by the Sichel family. The Haus des Deutschen Weines (House of German Wine), is located in the city. The Mainzer Weinmarkt (wine market) is one of the great wine fairs in Germany.[122]

Other industries

edit

The Schott AG, one of the world's largest glass manufactures,[123] as well as the Werner & Mertz, a large chemical factory,[124] are based in Mainz. Other companies such as IBM, QUINN Plastics, or Novo Nordisk have their German administration in Mainz as well. BioNTech, a biotechnology company developing immunotherapies including a vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was founded in 2008 in Mainz by scientists Uğur Şahin, and Özlem Türeci, with the Austrian oncologist Christoph Huber.[125]

Johann-Joseph Krug [de], founder of France's famous Krug champagne house in 1843, was born in Mainz in 1800.[126]

Transport

edit
 
View to the Rheinreede, container cranes 2007, laid down in 2010

Mainz is a major transport hub in southern Germany. It is an important component in European distribution, as it has the fifth largest inter-modal port in Germany. The Port of Mainz, now handling mainly containers, is a sizable industrial area to the north of the city, along the banks of the Rhine. In order to open up space along the city's riverfront for residential development, it was shifted further northwards in 2010.[127]

Rail

edit
 
Aerial photograph of Mainz

Mainz Central Station or Mainz Hauptbahnhof, is frequented by 80,000 travelers and visitors each day and is therefore one of the busiest 21 stations in Germany. It is a stop for the S-Bahn line S8 of the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund. Additionally, the Mainbahn line to Frankfurt Hbf starts at the station. It is served by 440 daily local and regional trains (StadtExpress, RE and RB) and 78 long-distance trains (IC, EC and ICE). Intercity-Express lines connect Mainz with Frankfurt (Main), Karlsruhe Hbf, Worms Hauptbahnhof and Koblenz Hauptbahnhof. It is a terminus of the West Rhine Railway and the Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway, as well as the Alzey–Mainz Railway erected by the Hessische Ludwigsbahn in 1871. Access to the East Rhine Railway is provided by the Kaiserbrücke, a railway bridge across the Rhine at the north end of Mainz.[128]

Operational usage

edit
In brief
Number of passenger tracks
above ground: 		7 main line,
1 branch,
1 tramway station,
2 tracks each
Trains
(daily): 		78 long-distance
440 regional

Public transportation

edit

The Mainz Central Station is an interchange point for the Mainz tramway network, and an important bus junction for the city and region (RNN, ORN and MVG).[129]

Cycling

edit

Mainz offers a wide array of bicycle transportation facilities and events, including several miles of on-street bike lanes. The Rheinradweg (Rhine Cycle Route) is an international cycle route, running from the source to the mouth of the Rhine, traversing four countries at a distance of 1,300 km (810 mi). Another cycling tour runs towards Bingen and further to the Middle Rhine, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002).[130]

Air transportation

edit

Mainz is served by Frankfurt Airport, the busiest airport by passenger traffic in Germany by far, the third busiest in Europe and the ninth busiest worldwide in 2009. Located about 10 miles (16 kilometres) east of Mainz, it is connected to the city by an S-Bahn line.[131]

The small Mainz Finthen Airport, located just 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Mainz, is used by general aviation only. Another airport, Frankfurt-Hahn Airport located about 50 miles (80 km) west of Mainz, is served by a few low-cost carriers.[131]

Notable people

edit

Twin towns – sister cities

edit
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Mainz is twinned with:[132]

Mainz has friendly relations with:

See also

edit

References

edit

Notes

edit

Sources

edit
  1. ^ Wahl der Oberbürgermeister der kreisfreien Städte, Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Bevölkerungsstand 2022, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden" (PDF) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz. 2023.
  3. ^ "Einwohner der Landeshauptstadt Mainz laut Melderegister am 31.12.2023 (zum Stichtag erstellt am 15.02.2024)" (PDF). Landeshauptstadt Mainz. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  5. ^ "DOP: Dizionario di Ortografia e Pronunzia della lingua italiana". www.dizionario.rai.it. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  6. ^ "Query in the KNAB database. Foreign names". EKI.ee. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  7. ^ "Neue Heimat Amerika". Lokale Nachrichten aus Mainz und Rheinhessen (in German). 14 May 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  8. ^ a b c "Landeshauptstadt Mainz". Landeshauptstadt Mainz (in German). 19 December 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  9. ^ "Mainz". www.pfalz-info.com (in German). Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  10. ^ "Metropolregion FrankfurtRheinMain". IHK Frankfurt am Main (in German). 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  11. ^ "RMV-Fahrplanauskunft". RMV.DE. 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Logistik und Transport". Landeshauptstadt Mainz (in German). 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Der Mainzer Sand". mainzer-sand (in German). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  14. ^ "Mainzer Sand". Landeshauptstadt Mainz (in German). 23 December 2014. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  15. ^ Olaf Höckmann: Mainz als römische Hafenstadt. p. 87–106. in: Michael J. Klein (editor): Die Römer und ihr Erbe. Fortschritt durch Innovation und Integration. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-2948-2.
  16. ^ "Mainz historic weather averages". Intellicast. June 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  17. ^ von Elbe, Joachim (1975). Roman Germany: a guide to sites and museums. Mainz: P. von Zabern. p. 253.
  18. ^ a b "Namenskunde: Den Kelten auf der Spur". Spektrum der Wissenschaft (in German). 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  19. ^ A second hypothesis suggests that Moguns was a wealthy Celt whose estate was taken for the fort and that a tax district was formed on the area parallel to other tax districts with a -iacum suffix (Arenacum, Mannaricium). There is no evidence for this supposedly wealthy man or his estate, but there is plenty for the god. According to Carl Darling Buck in Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, -yo- and -k- are general Indo-European formative suffices and are not related to taxes. As the loyalty of the Vangiones was unquestioned and Drusus was campaigning over the Rhine, it is unlikely Mogontiacum would have been built to collect taxes from the Vangiones, who were not a Roman municipium.
  20. ^ Dumont, Stefan. "Mogontiacum". Mainz als römische Militärbasis (in German). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  21. ^ "Mainz, Temple of Isis – Livius". www.livius.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  22. ^ Michael Kulikowski, "Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain" Britannia 31 (2000:325–345).
  23. ^ "Mainz". Catholic Answers. 19 November 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  24. ^ Dumont, Stefan. "Drususstein". Festung Mainz (in German). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  25. ^ a b c "Mogontiacum (Mainz)". Livius. 13 October 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  26. ^ a b "500 bis 785". Portal Rheinische Geschichte (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  27. ^ Grube, August Wilhelm. "Charakterbilder aus der Geschichte und Sage. Zweiter Theil: Das Mittelalter". Projekt Gutenberg-DE (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  28. ^ a b "Chlodwig I." Deutsche Biographie (in German). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  29. ^ Mellone, Rebecca. "regionalgeschichte.net". Die Baugeschichte des Mainzer Doms. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  30. ^ "Broschuere Blick auf Mainzer Frauen" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  31. ^ Dumont, Stefan. "Neumann: Militärbauverwaltungen". Festung Mainz (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  32. ^ "II. Zeitalter der Merowinger und Karolinger. (486–911.)". Hessische Geschichte im Anschlusse an die deutsche und unter Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichte. De Gruyter. 31 December 1897. pp. 8–17. doi:10.1515/9783111654201-005. ISBN 978-3-11-165420-1.
  33. ^ "Sektion 1". Kaiser2020 (in German). 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  34. ^ Kaufmann, Sabine (2 November 2015). "Mittelalter: Karl der Große". Planet Wissen (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  35. ^ "Fünftes Kapitel. Der Wettstreit Zwischen Ostfranken Und Westfranken. (872–880.)". Die Zeit der Reichsgründungen (382–911). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. 31 December 1927. pp. 316–327. doi:10.1515/9783486752670-035. ISBN 978-3-486-75267-0.
  36. ^ Gengler, H.G.P.; de Wall, J. (1849). Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte im Grundrisse (in German). Palm. p. 95-IA1. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  37. ^ "Mainz". Sankt Bonifatius. 1 October 2012. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  38. ^ "Lullus". Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS) (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  39. ^ Ibn Faḍlān, Aḥmad (2012). Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North. Translated by Lunde, Paul; Stone, Caroline. Penguin Classics. p. 145. ISBN 0140455078.
  40. ^ "50 1230–1249 Siegfried III. von Eppstein". Institut für Mainzer Kirchengeschichte Bistum Mainz (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  41. ^ "Diether von Isenburg". regionalgeschichte.net. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  42. ^ a b c "ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz: Nomination Dossier". Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate. 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  43. ^ Berger, Michelle (2 September 2013). "Untaneh Tokef". Jüdische Allgemeine (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  44. ^ "Magenza". regionalgeschichte.net (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  45. ^ "Mainz". SchUM Städte e.V. (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  46. ^ "Mainz-Magenza". regionalgeschichte.net. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  47. ^ Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (3 August 2011). A distant mirror. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-307-29160-8. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  48. ^ "Neue Synagoge". Rheinhessen.de (in German). 2 January 2023. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  49. ^ "Licht der Diaspora – Synagoge von Manuel Herz in Mainz eingeweiht". BauNetz (in German). 3 September 2010. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  50. ^ "Synagogue Mainz Manuel Herz Architekten". German-Architects (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  51. ^ "Gemeinden". Zentralrat der Juden (in German). 13 November 2017. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  52. ^ Dumont, Franz; Dumont, Stefan (2013). Die Mainzer Republik 1792/93 französischer Revolutionsexport und deutscher Demokratieversuch (in German). Mainz. p. 60. ISBN 978-3-9811001-3-6. OCLC 846966137.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  53. ^ Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage (2009). French Fortifications, 1715–1815: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-7864-5807-3. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  54. ^ Dumont, Stefan (2018). "Soldaten und Mainzerinnen in der Festung Mainz 1816‒1866". Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (in German). doi:10.25358/OPENSCIENCE-4435. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  55. ^ Mathieux, J.P. (1857). Schilderung der Pulverexplosion zu Mainz am 18 November 1857, und die Verpflichtung Deutschlands diesem Unglücke gegenüber (in German). Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  56. ^ Die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz. Illustrirte Depeschen (in German). Brockhaus. 1857. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  57. ^ Gondlach, C. (1932). Zu den Erinnerungen an die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz (in German). Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  58. ^ Dumont, Stefan. "Mainz als Reichsfestung 1870/71-1918". Festung Mainz (in German). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  59. ^ Bockenheimer, K.G. (1907). Mainz im Jahre 1866: von K. G. Bockenheimer (in German). P. von Zabern. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  60. ^ Büllesbach, Rudolf. "Festung Mainz- Fort Muhl bei Ebersheim". Festung Mainz (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  61. ^ a b c d "Mainz im letzten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts – eine einzige Baustelle". regionalgeschichte.net (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  62. ^ "Hauptbahnhof". regionalgeschichte.net (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  63. ^ "Das jüdische Mainz". Architekturinstitut der Hochschule Mainz (in German). 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  64. ^ Schug, Markus (23 September 2022). "150 Jahre Mainzer Neustadt: Warteschlange gehört zum Lebensgefühl". FAZ.NET (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  65. ^ "Evangelische Christuskirche in Mainz-Neustadt". Objektansicht (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  66. ^ Büllesbach, Rudolf; Hollich, Hiltrud; Tautenhahn, Elke (2014). Bollwerk Mainz die Selzstellung in Rheinhessen (in German). München: morisel. ISBN 978-3-943915-04-4. OCLC 889297859.
  67. ^ "Die Rheinlandbesetzung (1918–1930)". Portal Rheinische Geschichte (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  68. ^ a b c "regionalgeschichte.net". Mainz 1918–1930 (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  69. ^ a b "regionalgeschichte.net". Machtergreifung 1933. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  70. ^ Lölhöffel, Helmut (14 June 2011). "Neue Dokumente über die NS-Zeit – Was die Deutschen über die Verbrechen wissen konnten – Kultur". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  71. ^ Kellner, Friedrich (25 January 2018). Kellner, Robert Scott (ed.). My Opposition. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108289696. ISBN 978-1-108-28969-6.
  72. ^ "1933 bis 1945 – Nationalsozialismus und Zweiter Weltkrieg". Portal Rheinische Geschichte (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  73. ^ "Mainzer Zitadelle". regionalgeschichte.net (in German). 5 April 2006. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  74. ^ Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 834–837. ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
  75. ^ a b "Zerstörung und Aufbau in Mainz 1945–1948". regionalgeschichte.net (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  76. ^ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946, Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 164
  77. ^ original text of Kœnig's order No. 57 Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine; as can be found on Landeshauptarchiv Rheinland-Pfalz (main-archive of Rhineland-Palatinate) Archived 24 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  78. ^ Levitt, Fern; Zipursky, Arnie; Abella Entertainment; Chip Taylor Communications (2006), Anti-Nazi : my opposition, the diaries of Friedrich Kellner, Derry, NH: Chip Taylor Communications, OCLC 186469537
  79. ^ "Landeskommando Rheinland-Pfalz". Bundeswehr (in German). 22 September 2022. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  80. ^ "Mainz Cathedral (Mainzer Dom)". www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  81. ^ For an aerial view of the total destruction from the repeated US & RAF bombing raids on the city by photographer Margaret Bourke-White, see "Bombing Of Mainz, Germany – Hosted by Google". images.google.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  82. ^ For an aerial view of bomb-damaged theater, St. Quintins church, St. Johannis church and old university after an Allied air attack, see "LIFE – Hosted by Google". images.google.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  83. ^ Aerial view Archived 9 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine of Mainz-Neustadt and the port of Mainz for Life magazine
  84. ^ Eric Paul Mumford: CIAM Discourse on Urbanism 1928–1960 p. 159
  85. ^ Jeffry M. Diefendorf: In the Wake of War: The Reconstruction of German Cities After World War 2 p. 357
  86. ^ See the plan for the reconstruction of the German city of Mainz by Marcel Lods, 1947, in Fingerhuth, Carl (2004). Learning from China: The Tao Of The City. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 59. ISBN 978-3-7643-6943-9. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  87. ^ "Mainz – Das moderne Monument". BAUWELT (in German). 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  88. ^ "Novo Nordisk feiert 50-jähriges Jubiläum in Deutschland – Dänisches Pharmaunternehmen ist nicht nur mit Insulinen erfolgreich". Informationsdienst Wissenschaft – Nachrichten (in German). 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  89. ^ "Studierendenwerk Mainz: Kisselberg". Studierendenwerk Mainz (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  90. ^ "Geschäftszentrum Fort-Malakoff-Park Mainz". Architektur-Bildarchiv (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  91. ^ a b "Stadtratsfraktionen und Ratsinformationssystem". Landeshauptstadt Mainz (in German). 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  92. ^ "Landeshauptstadt Mainz". Landeshauptstadt Mainz (in German). 22 September 2014. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  93. ^ "Mainz oder Wiesbaden? Der lächerliche Kampf um Amöneburg, Kastel, Kostheim". Focus (in German). 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  94. ^ "Geschichte". Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  95. ^ "Landeshauptstadt Mainz". Landeshauptstadt Mainz (in German). 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  96. ^ "Nino Haase wird neuer OB von Mainz". swr.online (in German). 5 March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  97. ^ Kirschstein, Gisela (12 February 2018). "Phantastischer Rosenmontag in Mainz – Mehr als 500.000 feiern friedlich große Narrenparty, Rosenmontagszug rollt störungsfrei". Mainz&. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  98. ^ "Nahezu 500.000 Zuschauer". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  99. ^ Arning, Holger; Wolf, Hubert; Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; Deutscher Katholikentag 2016 Leipzig (2016). Hundert Katholikentage von Mainz 1848 bis Leipzig 2016 : das Buch zum 100. Deutschen Katholikentag (in German). Darmstadt: WBG. ISBN 978-3-534-26772-9. OCLC 932021369.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  100. ^ Hessels, John Henry (1911). "Gutenberg, Johann" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 739–741, (1) see page 739, first line and (2) page 741. ...(1) is supposed to have been born c. 1398–1399 at Mainz & (2) Gutenberg seems to have died at Mainz at the beginning of 1468
  101. ^ "Die Gründung der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität". regionalgeschichte.net (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  102. ^ "ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  103. ^ Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Unversität (1 December 2022). "SchUM-Stätten zum UNESCO-Welterbe ernannt". JGU Magazin (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  104. ^ "Der Mainzer Stadtschreiber Literaturpreis". ZDFmediathek (in German). 17 January 2023. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  105. ^ "Sport ist unsere Leidenschaft". TSV SCHOTT Mainz (in German). 24 September 2022. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  106. ^ "SV 1919 Gonsenheim e.V." SV 1919 Gonsenheim e.V. (in German). 11 August 2022. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  107. ^ "Fontana Finthen eV". Fontana Finthen eV (in German). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  108. ^ "Startseite". FC Fortuna Mombach 1975 e.V. (in German). 1 January 1970. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  109. ^ "Fußball aus Leidenschaft". FVgg. 1903 Mainz-Mombach e.V. (in German). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  110. ^ Fasel, Torben. "ASV Mainz 88". ASV Mainz 88 (in German). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  111. ^ "Home page". Mainz Athletics (in German). 31 December 1989. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  112. ^ "Baseball – Mainz Athletics < 1. Bundesliga". Landeshauptstadt Mainz (in German). 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  113. ^ Meuren, Daniel (7 September 2008). "1:2 gegen Irland: Georgier kraftlos im Exil". FAZ.NET (in German). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  114. ^ "ASC Theresianum Mainz Basketball |". Asc-theresianum-mainz.de. 13 April 2018. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  115. ^ "Universitäts Sportclub Mainz: USC Mainz". www.usc-mainz.de. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  116. ^ "Universitäts Sportclub Mainz: Olympiateilnehmer". Universitäts Sportclub Mainz (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  117. ^ Peter H. Eisenhuth in der Mainzer Rhein-Zeitung 9 September 2009.
  118. ^ "Cup Winners' Cup 1971–72". Linguasport. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  119. ^ Michael Matheus: 'The Wine City of Mainz' In: Hedwig Brüchert, Ute Engelen (editor Mainz 2019, p. 13–20.): Mainz and Wine. History of a Close Relationship
  120. ^ "Culture, Museums, Science". Mainz city council. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023.
  121. ^ "Great Wine Capitals – Global Network – A world of Excellence". Great Wine Capitals. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  122. ^ "Mainzer Weinmarkt". Mainzer Weinmarkt (in German). 14 September 2022. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  123. ^ "SCHOTT Mainz". SCHOTT (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  124. ^ "werner-mertz.de". Das Unternehmen (in German). Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  125. ^ "Home". Biontech (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  126. ^ "Krug, Johann Joseph (1800–1866)". geschichte-des-weines.de (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  127. ^ Schug, Markus (7 May 2009). "Ingelheimer Aue: Im Hafen kommt fast alles in die Kiste". FAZ.NET (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  128. ^ van den Ende, Vincent. "Rechte Rheinstrecke". Rheinmodellbahn (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023.
  129. ^ "Mainzer Mobilität – Ihre Mainzer Verkehrsgesellschaft" (in German). Archived from the original on 23 August 2023.
  130. ^ "Rhine Cycle Route". Euregio Rhine-Waal. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  131. ^ a b "How to get to Mainz". Landeshauptstadt Mainz. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  132. ^ "Partnerstädte". mainz.de (in German). Mainz. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2021.

Further reading

edit
See also: Bibliography of the history of Mainz
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mainz.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mainz.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainz&oldid=1258436896"