Wikipedia

BlueforSudan

(Redirected from Mohamed Mattar)
The correct title of this article is #BlueforSudan. The omission of the # is due to technical restrictions.

#BlueforSudan was a social-media movement that began in Sudan in June 2019 after the death of Mohamed Mattar (Arabic: محمد مطر, romanized: Muḥammad Maṭar), who was shot dead during the Khartoum massacre, a government crackdown on peaceful protesters during the Sudanese Revolution. The movement aimed to raise awareness about the situation in Sudan and show solidarity with the protesters by turning social media platforms blue using the hashtag, resulting in widespread national and international condemnation, which led to an official investigation into the Khartoum massacre.

Background and context

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Sudanese Revolution

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Further information: Sudanese Revolution

In December 2018, protests broke out in Sudan, triggered by a deepening economic crisis. The demonstrations began in the town of Atbara, located in the northeastern part of the country, and quickly spread throughout the country.[1] The Sudanese people were suffering from inflation, rising prices of basic commodities, and a shortage of cash. Many people blamed the government for the economic crisis, which they believed was caused by corruption and economic mismanagement.[2]

The protests were not only about the economy. Sudan's longtime president, Omar al-Bashir, had been in power since 1989 after a military coup, and his regime was known for its repressive tactics against opposition and civil society groups. Al-Bashir's government was accused of human rights abuses, including torture, extrajudicial killings, and restrictions on freedom of expression and the press. The protests, therefore, were also aimed at toppling the authoritarian regime.[3]

The government's response to the protests was brutal. Security forces used tear gas, live ammunition, and other forms of violence to disperse protesters. The government also imposed a curfew and shut down the internet to suppress the spread of information about the protests. However, the protests continued and grew, with more and more people joining in.[1]

The protests sparked a political crisis in Sudan, with calls for al-Bashir's ouster growing louder. In April 2019, after months of protests, the military finally ousted al-Bashir and took control of the government. However, many Sudanese, who continued to demand civilian rule, did not welcome the military's takeover. This led to a standoff between the army and the protesters, with negotiations taking place to determine the country's political future.[3]

2019 Khartoum massacre

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Further information: 2019 Sudanese coup d'état and Khartoum massacre

The mass sit-in at the military headquarters in Khartoum played a significant role in the Sudanese revolution. The sit-in site was located in Khartoum, which started on 6 April[4] near the headquarters of the army, navy, and air force. It became a symbol of the pro-democracy movement in Sudan.[5] It was a place where protesters could gather to demand political change and call for the removal of Sudan's long-serving president, Omar al-Bashir, who had been in power since a military coup in 1989.[6]

The sit-in site was peaceful and became a hub of activity, with protesters setting up a stage for speeches and music, and tents for people to sleep in.[5] It was a place where Sudanese people from different regions, tribes, and religions came together to express their frustration with the government's corruption and poor economic conditions.[6] During that period, Alaa Salah, a 22-year-old Sudanese student of engineering and architecture in Khartoum, became a symbol of the protest movement in Sudan when a photograph of her leading chants during the sit-in went viral in April 2019.[7]

Before the 3 June massacre, the government had attempted to quell the protests with various measures. These included declaring a state of emergency, shutting down the internet, and using a mixture of force and negotiation to try and persuade protesters to disperse.[8] However, the protesters continued, and the sit-in at the military headquarters in Khartoum grew in size and significance, eventually becoming the centre of the revolution in Sudan.[6]

The Sudanese government responded to the protests with more violence. The government used tear gas, live ammunition, and beatings to disperse the protesters.[5] In addition, Rapid Support Forces raided the sit-in site on 3 June 2019, killing 112 and injuring more than 700 protesters and destroying the peaceful atmosphere of the sit-in.[5][9]

Emergence and impact

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Shade of the blue used for the hashtag

The #BlueforSudan movement began in June 2019 as a social media campaign in response to this crackdown and to raise awareness of the situation in Sudan.[10][11] The colour blue was chosen because it was the favourite colour of Mohamed Mattar (Arabic: محمد مطر),[12][11] who was killed during a government crackdown on peaceful protesters.[11][13] He was one of the 112 people who were killed in a crackdown on protesters in Khartoum on 3 June 2019.[14][15]

Mohamed Mattar was a 26-year-old Sudanese activist who was studying engineering at the London Brunel International College (LBIC) and came back to Sudan to participate in the protest.[16][17] Mohamed Mattar's mother explained that Mattar's choice of blue as his favourite colour was not random but was due to his fondness for looking up at the sky ever since he was a small boy.[18] His death was used by the Sudanese in diaspora to bring awareness about the revolution,[19] Sudanese-American campaigner Remaz Mahgoub explained that "This is an effort to raise awareness as we, the Sudanese diaspora, are the only voice left," explained .[20] His memorial service at London Brunel International College (LBIC) was filled with tributes, poems, music, open letters, and prayer, highlighted how Mattar's death had brought people together in solidarity and sparked further protests across Sudan.[19]

The #BlueforSudan movement inspired people worldwide to produce art,[17] poetry, and music[21][22][23] to raise awareness and show their solidarity with the cause.[24] As more and more people shared this content on social media, the movement gained momentum, resulting in a vast array of creative expressions related to the revolution.[25][26]

The movement quickly gained momentum, with social media users changing their profile pictures to blue as a symbol of solidarity with the protesters in Sudan, and using the hashtag #BlueforSudan.[10][14][11] Celebrities and social media influencers have used their platforms to raise awareness about the violence in Sudan, providing information about the atrocities that have occurred and linking to relevant organizations and fundraising campaigns.[27][28] Rihanna,[29] Ariana Grande, John Boyega, Dua Lipa, Aweng Ade-Chuol,[30] and Naomi Campbell brought attention to the crisis.[31][32]

However, according to BBC and CNN reports, fake accounts exploited the #BlueForSudan movement by making fake claims about sending aid to Sudan in exchange for clicks. Some of these accounts were suspended.[16][33]

Aftermath

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Further information: Khartoum massacre investigation and 2019–2022 Sudanese protests

The Khartoum massacre resulted in widespread national and international condemnation due to the #BlueforSudan and calls for justice from the international community. The Sudanese government initially denied responsibility for the massacre but later admitted that the Transitional Military Council, headed by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), was responsible. The government also announced that it had arrested several members of the security forces in connection with the killings. However, there were concerns about the fairness and transparency of the government's investigation into the incident.[5][34][35]

Protests continued across Sudan following the massacre, with demonstrators demanding justice and a power transfer to a civilian government. Negotiations between the Transitional Military Council and civilian representatives eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement in August 2019, which established a joint civilian-military Sovereign Council and a civilian-led government.[36] The agreement also called for an independent investigation into the Khartoum massacre and other human rights violations committed during the protests.[5][37]

References

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  1. ^ a b "12 defining moments in Sudan's 12-month uprising". AlJazeera. 2019-12-18. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  2. ^ Copnall, James (2019-07-07). "Sudan's Third Revolution". History Today. Archived from the original on 2022-12-04. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  3. ^ a b Searcy, Kim (June 2019). "Sudan in Crisis". Origins. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  4. ^ Abazer, Rawan (2019-05-05). "Inside Al Qeyada". 500 Words Magazine. Archived from the original on 2022-05-03. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Fricke, Adrienne (2020-03-05). "'Chaos and Fire': An Analysis of Sudan's 3 June 2019 Khartoum Massacre". PHR. Archived from the original on 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  6. ^ a b c El Amin, Rahba (2019-07-03). "Al Qeyada: A New World Inside of a Country". 500 Words Magazine. Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  7. ^ Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (2019-04-10). "'I was raised to love our home': Sudan's singing protester speaks out". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  8. ^ Bahreldin, Ibrahim Z. (January 2020). "Beyond the Sit-In: Public Space Production and Appropriation in Sudan's December Revolution, 2018". Sustainability. 12 (12): 5194. doi:10.3390/su12125194. ISSN 2071-1050.
  9. ^ Lichtenstein, Amanda; Baerendtsen, Pernille (2019-06-16). "Global Voices - Social media goes blue for Sudan". Global Voices. Archived from the original on 2022-12-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  10. ^ a b Belam, Martin (2019-06-14). "#BlueforSudan: social media users show solidarity for protester". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  11. ^ a b c d Faisal, Rym Bendimerad, Natalia (2019-06-13). "Why is social media turning blue for Sudan?". Aljazeera. Archived from the original on 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2023-04-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "السودان: لماذا اللون الأزرق؟". BBC News (in Arabic). 2019-06-14. Archived from the original on 2022-05-02. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  13. ^ Dabanga (2019-06-13). "Social media goes #BlueForSudan". Dabanga Radio TV Online. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  14. ^ a b Virk, Kameron; Parkar, Nabihah (2019-06-14). "Blue for Sudan: 'We've come too far to let them die in vain'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-31. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  15. ^ Patrick, Anita (2019-06-13). "Why social media is going blue for Sudan". CNN. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  16. ^ a b BBC Trending (2019-06-29). "Blue for Sudan: Instagram 'sympathy scammers' exploit support for protesters". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  17. ^ a b Griffin, Tamerra (5 July 2019). "This Graffiti Artist Is Bringing #BlueForSudan From Tweets To The Streets". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2022-11-27. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  18. ^ "The man behind #BlueForSudan". BBC News. 2019-06-15. Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  19. ^ a b Buchanunn, Joe (2019-12-06). "Sudanese student's sacrifice marked six months on". Brunel University London. Archived from the original on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  20. ^ SAMANGA, NEREYA OTIENORUFARO (2019). "From #FeesMustFall to #BlueforSudan: OkayAfrica's Guide to a Decade of African Hashtag Activism - OkayAfrica". Okay Africa. Archived from the original on 2022-11-27. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  21. ^ COLORS (2019-07-30), Flippter - Blue | A COLORS SUDAN SHOW, archived from the original on 2022-08-30, retrieved 2023-04-01
  22. ^ COLORS (2019-08-02), Gaidaa - Morning Blue | A COLORS SUDAN SHOW, archived from the original on 2022-10-14, retrieved 2023-04-01
  23. ^ COLORS (2019-07-26), Sammany - Matalib | A COLORS SUDAN SHOW, archived from the original on 2023-03-18, retrieved 2023-04-01
  24. ^ FRANCE 24 English (2019-06-13), #BlueForSudan: social media campaign in support of Sudan's uprising, archived from the original on 2023-04-01, retrieved 2023-04-01{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Bresh, Charlotte (2019-06-19). "What on Earth is Happening in Sudan?". The Indiependent. Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  26. ^ Penney, Emma (2019-07-29). "#SudanUprising: Where do we go next as allies?". The Indiependent. Archived from the original on 2021-11-29. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  27. ^ Sung, Morgan (2019-06-14). "People are changing their profile pictures to blue to show solidarity with Sudan". Mashable. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  28. ^ Holroyd, Matthew (2019-06-15). "#BlueForSudan: Social media users show solidarity". euronews. Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  29. ^ DeVaney, Susan (2019-07-01). "Rihanna Is Making Sure We Don't Forget About #BlueForSudan". British Vogue. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  30. ^ Chan, Emily (2019-06-20). "Fenty Model Aweng Chuol On #BlueForSudan And The Crisis In Her Home Country". British Vogue. Archived from the original on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  31. ^ DeVaney, Susan (2019-06-18). "Rihanna, Naomi Campbell & Dua Lipa Continue To Rally Support In Aid Of #BlueForSudan". British Vogue. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  32. ^ Araujo, Victoria Barauna (2019-06-23). "Ariana Grande, Rihanna, Neelam Hakeem and John Boyega turn the internet blue for Sudan". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  33. ^ Mezzofiore, Gianluca (2019-06-18). "Fake Instagram accounts are hijacking Sudan solidarity campaign". CNN. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  34. ^ Dabanga (2020-12-22). "Start of investigations on Sudan's 3 June Massacre with members of Sovereign Council". Dabanga Radio TV Online. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  35. ^ Dabanga (2019-07-31). "NUP: 3 June Khartoum massacre premeditated and planned". Dabanga Radio TV Online. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  36. ^ Reeves, Eric (2019-08-10). "Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period". Sudan Research Analysis, and Advocacy. Archived from the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  37. ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid (2019-10-21). "Tens of thousands rally against former ruling party in Sudan". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
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