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Mohamed ben Zamoum

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This article is about Zamoum. For other uses, see Zamoum (disambiguation).

Mohamed ben Zamoum (born in Boghni on 1795 and died also in Boghni on 1843) was a Kabyle marabout who participated in the Algerian resistance against the French conquest of Algeria.[1][2]

Mohamed ben Zamoum
Birth nameMohamed ben Zamoum
Born1795
Boghni, Kabylie}
Died1843
Boghni, Emirate of Mascara
AllegianceDeylik of Algiers
BranchZwawa
RankMarabout
Battles / warsFrench conquest of Algeria
Children

Family

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Mohamed ben Zamoum was born during the year 1795 in the region of Boghni into the Kabyle Iflissen Umellil confederacy,[3] whom historically served as troops under the Deylik of Algiers.[4]

He is part of the noble family of Ben Zamoum who reigned over the tribe of Flissas as part of the kingdom of Koukou.[5]

Mohamed had several children, the best known of which are Hocine ben Zamoum and Omar ben Zamoum who succeeded him in 1848 in command of the Flissas tribe.[6]

His grandson Ali ben Zamoum also played a major role in the Kabyle resistance against French troupes coloniales, from 1844 to 1848.[7]

French conquest of Algeria

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Bordj Tamentfoust
 
Chréa mountains.
Main article: French conquest of Algeria
See also: First Battle of Blida

He served in the Deylik's army during the Invasion of Algiers in 1830 against France, and he commanded the Zwawa forces during the invasion.[8] Several of his family members died in battle against the French army.[9]

Just after the surrender of Dey Hussein on 5 July 1830 and the capitulation of the Casbah of Algiers, Sheikh Mohamed ben Zamoum organized with the marabouts of Kabylia and Mitidja a meeting of the heads of the zawiyas in the Bordj Tamentfoust on 26 July.[10]

This meeting, which began on 23 July and ended on 26 July, decided on the option of resistance to the French presence in an energetic movement of the tribes whose leaders, like Mohamed ben Zamoum, joined their forces and mobilized themselves in the popular response after the fall of Algiers.[11]

This meeting occurred when General Victor de Bourmont did not follow the advice of Mohamed ben Zamoum in the letter he had addressed to him to dissuade him from initiating a military expedition of the First Battle of Blida.[12]

The Sheikh wanted to urge the French to refrain from advancing into the country in the suburbs of Algiers, at least until a treaty was signed which would regulate the nature of relations between the French occupiers and the Algerian nationals.[13]

But de Bourmont did not want to follow the advice of the Sheikh, and he began his campaign against Blida on 23 July after having contracted a connivance with the bey of Titteri in Médéa, the named Mustapha Boumezrag.[14]

The defeat of the 1,200 infantry, 100 cavalry, and artillery pieces on which General de Bourmont had based in his expedition against Blida and its surroundings, had convinced Sheikh ben Zamoum that resistance against the French was possible and that the combat would settle the positions of the belligerents.[15]

Allegiance to Ben Zamoum

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The tribes of Mitidja and Kabylia then signed a treaty of allegiance to Sheikh ben Zamoum dated 26 July 1830, where he was proclaimed leader of the popular resistance against the forces of the French Army.[16]

Thus, from 2 September 1830, the Sheikh stepped up his raids against the French forces commanded by the new arriving General Bertrand Clauzel, who had been appointed commander-in-chief of the expedition army to replace de Bourmont.

Second Battle of Blida

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Main article: Second Battle of Blida

When on 18 November 1830, a second column of 7,000 French soldiers invaded the town of Blida, they found it almost deserted because most of the population had fled to the mountain of Chréa on the injunction of Sheikh ben Zamoum.[17]

But while the column of Colonel Rulhière was marching on Médéa after taking possession of Blida, the Sheikh sent a contingent of Kabyles from the Flissas tribe under the leadership of his son Hocine ben Zamoum to hook the French in Mitidja.

Having learned of the occupation of Blida by the French soldiers, Hocine ben Zamoum called on Kabyle reinforcements from the Khachna, the Col des Beni Aïcha, the Beni Moussa and the Beni Misra to march against the city of Blida in order to liberate it.[18]

Resistance of Kabylia

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Main article: Emirate of Abdelkader
See also: Raid on Reghaïa (1837), Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha, First Battle of Boudouaou, First Battle of the Issers, and First Assault of Dellys

Sheikh Mohamed Ben Zamoum was allied with Emir Abdelkader in the year 1837, and he undertook with his Emirate of Abdelkader the operation of building a viable Algerian state which would include the former territory of the kingdom of Koukou, and this especially after the signing of the Tafna treaty on May 30 of the same year.[11]

During the seven years which would follow the alliance between Kabylia and the state of Abdelkader until 1843, dozens of battles pitted the faithful of Sheikh ben Zamoum against French troops in the mountains and plains to the east from Algiers.[19]

It was Emir Mustapha who then began the great offensive against the French colonists of Mitidja during the First Raid on Reghaïa on 8 May 1837, and this is how the Col des Beni Aïcha and the plain of the Issers were then set ablaze to the confines of the city Dellys.[20]

Death

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Mohamed ben Zamoum died during the year 1843 in the region of Boghni in Kabylia at the age of 48 after thirteen years of resistance against the French conquest of Algeria.[21][22]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ algérienne, Société historique (25 February 1875). "Revue africaine". La Société – via Google Books.
  2. ^ "Revue africaine0: journal des travaux de la Société Historique Algérienne". 25 February 1875 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ "Revue africaine". La Société. 25 February 1885 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Boyer, P. (1970). "Des Pachas Triennaux à la révolution d'Ali Khodja Dey (1571-1817)". Revue Historique. 244 (1 (495)): 99–124. ISSN 0035-3264. JSTOR 40951507.
  5. ^ "Revue africaine0". 25 February 1876 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Rinn, Louis (1891). "Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie" – via books.google.dz.
  7. ^ algérienne, Société historique (25 February 1881). "Revue africaine". La Société – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Karim, L.A. (2016). Côte ouest d'Alger (in Walloon). Auteur. p. 56. ISBN 978-9947-0-4621-0. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  9. ^ "بومرداس .. معالم تاريخية تتحدى". الشروق أونلاين (in Arabic). 12 September 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  10. ^ Grand, Chantal (19 February 2016). Le douloureux passé de la Méditerranée: Histoire. BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN 9782810628544 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ a b Trumelet, Corneille (1887). "Une page de l'histoire de la colonisation algerienne" – via books.google.dz.
  12. ^ Trumelet, Corneille (1890). "Le général Yusuf" – via books.google.dz.
  13. ^ Dieuzaide, Victor Anédée (1880). "Histoire de l'Algérie de 1830-1878" – via books.google.dz.
  14. ^ "Revue africaine0". 25 February 1876 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ l'Enregistrement.), Victor BERARD (Receveur de (25 February 1848). "Indicateur général d'Algérie, renfermant la description géographique, historique et statistique de chacune des localités, etc" – via Google Books.
  16. ^ d' Harmonville, A. -L (1842). "Dictionnaire des dates, des faits, des lieux et des hommes historiques ou les tables de l'histoire" – via books.google.dz.
  17. ^ Buloz, François; Buloz, Charles; Brunetière, Ferdinand; Charmes, Francis; Doumic, René; Chaumeix, André (25 February 1885). "Revue des deux mondes". Au Bureau de la Revue des deux mondes – via Google Books.
  18. ^ Reynaud, E. Pellissier de (25 February 1854). "Annales algériennes". Alger – via Google Books.
  19. ^ Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe d' (1870). "Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839" – via books.google.dz.
  20. ^ Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe d' (1870). "Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique" – via books.google.dz.
  21. ^ "Revue africaine0". 1876 – via books.google.dz.
  22. ^ Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe d' (1870). "Campagnes de l'arme'e d'Afrique 1835-1839 par le Duc d'Orle'ans, publie' par ses fils, avec un portrait de l'auteur et une carte de l'Alge'rie" – via books.google.dz.



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