Wikipedia

Mokshas

(Redirected from Moksha (people))
For other uses, see Moksha (disambiguation).

The Mokshas (also Mokshans, Moksha people; Moksha: Мокшет/Mokšet) comprise a Mordvinian ethnic group belonging to the Volgaic branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples.[6] They live in Russia, mostly near the Volga and Moksha rivers,[7] a tributary of the Oka River.

Moksha
Alternative name:
Mordvin-Moksha

Zubu Moksha women. Photo by Ivan Dubasov.
Total population
~ 19,869[1][2][3][4]
Regions with significant populations
 Russia: 11,801[1]
 Estonia~ 368 (with Erzya)[5]
 Kazakhstan8,013 (with Erzya)[3]
 United States?
 Australia< 15 (with Erzya)[4]
Languages
Moksha, Russian, Tatar
Religion
Russian Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Paganism
Related ethnic groups
other Volga Finns, particularly Erzya
Outfit of the bride. Сhest decorations. Mordvins-moksha, Tambov province, Temnikov uezd, XIX - beg.XX centuries

Their native language is Mokshan, one of the two surviving members of the Mordvinic branch of the Uralic language family. According to a 1994 Russian census, 49% of the autochthonal Finnic population in Mordovia identified themselves as Mokshas, totaling more than 180,000 people.[8] Most Mokshas belong to the Russian Orthodox Church; other religions practised by Mokshas include Lutheranism[9] and paganism.

Name

edit
 
Unofficial flag of the Moksha people.[10]

William of Rubruck, the Franciscan friar whom King Louis IX of France sent as an ambassador to the Mongols in the 1250s, called them "Moxel". The same term appears in the Persian/Arabic 14th-century chronicle of Rashid-al-Din. According to popular tradition the Russians first used the term "Mordva" to refer only to the Erzya people[11] but later used it for both the Erzyas and the Mokshas. The term "Moksha" (Russian: мокша) begins to appear in Russian sources in the 17th century.

Local names for the Mokshas include:

  • Мокшет (Mokšet) or Мокшень ломатть (Mokšeń lomatt́) ("Moksha people") in Moksha
  • Мокшане (Mokshane) or Мордва-Мокша (Mordva-Moksha) in Russian
  • Muqşılar in Tatar
  • Мăкшăсем in Chuvash
  • Мокшот (Mokšot) in Erzya

History

edit

Prehistory

edit
 
Mordovins in Russia

The breakup of the Volga Finns into separate groups is believed to have begun around 1200 BC.[12] The Moksha people cannot be traced earlier because they did not possess a distinctive burial tradition before that time. According to archeological data, bodies in early Mokshan burials were oriented with their heads to the south. Herodotus also describes the Scythian-Persian war of 516-512 BC, which involved the entire population of the Middle Volga. During this war the Sarmatians forced out the Scythians and subdued some Moksha clans. During the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, Antes, Slavs, Mokshas and Erzyas became the most numerous and powerful population in East Europe.[13] By the end of the 4th century, most Mokshas had joined the Hunnic tribal alliance, taken part in the defeat of the Ostrogothic Empire in 377, and subsequently moved eastward and settled in Pannonia. Evidence of the Hunnic connection includes Mokshan battle harnesses, especially the bits and psalia, which are identical to early Hunnic battle harnesses.[14] Archeological data show that the boundaries of Moksha territory did not change between the fourth and 8th centuries. In 450, the Mokshas were in alliance with a people of the Middle Volga known as the Burtas, who were possibly Alans.[15][16]

Middle Ages

edit

During the second Arab-Khazar War in 737, Arab armies under the command of Marwan ibn Muhammad reached the right bank of the Volga and came into conflict with the Burtas on their way to the left or "Khazar" bank of Volga.[17] Circa 889–890, the Khazars were at war with the Burtas, the Oghuz and the Pechenegs. In 913, after a war between the Arsiyah and the Rus' at Atil began, five thousand Rus' survivors escaped up the Volga where most of them were killed by the Burtas. In 932, the Khazar King Aaron formed a war alliance with the Oghuz. Circa 940, during the reign of King Joseph, the Khazars entered into an alliance with the Burtas.[18] Afterwards the Burtas Seliksa principality became a vassal of the Khazar khanate.[19] In 965, Sviatoslav I of Kiev “attacked the Khazars' allies, captured Sarkel and Bulgaria, and reached Semender” according to Ibn Haukal.[20] Two years later, after the Great Flood, he seized and destroyed Atil.[21] At the beginning of the 10th century Almush (Almış) the king of Volga Bulgaria took control of the "Khazar tribute". He converted to Islam, formed an alliance with the caliph of Baghdad Al-Muktafi, and founded a trading post at the mouth of the Oka river.[22]: 89  The Kievan prince Vladimir seized Bolghar in 985. King Almush and Prince Vladimir signed a peace and trade treaty in 1006 which was the beginning of an "eternal peace" that lasted for 80 years.[22]: 90  War for domination of the Oka River and the Erzyan fortress Obran Osh started again in 1120.[22]: 93  Prince Yury of the city of Vladimir seized Oshel in 1220 and demanded a reduction of Bulgarian influence over the Erzyan kingdom (Purgas Rus). The latter was allied with Volga Bulgaria. Vladimirian princes captured and destroyed Obran Osh in 1221 and founded Nizhny Novgorod on the site. The Erzyan King Purgaz and the Mokshan King Puresh were at war and while Purgaz was allied with Volga Bulgaria, Puresh was an ally of Prince Yury.[22]:97–98 In 1230 Purgaz laid siege to Nizhny Novgorod but was defeated. After that Puresh's son Prince Atämaz with his Polovtsi allies raided into Purgaz's lands and completely destroyed his kingdom.[23] As recorded by Rashid-al-Din in his Jami al-Tawarikh, 4 September 1236 was the date on which the sons of Jochi - Batu, Orda, and Berke, Ugedei's son Kadan, Chagatai's grandson Büri, and Genghis Khan's son Kulkan declared war on the Mokshas, Burtas and Erzyas. This war ended on 23 August 1237 with a crucial victory for the Mongols at the Black Forest close to the border of the Principality of Ryazan.[24][25]

King Puresh of the Mokshans submitted to Batu Khan and was required personally to lead his army as a vassal in Mongol-Tartar military campaigns.[26] At the beginning of 1241 the Mongol army seized Kiev, then invaded Poland. Roger Bacon in his Opus Majus[27] writes that the Mokshas were in the vanguard of the Mongol army and took part in the capture of Lublin and Zawichost in Poland. Benedict Polone reports that the Mokshan army suffered serious losses during the capture of Sandomierz in February and Kraków in March of the same year. On 9 April 1241 the Mongol army defeated the allied Polish and German armies at the Battle of Legnica. It is believed King Puresh was slain in that battle.[22]: 116  Shortly after that battle the Mokshan army declared to Batu that they refused to fight against Germans. According to reports by William Rubruck and Roger Bacon, the Mokshas had previously negotiated with the Germans and Bohemians regarding the possibility of joining their side in order to escape from their forced vassalage to Batu.[28] It is known that Subutai ordered the punishment of the conspirators; thousands of Mokshas were put to death, but approximately a third escaped and returned to their homeland. Another third remained in the vanguard of the Mongol army and marched into Hungary through the Verecke Pass in March 1242, according to the Hungarian bishop Stephan II[29] and Matthew of Paris.[30]

Geographic distribution

edit

Mokshas live mostly in the central and western parts of the Republic of Mordovia, and neighbouring areas of Tambov Oblast and in the western and central parts of Penza Oblast. Populations of Mokshas also live in Orenburg Oblast, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Altai Krai, as well as in diaspora communities in Estonia, Kazakhstan, the United States, and Australia.

Culture

edit
 
Moksha women in traditional clothes

Language

edit

Mokshas speak the Moksha language, which is a member of the Mordvinic branch of the Uralic languages.

Main article: Moksha language

Mythology

edit

In traditional Mokshan mythology the world was created by Ińe Narmon (Great Bird), referred to in folklore as Akša Loksti (White Swan). The first thing Ińe Narmon created was water. Yakśarga (Duck) brought sand from the bottom of the sea and Ińe Narmon took the sand and with it formed the earth with Ińe Šufta (The Great Tree) on it. Ińe Narmon made its nest on Ińe Šufta, which is usually referred to as Kelu (birch) in folklore. Akša Kal (White Sturgeon) carried the earth with the roots of Ińe Šufta on its back. Ińe Narmon had three nestlings: Tsofks (Nightingale), Kuku (Cuckoo), and Ožarga (Skylark). Tsofks chose bushes and willows for his home, Kuku settled in the forest, and Ožarga went to the meadows. Another of the old deities mentioned in Mokshan folklore was Mešavane (Mother Bee). Since the Christianization of the Mokshans the Mokshan Supreme God has usually been called Värden Škai (Supreme Creator).

According to later legends the creation of the world went through several stages: first the Idemevs (Devil) was asked by the God to bring sand from the bottom of the great sea. Idemevs hid some sand in his mouth. When Värden Škai started creating the earth, this hidden sand started to grow in the mouth of Idemevs. He had to spit it out and thus chasms and mountains appeared on the previously level and beautiful earth. The first humans created by Värden Škai could live for 700–800 years and were giants 99 arshins (yards) tall. The underworld in Mokshan mythology was ruled by Mastoratia. The souls of heroes, clan elders and warriors slain in battle travelled after death to the emerald green isle of Usiya, where they sat at a long table together with the great King Ťušťen drinking pure mead.

Physical anthropology

edit

The first to write about the anthropological characteristics of Moksha and Erzya was the German encyclopedist, naturalist and traveler in the Russian service Peter Simon Pallas (1773), according to whose observations there were fewer light-blond and red-haired Mokshas than Erzyans, however, the latter also had dark blond hair.[31] In 1912, a course of lectures by Stephan Kuznetsov [ru] was published, which notes the anthropological characteristics of the Mokshans and Erzyans, which states that the Mokshans have a greater variety of anthropological types. Compared to the Erzyans, who have a greater predominance of fair-haired, gray-eyed and light-skinned individuals, the Mokshas have a predominant number of people with black hair and eyes, dark, yellowish skin color.[32]

K.Yu. Mark distinguishes the Sub-Ural and North Pontic type among the Mokshans, and among the Erzyans — the Sura type, close to the Atlanto-Baltic anthropological type [ru].[33] Anthropologist Tatyana Ivanovna Alekseeva [ru] argued that in the Mokshans, compared to the Erzyans, the features of Southern Europeans are more noticeably manifested, and she attributes the Erzyans more to the circle of Northern Europeans.[34] V.E. Deryabin noted that the Moksha people have an Eastern European base, modified by a Pontic anthropological component in combination with a slight Uraloid admixture.[35] According to the publication of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2000) edited by Aleksandr Zubov [ru], the Erzyans belong to the White Sea-Baltic [ru] version of the Caucasian race, which is represented, in addition to the Erzyans, by the majority of the Baltic Finnish-speaking peoples and part of the Komi-Zyryans. The Mokshas belong to the Ural race, within which the Mokshas are classified as the Sub-Ural subtype.[36] The anthropological difference between the Erzyans and Mokshas, who are basically Caucasian race and subethnic groups of one of the most anthropologically homogeneous peoples, lies, in particular, in the fact that the Atlantic and North Pontic types are to some extent superimposed on the White Sea-Baltic basis of the Mordovians. The first type is represented predominantly among the Erzyans, the second — among the Mokshans, although both types are present in both categories of the population.[37] Anthropologically, Moksha was formed as a result of the mixing of various types (White Sea, Pontic, East Baltic) of the Caucasian race.[38]

Genetic studies

edit

As a result of O.P. Balanovsky [ru] singled out four main types of maps of genetic distances – "Eastern European", "North-Eastern", "North-Balkan", "South-Balkan", which included Slavic, Baltic, some Finno-Ugric and other peoples of Europe, however, maps of distances from Moksha do not belong to any of these types, which, according to the scientist, indicates the genetic identity of the Moksha people. The gene pool of the Finno-Ugric peoples itself has a high interpopulation diversity and a low intrapopulation diversity.[39]:331

For the analysis of mitochondrial DNA, data on the frequencies of 16 haplogroups were used – A, C, D, H, HV, I, J, K, T, U2, U3, U4, U5a, U5b, V, W. The analysis showed a significant difference in gene pools of Finno-Ugric populations (including the peoples of Moksha and Erzya) from the following gene pools of Europe – the population of the Russian North,[40] Norwegians, Germans and other German-speaking peoples, as well as Irish, Slavs (other Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Slovenes and Bosnians), Balts, Hungarians and Swedes. All western and eastern Finnish-speaking peoples (except Estonians) – Finns, Karelians, Mari, Komi, Moksha and Erzya fell into separate clusters, being genetically distant from the entire European mitochondrial array, including northern Russian populations and other Slavs.[39]: 227–228 ; illustration 6.18[40]: 43 

The genetic landscape of the Mokshans according to the Y-chromosome haplogroups testifies to the great originality of their gene pool, since it covers a small area of the middle reaches of the Volga, limited to its right bank. The performed analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroups indicates a significant genetic difference between Moksha not only from the gene pool of the Slavic and other neighboring peoples, but also from the Erzya[41] gene pool, despite their close geographic location;[39]: 183 ; illustration 5.27[42] data on the frequencies of 15 Y-chromosome haplogroups showed that the Moksha and Erzya populations are not included in a single cluster.[41]

Data of population geneticists of the Y-chromosome on the haplogroups of the Mokshans of the Staroshaigovsky district of Mordovia: R1a — 26,5%, J2 — nd (20,5%), N3 (TAT) — 16,9%, R1b — 13,3%, I1 — 12%, I2b — 4,8%, N2 (P43) — 2,4%, I2 — 2,4%, K*(M9) — 1,2%.[43] Mitochondrial DNA by haplogroup: H — 41,5%, U5 — 18,9%, T — 7,6%, U2 — 5,7%, J — 5,7%, V — 5,7%, U4 — 3,8%, I — 3,8%, T1 — 1,9%, R — 1,9%, D — 1,9%, other — 1,9%.[44]

Y-chromosome data on Moksha haplogroups of the Erzya-Moksha-Mescher Family Tree DNA genetic project: R1a — 29%, J2b — 19%, J2a — 14%, G2a — 14%, N1c — 9%, E1b — 5%, R1b — 5%, J1 — 5%.[45]

When it comes to autosomal DNA, Mokshas show homogeneity with Erzyas. Like other Uralic-speaking populations, they carry a Nganasan-like Siberian component that accounts for about 11% of their admixture.[46]

Famous people of Moksha descent

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года [Ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation according to the census of 2021] (in Russian). rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  2. ^ "Mari Uver". mariuver.com. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  3. ^ a b Смаилова, А. (2010). Национальный состав, вероисповедание и владения языками в Республике Казахстан: итоги Национальной переписи населения 2009 года в Республике Казахстан. Статистический сборник [Ethnic composition, religion and language proficiency in the Republic of Kazakhstan: results of the 2009 census in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Statistical collection] (in Russian). Астана: Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. p. 297.
  4. ^ a b «Молокане: материалы к истории» [Molokans: materials for history]. молокане.рф (in Russian). 2008–2024. Archived from the original on 2024-07-21.
  5. ^ "RL21442: POPULATION BY ETHNIC NATIONALITY, MOTHER TONGUE, CITIZENSHIP, SEX, AGE GROUP AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (SETTLEMENT REGION), 31 DECEMBER 2021". Statistics Estonia. 2021-12-31. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  6. ^ Pimenoff, Ville Nikolai (2008). LIVING ON THE EDGE: Population genetics of Finno-Ugric-speaking humans in North Eurasia (PDF) (Thesis). Helsinki. ISBN 978-952-10-4913-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-12.
  7. ^ Vuorela, Toivo (1964). The Finno-Ugric Peoples. Indiana University. p. 221.
  8. ^ Goskomstat (1995). Goskomstat of Russia, 1994 Microcensus of Russia, topical results (8 volumes). Moscow: Goskomstat.
  9. ^ Inkerin kirkko – Церковь Ингрии [Inkerin kirkko – Church of Ingri]. Inkerinkirkko.fi. 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  10. ^ Флаг мокшан [Flag of the Moksha]. Uralistica.com (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  11. ^ Jaimoukha p.12
  12. ^ "Moksha | people". Britannica.com. 2006-01-19. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  13. ^ Федорова, М. В. (1976). Славяне, мордва и анты [Slavs, Mordovians and Ants] (in Russian). Издательство Воронежского Университета [Publishing house of Voronezh University].
  14. ^ Ахмедов, И. Р. (2001). Псалии в начале эпохи великого переселения народов [Psalms in the beginning of the era of the great migration of people's]. Культуры Евразийских степей вт. пол. I тыс. н. э.: (из истории костюма) [Cultures of the Eurasian steppes of the second half of the 1st millennium AD (about the history of costumes)] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Самара: Самарский областной историко-краеведческий музей им. П.В. Алабина [Samara P.V. Alabin Federal Museum of History and Local Lore]. pp. 220–222.
  15. ^ Афанасьев, Г. Е. (1988). Буртасы [The Burtas]. Исчезнувшие народы [Extinct peoples] (in Russian). Москва. pp. 85–96. ISBN 5-02-023568-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Афанасьев, Г. Е. (1984). Этническая территория буртасов во второй половине VIII — начале Х века [Ethnic territory of the Burtas in the second half of the 8th century – beginning of the 10th century]. Советская этнография [Soviet ethnography] (in Russian) (4): 28–41.
  17. ^ The History of the Jewish Khazars. New York: Schocken Books. 1967. p. 84.
  18. ^ Zuckerman, Constantine (1995). "On the Date of the Khazars' Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor". Revue des études Byzantine. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906.
  19. ^ Белорыбкина, Г.Н. (1996). «История Пензенского края» под редакцией профессора ["History of Penza Krai" edited by a professor] (in Russian). Пенза.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ Калинина, Т.М. (1976). Сведения Ибн Хаукаля о походах Руси времен Святослава [Ibn Haukal's report about the campaigns of Rus' during the times of Svyatoslav]. Древнейшие государства на территории СССР: Материалы и исследования (in Russian). Москва: 90–101.
  21. ^ Сахаров, А.Н. Восточный поход Святослава [Svyatoslav's Eastern campaign] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  22. ^ a b c d e Юрченков, В. А. (2007). Мордовский народ: вехи истории [The Mordovian peoples: milestones of history] (in Russian). Саранск.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ Костомаров, Н.И. История. Русская история в жизнеописаниях ее главнейших дейтелей [History. Russian history in the biographies of its main figures]. Электронная библиотека - Книги для читателей и качателей. Наука. Техника. Медицина. (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  24. ^ Лурье, Я.С. (1989). 1) Общерусские летописи. С. 49-55; 2) Летопись Тверская [1) All-Russian chronicles. pp. 49-55; 2) Chronicle of Tver]. Словарь книжников и книжности Древней Руси (вторая половина XIV — XVI в.) [Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Rus (second half of the 14th century — 16th century] (in Russian). Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Ленинград.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ Рашид Ад-Дин (1960). Сборник летописей [Collection of chronicles] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Издательство АН СССР.
  26. ^ Benson, Douglas (1995). Six Emperors. University of Michigan.
  27. ^ Bridges, John (2000). The "Opus Majus" of Roger Bacon. Elibron Classics.
  28. ^ Itinerarium fratris Willielmi de Rubruquis de ordine fratrum Minorum, Galli, Anno gratia 1253. ad partes Orientales.
  29. ^ Sinor D. Un voyageur du treizieme siecle: le Dominicain de Hongrie. — Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, 1952, vol. XIV, part 3, p. 599)
  30. ^ Paris, Matthew; Roger, of Wendover; H. R. Luard (editor). Chronica majora in Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores; or, Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland During the Middle Ages (London: Great Britain Public Record Office, 1858-1911). 57.
  31. ^ Паллас, П.-С. (1773). Путешествия по разным провинциям Российской империи. — Ч. 1. [Travels to different provinces of the Russian Empire. Part 1] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Имп. Акад. наук [Imperial Academy of Sciences]. p. 112. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  32. ^ Кузнецов, С.К. (1912). Русская историческая географiя: Мордва: Курсъ лекцій, читанныхь в 1908—1909 уч. году въ Московскомъ Археологическомь Институте: [Вып. 1—2] / [соч.] С. К. Кузнецовымь [Russian historical geography: Mordovia: Course of lectures given in the 1908-1909 academic year at the Moscow Archaeological Institute: [Issue. 1-2] / [comp.] S.K. Kuznetsov] (in Russian). Москва: Печатня А. И. Снегиревой: Тип. Пожидаева. p. 73.
  33. ^ Марк, К.Ю. (1960). Этническая антропология мордвы [Ethnic anthropology of the Mordovians]. Вопросы этнической истории мордовского народа [Questions of the ethnic history of the Mordovian people] (in Russian). Москва: Изд. Академии Наук СССР [Publ. of the USSR Academy of Sciences]. pp. 120–143.
  34. ^ Алексеева, Т.И. (1956). Антропологический состав населения Волго-Окского бассейна (к проблеме славянско-финских взаимоотношений в Поволжье) [Anthropological composition of the population of the Volga-Oka basin (on the problem of Slavic-Finnish relations in the Volga region)]. Антропологический сборник [Anthropological collection]. Труды Института этнографии АН СССР. Новая серия [Proceedings of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. New series] (in Russian). Vol. 33. Москва. pp. 37–72.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  35. ^ Дерябин, В.Е. (2002). Современные восточнославянские народы [Modern East Slavic peoples]. In Алексеева, Т.И. (ed.). Восточные славяне: Антропология и этническая история [Eastern Slavs. Anthropology and Ethnic History] (in Russian) (2 ed.). Москва: Научный мир [Scientific world]. pp. 30–60. ISBN 5-89176-164-5. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  36. ^ Зубов, А. А., ed. (2000). Антропология современных финно-угорских народов [Anthropology of modern Finno-Ugric peoples] (in Russian). Москва: Рос. акад. наук, Ин-т этнологии и антропологии им. Н. Н. Миклухо-Маклая [Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after N. N. Miklukho-Maklay].
  37. ^ Абрамов, В.К. (2012). Об эрзя-мокшанских различиях [About Erzya-Moksha differences]. Финно-угорский мир [Finno-Ugric world] (in Russian) (1–2): 40–45. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  38. ^ Сухарев, А. И., ed. (2004). Мордовия: Энциклопедия. В 2 томах. Том 2: М — Я [Mordovia: Encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. Volume 2: M - Ya] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Саранск: НИИГН при Правительстве РМ [Research Institute for Humanity Sciences under the Government of the Republic of Mordovia]. pp. 5–21. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  39. ^ a b c Балановский, О.П. (2015). Генофонд Европы [Gene pool of Europe] (PDF) (in Russian). Товарищество научных изданий КМК. ISBN 978-5-9907157-0-7.
  40. ^ a b Балановская, Елена Владимировна; Пежемский, Денис Валерьевич; Романов, Алексей Геннадьевич; Баранова, Елена Евгеньевна; Ромашкина, Марина Васильевна; Агджоян, Анастасия Торосовна; Балаганский, Алексей Геннадьевич; Евсеева, Ирина Викторовна; Виллемс, Рихард; Балановский, Олег Павлович (2011). Генофонд Русского Севера: славяне? Финны? Палеоевропейцы? [Gene pool of the Russian North: Slavs? Finns? Paleo-Europeans?]. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 23. Антропология (in Russian) (3). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  41. ^ a b Балановский, Олег (2015-11-25). Генетические взаимоотношения популяций Европы: три уровня [Genetic relationships of European populations: three levels]. Генофонд.рф (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  42. ^ Balanovsky, Oleg. Mapping Moksha Genetic Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup.
  43. ^ Tambets et al. (2004), Moksha (Staroshaygovsky District of Mordovia)
  44. ^ Limborska et al. (2002), Moksha
  45. ^ Генетический проект компании FamilyTree DNA «Эрзя-Мокша», таблица по гаплогруппам мокшан [Genetic program of the company FamilyTree DNA "Erzya-Moksha", table on the haplogroups of the Moksha]
  46. ^ Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi; Vesakoski, Outi; Atkinson, Quentin; Skoglund, Pontus; Kushniarevich, Alena; Litvinov, Sergey; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lehti; Rantanen, Timo (2018). "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations". Genome Biology. 19 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6151024. PMID 30241495.

Bibliography

edit
  • Финно-угры и балты в эпоху средневековья. (Археология СССР). М., 1987. С. 398-404, С. 411-419 (PDF) [Finno-Ugrians and Balts in the Middle Ages. (USSR Archeology). Moscow, 1987. pp. 398-404, 411-419 (PDF)]
  • Кулаков В.И. Древности пруссов VI-XIII вв. САИ. Вып. Г1-9 М., 1990. ISBN 5-02-009505-2 [Kulakov V.I. Antiquities of the Prussians of the 6th-13th centuries. Code of Archaeological Sources (CAS). Issue G1-9 Moscow, 1990]
  • Jaskanis J. Jacwiez w badaniach archeologicznych. Stan i perspektywy badawce // Rocznik biatostocki. T. XIV. Biatystok. 1981. S. 49–67.
  • Nowakowski W. Osiedia Kultury bogaczcwskiej - proba podsumowania stanu badart // WA. LI-1. 1986–1990.
  • Таутавичюс А.3. Балтские племена на территории Литвы в I тысячелетии н.э. // Из древнейшей истории балтских народов (по данным археологии и антропологии). Рига, 1980. С. 81, 82 [Tautavičius A.S. Baltic tribes on the territory of Lithuania in the 1st millennium AD. // From the ancient history of the Baltic peoples (according to archeology and anthropology). Riga, 1980. pp. 81, 82]
  • Kevin Alan Brook. The Jews of Khazaria. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7425-4981-4
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mokshas&oldid=1256111369"