Wikipedia

Persecution of the Montagnard in Vietnam

(Redirected from Montagnard genocide)

The native inhabitants of the Central Highlands of Vietnam are known as the Montagnard. The Vietnamese conquered the Central Highlands during their "march to the south" (Nam tiến). Ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) people now outnumber the indigenous Degars (considered derogatory term) after state-sponsored colonization directed by both the government of South Vietnam and the current Communist government of unified Vietnam. The Montagnards have engaged in conflicts with the Vietnamese, from the anti-Communist South Vietnamese government, the Viet Cong, to the Communist government of unified Vietnam[citation needed]. There are contrasting views on this issue, as the constitution of the government of Vietnam states "Article 36 of the Constitution, the state invests heavily in education and supports various preferential programmes for ethnic minorities, like ethnic minority boarding schools, lower entry requirements and quota for minorities."[1][2] Both the initial 1945 constitution and the revised 1992 constitution of North Vietnam and the successor state the Socialist Republic of Vietnam stated that all minority groups in Vietnam have the right to maintain their mother tongues in their schooling as well as to use their languages to preserve their ethnic cultures and values, although the degree of enforcement remains ongoingly debated due to complicated nature.[1]

Persecution of the Montagnard in Vietnam
A statute in Buôn Ma Thuột commemorating the contribution of the Central Highlands tribes during the Vietnam War.
LocationVietnam
TypePersecution
CauseLand seizure, internal colonialism, ethnic assimilation, racism
TargetMontagnards
DeathsHundreds

Background

edit

The Champa state and Chams in the lowlands were traditional suzerains whom the Montagnards in the highlands acknowledged as their lords, while autonomy was held by the Montagnards.[3] After World War II the concept of "Nam tiến" and the southward conquest was celebrated by Vietnamese scholars.[4] The Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois was the name of the Central Highlands from 1946 under French Indochina.[5]

Up until French rule, the Central Highlands was alleged by one American source as almost never entered by the Vietnamese since they viewed it as a savage (Moi-Montagnard) populated area with fierce animals like tigers, "poisoned water" and "evil malevolent spirits", but the Vietnamese expressed interest in the land after the French transformed it into a profitable plantation area to grow crops on,[6] in addition to the natural resources from the forests, minerals and rich earth and realization of its crucial geographical importance.[7] However, the French tactic of divide-and-conquer to fragment national independent movements was also used, using specially-recruited Montagnard divisions and troops and dividing the region.[8]

In 1955, Northern Vietnamese migrants were settled in the Central Highlands after the autonomous Montagnard area was abolished by Ngô Đình Diệm. Y Bham Enuol founded Bajaraka on January 5, 1958 to resist the discrimination, Vietnamese settlement on Highlands and forced assimilation by the South Vietnamese government. The United Nations Secretary-General and foreign embassies were contacted by Y Bham Enuol. "Front for the Liberation of the Highlands of Champa" (Mặt Trận Giải Phóng Cao Nguyên Champa) and Bajaraka were both headed by Y Bham Enuol. He was killed by the Khmer Rouge on April 20, 1975.[9] The support of Central Highlands tribe was seen as essential to Hanoi's war strategy, and various tribes had supported the National Liberation Front, with a Christian Rade people Y Bih Aleo serving as the vice-President of the NLF.[10] Several Montagnard agents had assisted PAVN attacks against U.S Special Forces camps and personnel within the region, and their antagonism with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam caused them to not warn them of attacks during the 1975 campaigns.[10]

Les Kosem, Y Bham Enuol and Prince Norodom Sihanouk worked together to found FULRO and launch an uprising against the South Vietnamese government to regain their land from the Vietnamese colonizers. Since 1964 the Montagnards of FULRO struggled for their own country and continued to fight against the Vietnamese Communist regime which persecuted them for their religious beliefs.[11] After mass jailings and killings during the 2001 and 2004 protests by ethnic hill tribe minorities against the Vietnamese regime, foreigners were banned from the Central Highlands for a period of time by Vietnam.[12][13]

Forced Colonization of the Central Highlands during the Indochina War(s)

edit

The Montagnards in FULRO fought the Vietnamese for twenty years after the end of the Vietnam War and the scale of Vietnamese attacks on the Montagnards are alleged by one US author as having killed over 200,000 Montagnards after 1975 during the war between FULRO and Vietnam in the Central Highlands, as the Vietnamese lease land for Japanese companies to harvest lumber in the area. Munitions, weapons, and 5,000 rifles were given by the Chinese to some Montagnard groups after some Montagnards requested help from China via Thai General Savit-Yun K-Yut since the United States refused to help the FULRO Montagnards against the Vietnamese.[14] Torture and mass arrests by the Vietnamese military were used in the Central Highlands against the Degar during the February 2001 protests against Vietnamese oppression.[15]

The Chinese, the Central Highlands Montagnards, Cham, and Delta Cambodians (Khmer Krom) were all alienated by the South Vietnamese government under Diem. The Montagnard Highlands were subjected to colonization by ethnic Vietnamese under Diem. A complete rejection of Vietnamese rule was felt by non-NLF tribes of the Montagnards in 1963.[16]

The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa, the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien, while the Vietnamese received strong Chinese influence in their culture and civilization and were Sinicized, and the Cambodians and Laotians were Indianized, the Montagnards in the Central Highlands maintained their own native culture without adopting external culture and were the true indigenous natives of the region, and to hinder encroachment on the Central Highlands by Vietnamese nationalists, the term Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois PMSI emerged for the Central Highlands along with the natives being addressed by the name Montagnard.[17] The Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region.[18] Violent demonstrations with fatalities have broken out due to Montagnard anger at Vietnamese discrimination and seizure of their land since many Vietnamese Kinh were settled by the government in the Central Highlands.[19][20]

An insurgency was waged by Montagnards in FULRO against South Vietnam and then unified Communist Vietnam.[21] A colonization program of Kinh Vietnamese by the South Vietnamese government and united Vietnamese Communist government was implemented[22][23] and now a Kinh majority predominates in the highland areas.[24] The Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands were subjected to state sponsored colonization by ethnic Vietnamese settlers under the South Vietnamese regime of Ngo Dinh Diem which resulted in estranging the Montagnards and leading them to reject Vietnamese rule.[25] FULRO however did not represent the sole force or organisation among the Montagnards, Khmer Krom and other groups, as the Cambodian Campaign that created refugees in the region had caused many to join the Viet Cong and become members.[26] The appeal of "defending the fatherland" against foreign attack appealed to many.[26]

The South Vietnamese and Communist Vietnamese colonization of the Central Highlands has been compared to the historic Nam tiến of previous Vietnamese rulers. During the Nam tiến (March to the South) Khmer and Cham territory was seized and militarily colonized (đồn điền) by the Vietnamese which was repeated by the state-sponsored colonization of Northern Vietnamese Catholic refugees on Montagnard land by the South Vietnamese leader Diem and the introduction to the Central Highlands of "New Economic Zones" by the now Communist Vietnamese government.[22] The Vietnamese Communists are alleged to have implemented harsh punishment against the Montagnards after the defeat of South Vietnam.[27] Whether these issues are true or not is openly disputable, given that the Vietnamese constitution officially recognises all the present central highlands minority groups.[2] Furthermore, this group exhibited strongly-divided loyalties, many had joined with the NLF in opposition to Saigon policies.[8]

Some Vietnamese viewed and dealt with the indigenous Montagnards in the CIDG from the Central Highlands as "savages" and this caused a Montagnard uprising against the Vietnamese.[28] Some Montagnard Rhades mounted a revolt, seizing hundreds of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers, assassinating officers of the Vietnamese special forces and seizing American advisers on 19–20 September but the 23rd Division of the South Vietnamese army stopped them from sizing Ban Me Thout, the provincial capital of Darlac Province.[29] In the Central Highlands the Montagnard FULRO organization fought against both the Communists and South Vietnamese due to discrimination by the South Vietnamese army against the Montagnards. After the victory of the Communist North Vietnamese, the Vietnamese refused autonomy to the Montagnards, and on Montagnard land they settled around one million ethnic Vietnamese in addition to using "reducation camps" on the Montagnards, leading the Montagnard FULRO to continue the armed struggle against the Vietnamese.[21][30]

Ethnic minorities in general have also been referred to as "moi",[31] including other "hill tribes" like the Muong.[32] The anti-ethnic minority discriminatory policies by the Vietnamese, environmental degradation, deprivation of lands from the natives, and settlement of native lands by a massive number of Vietnamese settlers led to massive protests and demonstrations by the Central Highland's indigenous native ethnic minorities against the Vietnamese in January–February 2001 and this event gave a tremendous blow to the claim often published by the Vietnamese government that in Vietnam There has been no ethnic confrontation, no religious war, no ethnic conflict. And no elimination of one culture by another.[33] The same state-sponsored settlement of ethnic minority land by Vietnamese Kinh has happened in another highland region, the Annamite Cordillera (Trường Sơn), both the Central Highlands and Annamite Cordillera were populated by ethnic minorities who were not Vietnamese during the 20th century's start, but the demographics of the highlands was drastically transformed with the mass colonization of 6 million settlers from 1976 to the 1990s, which led to ethnic Vietnamese Kinh outnumbering the native ethnic groups in the highlands.[34]

Cultural and demographic purging

edit

Leaving out any plans for autonomy for ethnic minorities, an assimilation plan was launched by the South Vietnamese government with the creation of the "Social and Economic Council for the Southern Highlander Country", the South Vietnamese based their approach to the highlanders by claiming that they would be "developed" since they were "poor" and "ignorant", making swidden agriculturalists sedentarize and settling ethnic Vietnamese colonists from the coastal regions into the highlands such as Northern Vietnamese Catholic refugees who fled to South Vietnam, 50,000 Vietnamese settlers were in the highlands in 1960 and in 1963 the total number of settlers was 200,000 and up to 1974 the South Vietnamese were still implemented the colonization plan even though the highland natives experienced massive turbulence and disorder because of the colonization, and by 1971 less than half of a scheme back by the Americans to leave Montagnards with just 20% of the Central Highlands was completed, and even in the parts of the highlands which did not experience colonization, the South Vietnamese threw the native tribes into "strategic hamelets" to keep them away from places where communists potentially operated and the South Vietnamese consistently spurned any attempts too make overtures to the native Highlanders.[23][35][36]

The effort to free the Cham people was led by Major General Les Kosem. The Cham people keep the soul of FULRO alive according to former FULRO Cham member Po Dharma who went on a journey to see Les Kosem's grave.[37]

A 2002 article in the Washington Times reported that Montagnard women were subjected to forced mass sterilization by the Vietnamese government for the Montagnard's population to be reduced, in addition to stealing lands of the Montagnards, and attacking their religious beliefs, killing and torturing them in a form of "creeping genocide",[38]

Luke Simpkins, an MP in the House of Representatives of Australia condemned the Vietnamese persecution of the Central Highland Montagnards and noting both the South Vietnamese government and regime of unified Communist Vietnam attacked the Montagnards and colonized their lands, mentioning FULRO which fought against the Vietnamese and the desire for the Montagnards to preserve their culture and language. The Vietnamese government has non-Montagnards settle on Montagnard land and killed Montagnards after jailing them.[14][39]

Government crackdowns

edit

2001 mass protests

edit

Rahlan Djan and Rahlan Pon were the two Montagnards who were abused and arrested by the Vietnamese and ex-FULRO member Ksor Kok helped bring attention to their plight.[40] Plantations run by the government were built on the land of the Montagnards which were also settled by lowlanders. Montagnards were made to give up their lands for far less than they were worth to the Vietnamese government[41] The jailed Montagnards had been subjected to torture by the Vietnamese government which caused the mass protests. There were 30 police officers wounded in Buon Ma Thuot in Daklak and Pleiku. Coffee farming and colonization of ethnic Vietnamese in the Central highlands are supported by the Vietnamese government. The natives were attacked by Vietnamese helicopters and soldiers in Daklak and Gia Lai provinces.[42][43] Another wave of Montagnard refugees in Cambodia happened after the Vietnamese government crackdown on the protests in the Central Highlands in February 2001.[44][45] After attempting to escape Vietnam or demonstrating against the government, jail terms were imposed upon over 70 Montagnards.[46]

2004 mass protests

edit

The first Montagnard protests were started when 3 of them were detained by the Vietnamese in February 2001.[47][48] Dak Lak's capital Buon Ma Thuot was the scene of the convergence of Montagnards in the thousands on April 20, Saturday of 2004. Tanks were deployed water cannons, electric sticks and gas were deployed by the police. Gia Lai's districts of Dak Doa, Cu Se, and Ayun Pa on April 11 were the scenes of further protests by Montagnards against the Vietnamese. Human Rights Watch also reported deaths and injuries among the Montagnards in the 2004 uprising. Indigenous land restitution was a demand of the non-violent Montagnard protesters. External contact was limited and three or more people gathering was prohibited, along with Central Highlands internal movement. House arrest was implemented with Vietnamese police entered the houses and villages of the Montagnards. Multiple incidents of Vietnamese jailing and assaulting Montagnards were documented in 2003 and 2004.[49] Gia Lai and Daklak were the scene of the mass 2004 demonstrations. The Montagnard demonstrators demanded that they be given their lands and be justly treated. The demonstrations involved thousands and police and demonstrators were among the injured.[50] Like the 2001 mass demonstrations, Buon Ma Thuot was once again the scene of a huge gathering of Montagnards demanding that their traditional Daklak lands be given back and religious freedom allowed. Plantations were set up on stolen land where the Montagnards were driven out of by the Vietnamese government since the Vietnamese use it for growing coffee.[51] Indigenous land seizure was one of the complaints of the rally in Daklak outside of the Vietnamese government buildings by the Montagnards.[52][53] The Vietnamese arrested Montagnards during the demonstrations and people were hurt during fights which broke out. The Montagnard Foundation was accused by the Vietnamese government.[54][55]

Montagnard participants were estimated at 30,000 or 10,000. Foreign monitors were banned by the Vietnamese. Access to the Central Highlands was demanded by Human Rights Watch. Private Vietnamese citizens helped the Vietnamese police assault, thrash, and murder Montagnards in the middle of coffee plantations and in the streets, including a blind Montagnard woman.[56] The Human Rights Watch report was cited in the United States House of Representatives.[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] Demonstrators were hunted down with dogs in coffee plantations by the Vietnamese, according to a Baptist news service. Tourists and airlines were barred as were foreign embassy officers. Montagnards were sterilized involuntarily by the Vietnamese. Indigenous land theft by the Vietnamese was the cause of the protests.[67]

According to a Christian News Service, there has been acute discrimination of the Montagnards by the Vietnamese.[68] A whitewashing campaign of the sanguine events by the Vietnamese government was accused by Human Rights Watch. Killings perpetrated by the Vietnamese were witnessed and divulged to Human Rights Watch. The Vietnamese launched ambuscade and surprise traps against protesters.[69] Vietnamese civilians joined Vietnamese security forces in assaulting the Buonmathuot Degar Montagnard protesters.[70] Vietnamese civilians helped the Vietnamese police assault and massacre Montagnard demonstrators. Traps were set up by the Vietnamese at locations where they started violently assaulting the protesters.[71]

The protests were crushed by the Vietnamese government and the toll inflicted was substantial.[72] Vietnamese government media claimed that the death toll was two people. The demonstrations were mostly ignored by Vietnamese media. There were deaths caused by shootings and violent batterings of Montagnards at the hands of the Vietnamese according to Human Rights Watch.[73] There was documentation of the killings of 10 Montagnards according to Human Rights watch while 8 were documented by Amnesty International. A whitewashing was alleged by HRW while the situation of ethnic minorities was criticized by Amnesty.[74] When the protests were crushed villages were missing a large number of their inhabitants. Prohibitions slapped on the entry of non-Vietnamese and censorship failed to stop reports of accounts of murder and torment inflicted upon Montagnards at the hands of Vietnamese citizens and police. The Vietnamese government implemented a campaign to censor and whitewash the events.[75] One number given of protest participants was 400,000 while an approximate number of deaths was given at 400.[70] During the protests Montagnards were shot according to Save the Montagnards leader George Clark. 2,000 Montagnards were alleged to have been killed with rivers being used as dumping grounds for bodies by the Vietnamese according to the Montagnard Foundation.[76][77][78][79][80]

Vietnam claimed as lies the reports by Montagnard Foundation and Human Rights Watch, denied discrimination and claimed that the Central Highlands people were being taken care of by Vietnam.[81] Vietnam claimed it allowed freedom of belief and tolerance for minorities in response to the unrest.[82] Rubber weapons only were used according to Vietnamese claims in response to accusations of using guns and killing demonstrators by thrashing them. The people wanted their land back.[83] The Vietnamese Embassy in the United States and the Foreign Ministry of Vietnam claimed no discrimination was going on and everything was normal.[84] The Montagnard demonstrators were accused of being separatists who wanted their own country by the Vietnamese government.[85][86][87] The Montagnard Foundation was blamed by Vietnam.[88][89][90] Threats were made against potential future demonstrators by the Vietnamese government after they crushed the Central Highlands demonstrations with the Montagnard being named as a source of enmity by Nguyen Tan Dung, the Deputy Prime Minister.[91] Foreigners were accused of inciting the demonstrations by Vietnam and the ability of the demonstrations to take placed was blamed on leniency on part of the state by Nguyen Tan Dung, the Deputy Prime Minister.[92][93][94]

Once the protests were crushed by the Vietnamese, a Vietnamese government controlled and monitored tour of the Central Highlands of non-Vietnamese reporters was given after caving into the strong reaction by other countries to the events.[95][96][97] Non Vietnamese were banned from the Central Highlands while the demonstrations were crushed by Vietnamese police.[98] Buon Ma Thuoat was flooded by Vietnamese armed forces after crushing the rally in which Montagnards took part in by the hundreds. Foreigners were banned by the Vietnamese police from entering Buon Ma Thuot. Religious and ethnic groups are oppressed by the Vietnamese government according to the Montagnard Foundation.[99] The highlands were closed to every single non-Vietnamese after the protests. The airports in Pleiku and Buon Ma Thuot were forbidden from allowing non-Vietnamese in. Special permission is needed for non-Vietnamese reporters and consular officers.[100] On April 24, it was reported that the Central Highlands were reopened to non-Vietnamese.[101] Neutral journalism was forbidden when reporters were finally permitted in after the European Union and Human Rights organizations strong armed access after there was a total lack of reporting on the demonstrations for 3 weeks. 19 were murdered according to organizations while 2 died according to Vietnam.[102]

Cambodia was the destination of many Montagnards who fled the crackdown in which the number of people detained and hurt reached into the hundreds after the Vietnamese Communists crushed the protesters, who sought to address the theft of their land by the Vietnamese government.[103] The Vietnamese crackdown against the Montagnards in 2001 and 2004 over their land rights resulted in Cambodia experiencing an Exodus of Montagnard asylum seekers.[104][105][106][107] The savage events led to Cambodia becoming a destination for fleeing Montagnards.[108] Deportations were made by Cambodia of Montagnards who had escaped the Vietnamese.[109] Asylum for the Montagnards was advocated to the United Nations and the government of Cambodia by Cambodian King Sihanouk.[110][111] Khmer Kampuchea Krom Federation (KKF) supported the statement made by King Sihanouk on the situation. Sanctuary for Montagnards running away from the crackdown was requested of the Cambodian government by KKF.[112]

Italy and the USA attempted to investigate the crackdown.[113][114] The Radical Party of Italy brought attention to the plight of the Montagnards to the European Parliament.[115] Transparency was requested of the Vietnamese government by the European Union.[116] The Vietnamese crackdown on the Montagnards 2004 Easter demonstrations led to denunciation from the European Union. The Central Highlands were requested to be open up to non-Vietnamese by the EU since the area was off limits to foreign reporters.[117] Foreign ambassadors and monitors were banned from the area by the Vietnamese. Entry to the Central Highlands was demanded by the Italian and American embassies.[118] House Resolution 613 was initiated by Republican representative Tom Davis over persecution in Vietnam.[119][120] Italy called for Montagnard asylum seekers to be allowed into Cambodia and called the Montagnard persecution at the hands of the Vietnamese to end.[121][122] In the European Parliament a condemnation of the Vietnamese persecution of Montagnards was proposed by the Italian Radical Party.[123] The Italian Radical Party and Mountagnard Fondation's remarks were attacked as false by the Vietnamese Foreign Ministry.[124] Due to the bloody crackdown in the Central Highlands, in Washington D.C. the Vietnam embassy was the scene of protests. Hmong and Laos opposition supported the Montagnards due to Vietnam's alliance with the government of Laos.[125][126]

Contemporary persecution

edit

Montagnards are oppressed and abused by the Vietnamese regime with their land being seized and stolen by the Vietnamese, the Cambodian-Vietnamese border blocked by the Vietnamese to stop them from leaving as refugees and the Vietnamese tortured Montagnards with electricity and beatings. As a means of intimidation, the Vietnamese gather hundreds of spectators to watch trials of arrested Montaganrds and force public repudiation of religious belief upon the Montagnards. the Vietnamese accuse Montagnards of being "reactionary".[127][128]

Degar religious rights and autonomy are not allowed by the Vietnamese Communists. A Montagnard family was attacked with machetes by ordinary Vietnamese citizens. Assaults and brutality by Vietnamese citizens is sanctioned and supported by the Vietnamese government. Their traditional lands were seized from them.[129][130][131]

Vietnamese government supported racism, anti-religious policies, land theft, abuse, and imprisonment against ethnic minorities like the Hmong, Montagnards, and Khmer Krom were condemned by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in Geneva during its 80th Session.[132][133]

In Gialai province, Cu Se district, Hbong village, Siu Klong, a Degar Montagnard, was hung to death by ordinary Vietnamese citizens on 5 December 2012 and the Vietnamese police and government ignored the crime and did nothing against the perpetrators.[134][135][136]

Religious freedom is officially allowed in article 70 of the constitution of Vietnam, but the Vietnamese government ignores this and kill, jails, and abuses Degars because of their religion after 1975 when the Central Highlands was occupied by North Vietnamese. The Vietnamese police crucified a fifty-year-old Degar man named A Tac while assaulting and beating other Degars whose limbs were restrained in the commune of Dak Krong.[137]

Vietnamese police assaulted and beat Montagnard Degar children and babies in addition to adults, women, and old people in the province of Kontum, Kon Braih district, Dak T'Re commune in Bon Kon H'Drom village on 21 August 2012.[138]

The de-listing of Vietnam by the US State Department was criticized by the Montagnards due to Vietnam's continued arrests and abuse of Montagnards due to religion.[139]

The Degars experienced hardship, tribulation and adversity during the Indochina Wars and have continued to suffer from Vietnamese oppression while the beneficiaries have been the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese has sterilized Degar women, and murdered and jailed Degar men to wipe out the Degars for the purpose of seizing their land and the Vietnamese despise the Degar way of life due to ethnic hatred by the Vietnamese against the Degar which led to ethnic cleansing.[140]

The Montagnard Degar man Siu Thoan's family was terrorized and bullied by Vietnamese police including his wife. The Vietnamese Pham Anh Tuan violently assaulted Siu Thoan's family.[141]

After rejecting a demand by the Vietnamese for his religion to be repudiated, a sentence of five years in jail was handed down to Y-Huong Nie, a Degar Montagnard.[142]

The Vietnamese police assaulted and brutalized the Montagnard Foundation President Kok Ksor's mother, Ksor H'Ble, especially following the Degar February 2001 demonstrations over land and religion and the April 2004 demonstrations. The Vietnamese police bullied and assaulted her for years. She died on 18 August 2011. Due to lands and religious disputes, the Vietnamese have killed Degars in the thousands.[143]

Due to religious issues In the commune of Croh POnan 3 Montagnards were tortured by the Vietnamese.[144]

Due to their religious faith Degars had dogs unleashed to assault them by the Vietnamese police.[145]

Degars were violently assaulted and brutalized by racist ordinary Vietnamese citizens on 27 September 2007. Degars were targeted for murder by Vietnamese citizens on 5 October 2007. In the Central Highlands there is severe ethnic bigotry towards the native Degars by the Vietnamese. Degars are subject to bigotry and hatred both by ordinary Vietnamese and the government of Vietnam.[146]

Ethnic minority lands are subjected to settlement and colonization by ethnic Vietnamese Kinh supported by the Vietnamese government, as the native populations are driven out and their lands stolen in addition to their bad economic situation. Violence and jail sentences are used against ethnic minorities like Khmer Krom and the most racism is perpetrated against the Hmong and Montagnards.[147][148]

Demanding that the Vietnamese regime stop repressing ethnic minorities and religion, the "Coalition for Indigenous Peoples in Vietnam" was formed out of the Thai, Khmer Krom, and Montagnards after they combined forces against the Vietnamese.[149]

The Vietnamese brutally suppressed, imprisoned and tortured Montagnards after the Montagnards asked for their lands back during protests in Gia Lai province in 2012 so 85 of the Montagnards were forced to escape from the Vietnamese by going to Rattanakiri province in Cambodia. The religion and ethnicity of the Montagnards is distinct from the Vietnamese. Prospect of a new insurgency by Montagnards for independence were shot down by the Hun Sen regime in Cambodia which refused to aid them.[150]

During the trouble and chaos in the Central Highlands after the Vietnamese abused and jailed Montagnard leader Y'Soai Eban he managed to run away from Vietnamese custody. The Montagnards were subjected to genocide after the Vietnam War in 1975.[151]

Independence from the Communist authorities was desired by the Montagnards after the Vietnam War since they were killed, abused, discriminated against and jailed by the Vietnamese authorities so many of them were forced to run away from the Central Highlands as refugees. Cambodia and eventually the United States were their destinations.[152]

Death, torture, and incarceration were the punishments inflicted on Montagnards gathering in groups of three or more by the Vietnamese with their religion severely persecuted and repressed at the hands of the Vietnamese Communist regime since 1975.[153]

The United States State Department showed little concern at the plight of the Montagnards at the hands of the Vietnamese. A thirteen-year-old Montagnard girl Y Kang was severely assaulted, beaten and kicked along with 16 Montagnard women and men by Vietnamese police in Gai Lai province, Plei Ku city, district Mang Yang, commune H'ra in Buon Kret Krot village on July 7, 2011.[154]

Vietnam has jailed hundreds of Montagnards in addition to murdering, abusing, and discriminating against their religious beliefs.[155]

Death was a possible consequence of getting caught with a Bible. The Vietnamese regime claims that Montagnard separatism is conducted by religious matters and uses this as a reason to attack their religion. Montagnard land was seized by the Vietnamese government after the Vietnam War.[156]

In Gia Lai province, Chu Prong district in 2010 Montagnards were assaulted and detained by the Vietnamese. Parts of Vietnam like the Central Highlands are off limit to human rights organizations and reporters.[157]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Le Ha, Phan; Ha, Vu Hai; Dat, Bao (2014). Language, Education and Nation-building. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 232–244. doi:10.1057/9781137455536_12. ISBN 9781349546336.
  2. ^ a b "Vietnam: Indigenous Minority Groups in the Central Highlands" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-02-12.
  3. ^ Oscar Salemink (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 35–336. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9.
  4. ^ Zottoli, Brian A. (2011). Conceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia (A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan). p. 5.
  5. ^ Oscar Salemink (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 155–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9.
  6. ^ Lawrence H. Climo, M.D. (20 December 2013). The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966-1967. McFarland. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-0-7864-7899-6.
  7. ^ Lawrence H. Climo, M.D. (20 December 2013). The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966-1967. McFarland. pp. 228–. ISBN 978-0-7864-7899-6.
  8. ^ a b Mackerras, Colin (2003-09-02). Ethnicity in Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9781134515172.
  9. ^ Written by Ja Karo, độc giả trong nước (18 April 2013). "Kỷ niệm 38 năm từ trần của Y Bham Enuol, lãnh tụ phong trào Fulro". Champaka.info.
  10. ^ a b Kiernan, Ben (2017-02-17). Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. pp. 411–419. ISBN 9780190627294.
  11. ^ Thayer, Nate (25 September 1992). "Lighting the darkness: FULRO's jungle Christians". The Phnom Penh Post.
  12. ^ Bray, Adam (June 16, 2014). "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  13. ^ Bray, Adam. "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines". IOC-Champa. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015.
  14. ^ a b George Dooley (18 December 2007). Battle for the Central Highlands: A Special Forces Story. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 255–. ISBN 978-0-307-41463-2.
  15. ^ "Degar-Montagnards". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. March 25, 2008.
  16. ^ Frances FitzGerald (30 May 2009). Fire in the Lake. Little, Brown. pp. 298–. ISBN 978-0-316-07464-3.
  17. ^ Oscar Salemink (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9.
  18. ^ Oscar Salemink (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9.
  19. ^ Jim Sullivan; James Sullivan (2006). Vietnam. National Geographic Society. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-0-7922-6203-9.
  20. ^ James Sullivan (2010). National Geographic Traveler Vietnam. National Geographic. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-4262-0522-4.
  21. ^ a b Spencer C. Tucker (20 May 2011). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, The: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-1-85109-961-0.
  22. ^ a b Oscar Salemink (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 151–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9.
  23. ^ a b Christopher R. Duncan (2008). Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities. NUS Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-9971-69-418-0.
  24. ^ McElwee, Pamela (2008). ""Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (3): 81–82. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81. ISSN 1559-372X. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  25. ^ Frances FitzGerald (30 May 2009). Fire in the Lake. Little, Brown. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-0-316-07464-3.
  26. ^ a b Kiernan, Ben (2017-02-17). Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. pp. 433–437. ISBN 9780190627294.
  27. ^ John Jacob Nutter (2000). The CIA's Black Ops: Covert Action, Foreign Policy, and Democracy. Prometheus Books, Publishers. pp. 160–. ISBN 978-1-61592-397-7.
  28. ^ Graham A. Cosmas (2006). MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962-1967. Government Printing Office. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-0-16-072367-4.
  29. ^ Graham A. Cosmas (2006). MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962-1967. Government Printing Office. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-0-16-072367-4.
  30. ^ John Hellmann (13 August 2013). American Myth and the Legacy of Vietnam. Columbia University Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-231-51538-2.
  31. ^ David W. P. Elliott (31 December 2002). The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930-1975. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 1504–. ISBN 978-0-7656-0602-0.
  32. ^ James B. Minahan (30 August 2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 269–. ISBN 978-1-59884-660-7.
  33. ^ McElwee, Pamela (2008). "7 Becoming Socialist or Becoming Kinh? Government Policies for Ethnic Minorities in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam". In Duncan, Christopher R. (ed.). Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities. Singapore: NUS Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-9971-69-418-0.
  34. ^ McElwee, Pamela (2008). ""Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (3): 81–82. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81. ISSN 1559-372X. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  35. ^ Christopher R. Duncan (2004). Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities. Cornell University Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-0-8014-4175-2.
  36. ^ Christopher R. Duncan (2004). Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities. Cornell University Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-0-8014-8930-3.
  37. ^ Written by BBT Champaka.info (24 April 2013). "Viếng thăm mộ Thiếu Tướng Les Kosem, sáng lập viên phong trào Fulro". Champaka.info.
  38. ^ Johnson, Scott (2002-04-07). "Creeping Genocide in Asia: Vietnam". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2004-10-29 – via Montagnard Foundation, Inc.
  39. ^ "Australia MP Luke Simpkins Speaks Out On Persecution of Montagnards". Montagnard Foundation, Inc. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. July 8, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-12-02.
  40. ^ Nguyen Van Huy (Ph.D.). "The Uprising of the Central Highlanders in February 2001". Cham Today. Translated by Sean Tu. IOC-Champa. Archived from the original on 2014-03-16.
  41. ^ Post Staff (26 April 2002). "Losing ground: Repression of Montagnards in Vietnam's Central Highlands". The Phnom Penh Post.
  42. ^ The Washington Times (February 13, 2001). "Vietnam struggling to quell highlands unrest". The Washington Times.
  43. ^ The Washington Times (February 13, 2001). "Vietnam struggling to quell highlands unrest". The Washington Times.
  44. ^ "6.6 The Montagnards". LEARN NC.
  45. ^ Raleigh Bailey, The Montagnards: Their History and Culture. (Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 2002)
  46. ^ Folkmanis, Jason (April 12, 2004). Hill, Sue (ed.). "Vietnam Says 'Extremists' Fought Authorities in 2 Provinces". Blomberg. Hanoi.
  47. ^ "Insight: The Plight of the Dega in Vietnam". The Khmer Krom Network. 2004.
  48. ^ Article Title: A Cross to Bear: The Plight of the Dega in Vietnam. Contributors: Eric Fish - author. Journal Title: Harvard International Review. Volume: 25. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 2004. Page Number: 14. COPYRIGHT 2004
  49. ^ Human Rights Watch (April 14, 2004). "Vietnam: Violence against Montagnards During Easter Week Protests". Union of Vietnamese Student Associations of Southern California. Archived from the original on 2005-02-21.
  50. ^ DPA (April 11, 2004). "Ethnic minority protest turns violent in central Vietnam". deepikaglobal.com - Daily News. Hanoi.
  51. ^ "Prayers end in Vietnam violence". The Guardian. AP in Hanoi. 12 April 2004. Archived from the original on 12 April 2004.
  52. ^ "Vietnam accused of rights abuses". BBC NEWS. 14 April 2004. Archived from the original on 14 April 2004.
  53. ^ "Vietnam accused of rights abuses". BBC NEWS. 14 April 2004.
  54. ^ MASON, MARGIE (April 12, 2004). "Vietnam's Central Highlands in Lockdown". The Mercury News. HANOI, Vietnam. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2004-05-11.
  55. ^ "Vietnam Cracks Down on Christian Protests". Fox News. April 12, 2004.[dead link]
  56. ^ Human Rights Watch (April 22, 2004). "Montagnards: Human Rights Watch calls on Vietnam to open Central Highlands to international observer". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. New York.
  57. ^ SMITH, CHRISTOPHER H. (April 27, 2004). "EASTER CRACKDOWN ON THE MONTAGNARDS". Congressional Record Online. New York: Government Publishing Office. pp. E656–E657.
  58. ^ "Open Central Highlands to International Observers". The Khmer Krom Network. New York: Human Rights Watch. April 22, 2004.
  59. ^ "Vietnam: Open Central Highlands to International Observers Reported Killings of Montagnard Protesters Must be Investigated Immediately". Human Rights Watch. New York. April 22, 2004.
  60. ^ "Vietnam: Open Central Highlands to International Observers Reported Killings of Montagnard Protesters Must be Investigated Immediately". Human Rights Watch. New York. April 22, 2004.
  61. ^ News | Page 1775 | Human Rights Watch
  62. ^ News | Page 1774 | Human Rights Watch
  63. ^ News | The Khmer Krom Network
  64. ^ The Khmer Krom Network | News and information about Kampuchea-Krom and her people
  65. ^ PoKempner, Dinah (April 22, 2004). "Vietnam: Open Central Highlands to International Observers". LƯƠNG TÂM CÔNG GIÁO VIỆT NAM. New York: Human Rights Watch.
  66. ^ "Vietnam: Violence against Montagnards During Easter Week Protests". Human Rights Watch. New York. April 14, 2004.
  67. ^ Staff (April 20, 2004). "Vietnamese government represses ethnic minority Christians". Baptist Press. NASHVILLE, Tenn. Archived from the original on April 20, 2004. Alt URL
  68. ^ Martin, Allie (April 16, 2004). "Vietnamese Christians Face Persecution During Holiday Protest". Agape Press Christian News Service. Archived from the original on 2004-10-27.
  69. ^ "Human rights group alleges 'huge cover-up' in Central Highlands violence". The Mercury Times. HANOI, Vietnam. Associated Press. April 22, 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-06-30.
  70. ^ a b "Hundreds of Vietnamese Christians killed over Easter Weekend. Exclusive Report". PAKISTAN CHRISTIAN POST. 28 June 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-06-28.
  71. ^ Belz, Mindy (May 8, 2004). "Slaughter by police and civilians". World. Vol. 19, no. 18. Archived from the original on 2004-05-29.
  72. ^ "US pushes for access to troubled Central Highlands in Vietnam". ABC Radio Australia News. 2004-04-13. Archived from the original on 2004-11-10.
  73. ^ "Vietnamese media report deaths, injuries in Central Highlands a week after protests". The Mercury News. HANOI, Vietnam. Associated Press. April 18, 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-09-13.
  74. ^ "Vietnam warned to rethink policy towards minorities". ABC Radio Australia News. 2004-04-29. Archived from the original on 2004-08-18.
  75. ^ Aglionby, John (22 April 2004). "A fight for freedom". The Guardian.
  76. ^ Associated Press Writer; HARTSOE, STEVE (April 12, 2004). "N.C. Montganards desperate for information from Vietnam". Winston-Salem Journal: Winston-Salem News, Sports, Entertainment ...
  77. ^ "Montagnards in N.C. fear for Vietnam kin". Star-News. RALEIGH. Associated Press. April 13, 2004.
  78. ^ HARTSOE, STEVE (2004-04-13). "N.C. Montagnards desperate for information from Vietnam". Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale e Transpartito. RALEIGH, N.C. Associated Press.
  79. ^ "N.C. Montagnards Desperate for Information From Vietnam". WFMY News 2. April 12, 2004.
  80. ^ "N.C. Montagnards Desperate For News From Vietnam". WRAL-TV (Raleigh, NC Breaking News, Weather, Traffic - WRAL NBC affiliate). RALEIGH, N.C. April 12, 2004.
  81. ^ "Vietnam Sends More Forces to Central Highlands". ExpertClick NewsReleaseWire. Washington, DC 20036: Broadcast Interview Source, Inc. April 17, 2004.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  82. ^ "Gia Lai leader rejects allegation on Central Highlands situation". Vietnam News Agency. Gia Lai. 28 April 2004.
  83. ^ Toh-Pantin, Christina (27 April 2004). "Vietnam police recount attacks by protesters". AlertNet. BUON MA THUOT, Vietnam. Reuters. Archived from the original on 2004-05-13.
  84. ^ "All aspects of life remain normal in Central Highlands". 2004-04-16.
  85. ^ "Vietnam accuses ethnic minorities of staging uprising to call for independent state". The Monterey County Herald. HANOI, Vietnam. Associated Press. April 19, 2004.
  86. ^ "Vietnam accuses ethnic minorities of staging uprising to call for independent state". The Mercury News. HANOI, Vietnam. Associated Press. April 19, 2004.
  87. ^ DOW JONES NEWSWIRES (April 19, 2004). "Vietnam Accuses Ethnic Christian Grp Of Staging Uprising". US-Vietnam Trade Council. HANOI (AP).
  88. ^ "Official says central highlands unrest planned". Vietnam News Agency. Dac Lac. 2004-04-27. Archived from the original on 2004-06-23.
  89. ^ MASON, MARGIE (April 27, 2004). "Vietnamese governor questions U.S. government involvement in Central Highlands protests". The Mercury News. BUON MA THUOT, Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2004-06-15.
  90. ^ MASON, MARGIE (2004-04-27). "VIETNAM HITS BACK AT U.S. OVER MONTAGNARDS". Radio Free Asia. Associated Press.
  91. ^ "Hanoi vows to stamp out violence in Central Highlands". ABC Radio Australia News. 2004-05-12. Archived from the original on 2004-12-22.
  92. ^ VOA News (11 May 2004). "Vietnam: Government Weakness Partly to Blame for Protests". Voice of America.
  93. ^ VOA News (2004-05-11). "Vietnam: Government Weakness Partly to Blame for Protests". Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale e Transpartito. Rome, Italy.
  94. ^ Linki – Naomi Watts
  95. ^ MASON, MARGIE (April 26, 2004). "Vietnam opens Central Highlands to journalists weeks after violent mass protests". The Mercury News. PLEIKU, Vietnam.
  96. ^ Toh-Pantin, Christina (26 April 2004). "Vietnam protesters contrite, media visit highlands". AlertNet. Archived from the original on 2004-05-13.
  97. ^ AP. "Hanoi opens highlands to journalists". Borneo Bulletin Online. PLEIKU, Vietnam.
  98. ^ Parker, Jenni (April 14, 2004). "Commentary & News Briefs". Agape Press Christian News Service. Archived from the original on 2004-05-31.
  99. ^ Agence France-Presse (2004-04-12). "Vietnam army cracks down on minorities after protests". Taiwan News Online. Archived from the original on 2004-10-28.
  100. ^ Toh-Pantin, Christina (12 April 2004). "Vietnam confirms ethnic unrest in highlands". Reuters AlertNet. HANOI. Archived from the original on 2004-04-28.
  101. ^ "Vietnam lifts bans on visits to Highlands". ABC Radio Australia News. 2004-04-24. Archived from the original on 2004-09-04.
  102. ^ AP (May 2, 2004). "Foreign journalists visit highlands". Borneo Bulletin. BUON MA THUOT, Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2004-05-07.
  103. ^ "New repression of Montagnard tribals". AsiaNews. Ho Chi Minh City. 13 April 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-10-28.
  104. ^ "UN SLAMS CAMBODIA'S TREATMENT OF MONTAGNARD REFUGEES". Radio Free Asia. PHNOM PENH. 2004-05-07. Archived from the original on 2004-05-07. Alt URL
  105. ^ http://khmerconnection.com/topic/un-slams-cambodias-treatment-of-montagnard-refugees-26348/ Archived 2016-08-16 at the Wayback Machine
  106. ^ "MORE MONTAGNARDS REACH UN OFFICE IN CAMBODIA". Radio Free Asia. PHNOM PENH. 2004-06-09.
  107. ^ Radio Free Asia (May 28, 2004). "Montagnards: Four more Montagnards fled to Cambodia". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Bangkok.
  108. ^ Staff (2004-04-22). "Cambodian hill tribe family murdereds". ABC Radio Australia News. Archived from the original on 2004-05-15.
  109. ^ MASON, MARGIE (2004-04-27). "Cambodia Forces Montagnard Refugees Back to Vietnam". Radio Free Asia. Associated Press.
  110. ^ SIHANOUK, NORODOM (April 15, 2004). "Montagnards: King Sihanouks statement on the current Montagnard situation in Vietnam". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Pyongyang.
  111. ^ "CAMBODIAN KING WANTS VIETNAMESE MONTAGNARDS PROTECTED". Radio Free Asia. 2004-04-16. Archived from the original on 2004-06-02.
  112. ^ "KKF President wants Vietnamese Montagnards Protected". The Khmer Krom Network. 2004.
  113. ^ "Human Rights Group Condemns Vietnam for Treatment of Montagnards - 2004-04-14". Voice of America. Bangkok. October 30, 2009.
  114. ^ Amelia-Collins, Nancy (14 April 2004). "Human Rights Group Condemns Vietnam for Treatment of Montagnards". Voice of America. Bangkok.
  115. ^ Ksor, Kok (April 16, 2004). "THE FORGOTTEN ALLIES". AASSIST News Service (ANS). Archived from the original on 2004-07-03.
  116. ^ "HRW calls for international inquiry on Montagnard persecution". AsiaNews.it. VIETNAM. 23 April 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-09-01.
  117. ^ AFP (20 April 2004). "EU voices concern over Easter clashes in Vietnam's Central Highlands". EUbusiness. Archived from the original on 2004-05-25.
  118. ^ Amelia-Collins, Nancy (14 April 2004). "Human Rights Group Condemns Vietnam for Treatment of Montagnards". Voice of America. Bangkok. Archived from the original on 2004-04-14.
  119. ^ Robinson, Dan (11 May 2004). "US House Criticizes Vietnam for Human Rights Violations". Voice of America. Capitol Hill.
  120. ^ "US House Criticizes Vietnam for Human Rights Violations". Voice of America. C. 2004-05-11.
  121. ^ "FOR MIN CALLS VIETNAMESE AMBASSADOR TO DISCUSS MONTAGNARD". Agenzia Giornalistica Italia. Rome, Italy. April 13, 2004.
  122. ^ "FOR MIN CALLS VIETNAMESE AMBASSADOR TO DISCUSS MONTAGNARD". Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale e Transpartito. Rome, Italy. 2004-04-13.
  123. ^ "ON THE OCCASION OF THE VOTE ON THE REPORT ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD (KEYSER REPORT), THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT HAS VOTED AN ORAL AMENDMENT BY GIANFRANCO DELL'ALBA, ON BEHALF OF THE RADICAL MEPS". Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale e Transpartito. Transnational Radical Party Press Release. 2004-04-22. Archived from the original on 2004-06-24.
  124. ^ DOW JONES NEWSWIRES (2004-04-19). "Fabrication about Central Highlands situation rejected". Vietnam News Agency. Ha Noi, Apr. 19 (VNA). Archived from the original on 2004-05-04.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  125. ^ "Easter Massacre Vigil: Reps. Betty McCollum, Phil Crane Blasted at Laos, Vietnam Protests in Washington". U.S. Newswire. 2004-04-24.
  126. ^ Easter Massacre Vigil: Reps. Betty McCollum, Phil Crane Blasted at Laos, Vietnam Protests in Washington
  127. ^ "Vietnam: Montagnards Harshly Persecuted Forced Renunciation of Faith, Harassment, Violence, and Arrests". Human Rights Watch. March 30, 2011.
  128. ^ Vietnam: Montagnards Harshly Persecuted | Human Rights Watch
  129. ^ Nadia Hussain (2011). "The Persecution of the Degar People". Restless Beings: Voice the voiceless. Archived from the original on 2016-03-13.
  130. ^ Nadia Hussain (18 August 2011). "The Persecution of the Degar People". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. the true voice of the Degar people. Archived from the original on 2014-07-09.
  131. ^ Nadia Hussain (18 August 2011). "The Persecution of the Degar People". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. the true voice of the Degar people.
  132. ^ "UN Committee Highlights Pattern of Racial Discrimination in Vietnam". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. UNPO. 21 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-02-18.
  133. ^ Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
  134. ^ Ðêgar (13 March 2013). "Degar Man Was Hung By Vietnamese Civilians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. UNPO. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013.
  135. ^ Ðêgar (13 March 2013). "Degar Man Was Hung By Vietnamese Civilians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. UNPO. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  136. ^ Ðêgar (13 March 2013). "Degar Man Was Hung By Vietnamese Civilians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 2014-02-04.
  137. ^ Ðêgar (6 December 2012). "Vietnam Continues To Persecute Degar Christians Regardless Of International Law". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012.
  138. ^ "Mass Raid Against Degar Christians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-02-18.
  139. ^ MFIpr (9 March 2012). "Vietnamese Authorities Continue Interrogating And Threatening So Called "ILLEGAL" Christians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012.
  140. ^ Mr. Kok Ksor (21 February 2012). "Kok Ksor's Statement to CERD 80th Session". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 21 February 2012.
  141. ^ Ðêgar (24 November 2011). "Vietnamese Security Forces beat and threaten relatives of Christian Prisoner". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011.
  142. ^ Ðêgar (14 September 2011). "Vietnam Sentences Degar Christian to 5 Years". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 14 September 2011.
  143. ^ Ðêgar (12 September 2011). "A Mother's Silent Pain". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011.
  144. ^ Ðêgar (23 February 2011). "VN authorities beat and torment Montagnard men". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02.
  145. ^ Ðêgar (24 February 2011). "VN Uses Dogs To Attack Degar Christian". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011.
  146. ^ Reynalds, Jeremy (October 15, 2007). "Persecution of Degar Montagnards Continues". Worthy News.
  147. ^ "Vietnam religious minorities face persecution says activist". Expatica. 20 February 2012.
  148. ^ Vietnam religious minorities face persecution says activist | News | Expatica Switzerland
  149. ^ Voice of America (May 15, 2012). "Degar-Montagnards: Vietnamese Minority Groups Unite". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Voice of America.
  150. ^ Voice of America (November 20, 2012). "Degar-Montagnards: Refugees In Cambodia's Jungles". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Voice of America.
  151. ^ Wral.com (February 4, 2013). "Degar-Montagnards: Father Reunited With His Family After 6 Years". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Wral.com.
  152. ^ Biblical Recorder (December 4, 2013). "Degar-Montagnards: 11 Christian Vietnamese And Cambodian Refugees Ordained". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Biblical Recorder.
  153. ^ Montagnard Foundation (May 28, 2009). "Montagnard: Government Destroys First Christian Degar Church". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Montagnard Foundation.
  154. ^ Charisma Magazine (August 19, 2011). "Degar Montagnard: Beaten for Worshiping in Church". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Charisma Magazine.
  155. ^ Montagnard Foundation (October 1, 2010). "Degar Montagnard: Foundation Announces Establishment Of "Sang Ae Die Degar" Christian Church In Vietnam". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Montagnard Foundation.
  156. ^ Evans, Robert; Enuol, Rich (November 16, 2014). "I Don't Know My Age: 5 Things I Learned in My Isolated Tribe". Cracked.com.
  157. ^ Montagnard Christians in Vietnam A Case Study in Religious Repression (PDF) (Report). Human Rights Watch. March 2011. ISBN 978-1-56432-755-0.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_the_Montagnard_in_Vietnam&oldid=1248663894"