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Mon State

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Mon State (Burmese: မွန်ပြည်နယ်, pronounced [mʊ̀ɴ pjìnɛ̀]; Mon: တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်) is an administrative division of Myanmar. It lies between Kayin State to the east, the Andaman Sea to the west, Bago Region to the north and Tanintharyi Region to the south, also having a short border with Thailand's Kanchanaburi Province at its south-eastern tip. The land area is 12,155 km2 (4,693 sq mi). The Dawna Range, running along the eastern side of the state in a NNW–SSE direction, forms a natural border with Kayin State. Mon State includes some small islands, such as Kalegauk, Wa Kyun and Kyungyi Island, along its 566 km (352 mi) of coastline. The state's capital is Mawlamyine.

Mon State
မွန်ပြည်နယ် (Burmese)
တွဵုရးဍုင်မန် (Mon)
State
Other transcription(s)
 • Burmesemwan pranynai
 • MonTweuraḥ ḍuṅ Mon
Flag of Mon State
Flag
Official seal of Mon State
Seal
Country Myanmar
RegionSouth
CapitalMawlamyine
Government
 • Chief MinisterAung Kyi THein
 • CabinetMon State Government
 • LegislatureMon State Hluttaw
 • JudiciaryMon State High Court
Area
 • Total
12,296.6 km2 (4,747.7 sq mi)
 • Rank12th
Highest elevation
(Sedaung Taung)
1,294 m (4,245 ft)
Population
 (2014 Census)[1]
 • Total
2,054,393
 • Rank9th
 • Density170/km2 (430/sq mi)
DemonymMons
Demographics
 • EthnicitiesMon, Bamar, Anglo-Burmese, Chin, Kachin, Kayin, Rakhine, Shan, Burmese-Thai, Pa'O.
 • ReligionsBuddhism, Islam
Time zoneUTC+06:30 (MMT)
HDI (2021)0.610[2]
medium · 4th
Websitewww.monstate.gov.mm
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

History

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See also: Mon people and Mon kingdoms

Mon tradition holds that the Suwarnabhumi mentioned in the Edicts of Ashoka and the Dîpavamsa was their first kingdom (pronounced Suvanna Bhoum), founded around the port of Thaton in about 300 BC, however, this is disputed by scholars.

Oral tradition suggests that they had contact with Buddhism via seafaring as early as the 3rd century BCE, though definitely by the 2nd century BCE when they received an envoy of monks from Ashoka. The Mon converted to Theravada Buddhism sometime before the sixth century,[3] and they adopted the Indian Pali script. Much of the Mon's written records have been destroyed through wars. The Mons blended Indian and Mon cultures in a hybrid of the civilisations. By 825 they had firmly established themselves in southern and southeastern Myanmar and founded the cities of Bago (Pegu) and Thaton. By the mid-9th century, they had come to dominate all of southern Myanmar.

Mon kingdoms

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Main article: Mon kingdoms

The first recorded kingdom that can undisputedly be attributed to the Mon was Dvaravati which prospered until around 1024 AD when their capital was ruled by the Khmer Empire and most of the inhabitants fled west to present-day Myanmar and eventually founded new kingdoms. These, too, eventually came under pressure from new ethnic groups arriving from the north.

Advent of the British

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Lower Burma, including what is now Mon State, was conquered by Great Britain in 1824 after the First Anglo-Burmese War. The Mon assisted the British in the war, in return for promises of their own leadership after the defeat of Burma. Hundreds of thousands of Mons who had migrated into Siam returned to their homeland when it came under British rule. However, British promises to restore the Mon Kingdom were never fulfilled. During colonial times, Moulmein had a substantial Anglo-Burmese population; an area of the city was known as 'Little England' due to the large Anglo-Burmese community. Nowadays this community has dwindled to a handful of families as most have left for the UK or Australia.

Burmese independence

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In 1947, the Mon sought self-determination from the yet unformed Union of Burma. Burmese Prime Minister U Nu refused, saying that no separate national rights for the Mon should be contemplated. The Burmese army moved into areas claimed by the Mon nationalists and imposed rule by force which resulted in a civil war. Mon separatists formed the Mon Peoples Front, which was later superseded by the New Mon State Party (NMSP) in 1962. Since 1949, the eastern hills of the state (as well as portions of Thaninthaya Division) have been under control of the NMSP and its military arm, the Mon National Liberation Front (MNLF). In addition to fighting the central government, the MNLF has fought the Karen people over control of lucrative border crossings into Thailand.

In 1974, partially to assuage Mon separatist demands, the theoretically autonomous Mon State was created out of portions of Thaninthayi Division and Bago Division. Resistance continued until 1995, when NMSP and SLORC agreed a cease-fire. In 1996, the Mon Unity League was founded. SLORC troops continued to operate in defiance of the agreement.

Government

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Executive

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Mon State Government

Legislative

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See also: Mon State Hluttaw

Judiciary

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Mon State High Court

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1973 1,314,224—    
1983 1,680,157+27.8%
2014 2,054,393+22.3%
Source: 2014 Myanmar Census[1]

The population was 2,054,393 according to 2014 Census. The majority are Mon. However, there is a large number of ethnic Bamar, as well as members of the Kayin and Pa-O ethnic groups and a small, dwindling Anglo-Burmese community. Many are isolated and many do not understand or speak Burmese. There is a Thai Community in Kyaikkami. The majority of people are Buddhist.

Religion

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Religion in Mon (2014)[4]

  Buddhism (92.6%)
  Islam (5.8%)
  Hinduism (1.0%)
  Christianity (0.5%)
  Other religion (0.1%)

According to the 2014 Myanmar Census, Buddhists make up 92.6% of Mon State’s population, forming the largest religious community there.[5] Minority religious communities include Christians (0.5%), Muslims (5.8%), and Hindus (1%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Mon State’s population.[5] 0.1% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated.[5]

According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee’s 2016 statistics, 32,769 Buddhist monks were registered in Mon State, comprising 6.1% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu.[6] The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (79.8%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (14.9%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders.[6] 3,550 thilashin were registered in Mon State, comprising 5.9% of Myanmar’s total thilashin community.[6]

Geography

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Limestone landscape near Mudon, south of Mawlamyaing.

Bordering Bago Division in the south of Sittaung River Mouth, Kayin State in the east, Thailand and Taninthayi Division in the south and Andaman Sea and Gulf of Mottama in the West, Mon state is situated between latitudes 14°52′ north and 17°32′ north and longitudes 96°51′ east and 98°13′ east.

Climate and weather

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Mon State has a tropical climate. It has temperate weather as it is located in the low latitude zone and near the sea. The state has only slight changes in temperature. The average temperature of Mawlamyine in January is 78 °F (26 °C) and in April is 85 °F (29 °C). Annual rainfall in Mawlamyine is 190 inches (4.8 m) and in Thaton is 217 inches (5.5 m). Rain is especially heavy in July and August.

Economy

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Mon State has a cultivated area of nearly 4,500,000 acres (1,800,000 ha), mostly under rice. The major secondary crop is rubber. Orchards and rubber plantations are found in the mountainous areas while Coastal fishing and related industries such as production of dried fish, fish sauce and agar-agar are in southern part, Ye district. Production of Betel nut is also a sustaining business of Mon state, as the Mon peasants preserved their heredity land onwards along with the government regulations, however, there are some many parts of uncultivated crude land in the area closed to neighbour Karen state. Moreover, modern business development includes growing of cashew trees (acajoú, in Portuguese), from which they collect the cashew nut for market elsewhere.

 
Opened in 2006, the Mawlamyine Bridge looks old-fashioned, but allows for north-south travel for trains, cars and pedestrians

Other industries include paper, sugar, rubber tires. Thaton has a major factory (Burmese, Ka-Sa-La) of rubber products run by Ministry of Industry (1). Forests cover approximately half of the area and timber production is one of the major contributors to the economy. Minerals extracted from the area include salt, antimony, and granite. Natural resources such as forest products, and onshore and offshore mineral resources, are exploited only by top Myanmar military leaders and foreign companies. At the present time one of the biggest foreign investments into Myanmar is for the exploitation of natural gas reserves in Mon State. The Yadana Gas project which connected pipelines alongside the towns of Mon state made harassed danger to the native Mon land and Mon people.

 
Bridge near Kyaik Maraw, Mon State

In Mudon, a small town near Mawlamyine, there is an applied research center for agricultural science with laboratory bases in rubber plantation and fertilization of some other species.

The future plans with tourism will benefit Mon state a lot as it has excellent transportation with the capital Yangon. Transportation routes include Train, Bus, Sea line and Airlines. The newly opened Mawlamyine Bridge gives quick access from southern Ye to North Bago and Yangon by a day journey. Three Pagoda Pass is an alternative route which communicates Mon state with neighbour Kanchanaburi province of Thailand.

According to the Mon State Directorate of Investment and Company, foreign direct investment from 1994 to 2016 in Mon State was more than US$ 5.433 billion.[7]

Transport

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Administrative divisions

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Mon State Government Office

Mon state has a capital of Mawlamyine, the fourth largest city in Myanmar. It was formerly known as Moulmein under the British colonial rule till the late 1980s. Administrative body is set under South Eastern Regional Command of Myanmar Army in Mawlamyine and Mawyawaddy Navy Command controls coastline security. There are dispersed army infantry battalions at many towns in Mon state, and Thaton has a Light Infantry Division (44th). Major districts are divided for example, Mawlamyine, Thaton, and Ye districts. At present, army infantries are densely placed in the former neutral territory of Ye district for future plans. Ye has become the major city for Southern Mon State with Sector Operation Command of Air Defense, and Military Operations Command 19 based headquarters.

Mon State consists of two districts:

 
2 districts of Mon

Cities and towns and villages

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Cities with large district Towns Villages
Mawlamyine Mudon Kawt-bane
Thaton Paung Kamawak
Thanbyuzayat Bilin Pha-auk
Ye Mottama Pa-nga
Kyaikmaraw Kyaik-kami Jain-gyike
Kyaikhto Sit-taung Thein-sake
Bakwai Lamine Mawkanin
Chaungzon Kamarwatt Ywar Lut
Islands
Belu-kyun
Kalar-goke island
 
Mawlamyine University, Mon State

Education

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See also: List of universities in Mon State

The following is a summary of the public school system in the state in the academic year 2002–2003.[8]

AY 2002-2003 Primary Middle High
Schools 1210 87 56
Teachers 6200 3200 900
Students 222,000 81,000 26,000

Almost all institutions of higher education in the state are located in Mawlamyine. Mawlamyine University is the main university and the largest university in the state.

Health care

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The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals have limited number of basic facilities and equipment. The following is a summary of the public health system in the state, in the fiscal year 2002–2003.[9]

2002–2003 # Hospitals # Beds
Specialist hospitals - -
General hospitals with specialist services 1 350
General hospitals 10 341
Health clinics 14 224
Total 25 915

Notable sites

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Kyaiktiyo Pagoda sits at an elevation of 3,615 ft (1,102 m)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Census Report. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. Vol. 2. Naypyitaw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. May 2015. p. 17.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  3. ^ Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3 by Sir Charles Eliot
  4. ^ Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR (July 2016). The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR. pp. 12–15.
  5. ^ a b c The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C (PDF). Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population. July 2016. pp. 12–15.
  6. ^ a b c "The Account of Wazo Monks and Nuns in 1377 (2016 year)". State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee. 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  7. ^ "China Eyes Mon State Investment". The Irrawaddy. 10 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  8. ^ "Education statistics by level and by State and Division". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  9. ^ "Hospitals and Dispensaries by State and Division". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
  10. ^ "Sane Let Tin". Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
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