Mount Royal (electoral district)

Mount Royal
Quebec electoral district
	Mount Royal in relation to other federal electoral districts in Montreal and Laval
Federal electoral district
Legislature	House of Commons
MP	Anthony Housefather; Liberal
;
District created	1924
First contested	1925
Last contested	2021
District webpage	profile, map
Demographics
Population (2016)	103,320
Electors (2019)	73,163
Area (km²)	23
Pop. density (per km²)	4,492.2
Census division(s)	Montreal
Census subdivision(s)	Montreal (part), Côte Saint-Luc, Mont Royal, Hampstead

Mount Royal (French: Mont-Royal) is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1925. Its population in 2006 was 98,888.

The riding is among the strongest Liberal ridings in the country. Réal Caouette, long-time leader of the Social Credit Party in Quebec, once said that a mailbox could win the Liberal nomination in Mount Royal and still win election just because it was red (the traditional colour of the Liberal Party). The Liberals have held the riding continuously since 1940, and have only been seriously threatened three times since then—in 1958, 1984 and 2011.

Its best-known MP is former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, who represented the riding from 1965 to 1984. Its current MP, Anthony Housefather, was elected on 19 October 2015, garnering 50.3% of the vote,^[3] and was profiled as one of 10 rookie MPs to watch in the new parliament.^[4]

The riding's English name was eliminated in the 2012 electoral redistribution but was reversed by the Riding Name Change Act, 2014.

The riding has a large Jewish population, the second-largest in Canada at 30.7 percent.^[5] It is one of only two ridings in Canada with a Jewish plurality (the other being Thornhill in the Regional Municipality of York in Ontario).^{[citation needed]}

Geography

The district includes the City of Côte Saint-Luc, the Towns of Mount Royal and Hampstead, the neighbourhood of Snowdon and the western part of the neighbourhood of Côte-des-Neiges in the city of Montreal, Quebec.

Demographics

According to the 2011 Canadian census^[6]

Ethnic groups: 62.1% White, 10.8% Filipino, 6.3% Black, 5.5% South Asian, 3.4% Arab, 3.3% Southeast Asian, 2.9% Chinese, 2.1% Latino, 1.2% West Asian, 2.4% Other
Languages: 33.0% English, 23.8% French, 5.4% Tagalog, 4.2% Russian, 3.5% Arabic, 2.9% Spanish, 2.4% Chinese, 2.2% Romanian, 1.9% Tamil, 1.8% Vietnamese, 1.7% Hebrew, 1.7% Yiddish, 1.6% Italian, 1.4% Bengali, 1.2% Greek, 1.2% Persian, 10.1% Other
Religions: 44.4% Christian, 30.7% Jewish, 7.4% Muslim, 2.8% Hindu, 2.1% Buddhist, 0.3% Other, 12.3% None
Median income: $24,313 (2010)
Average income: $48,466 (2010)

According to the 2016 Canadian census

2016 mother tongue languages (top twenty) : 31.5% English, 25.1% French, 5.8% Tagalog. 3.8% Arabic, 3.8% Russian, 2.8% Spanish, 2.2% Farsi, 2.1% Romanian, 1.8% Vietnamese, 1.8% Mandarin, 1.6% Italian, 1.6% Hebrew, 1.5% Tamil, 1.3% Bengali, 1.2% Greek, 1.1% Yiddish, 0.7% Hungarian, 0.7% Cantonese, 0.6% Portuguese, 0.5% Korean, 0.5% Polish, 0.5% Creole languages^[7]

History

The electoral district was created in 1924 mostly from Jacques-Cartier, Westmount—Saint-Henri and Laurier—Outremont ridings, with small parts taken from St. Antoine and St. Lawrence—St. George. The electoral district was actually abolished twice since 1924, in 1966 and in 1987; however, the district to replace it kept the same name and incumbent both times. Between the 1935 and 1949 elections, the riding did not contain any of the Town of Mount Royal, and was instead based in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and Montreal West.

This riding remained largely intact during the 2012 electoral redistribution, losing a small (uninhabited) territory to Outremont.

Former boundaries

2004 to 2011 election

Members of Parliament

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Parliament	Years		Party
Mount Royal Riding created from Jacques-Cartier, Laurier—Outremont, Westmount—St. Henri, St. Antoine and St. Lawrence—St. George
15th	1925–1926	Robert Smeaton White	Conservative
16th	1926–1930
17th	1930–1935
18th	1935–1940	William Allen Walsh
19th	1940–1945	Fred Whitman	Liberal
20th	1945–1949	Fred Whitman
21st	1949–1953	Alan Macnaughton
22nd	1953–1957
23rd	1957–1958
24th	1958–1962
25th	1962–1963
26th	1963–1965
27th	1965–1968	Pierre Trudeau
28th	1968–1972
29th	1972–1974
30th	1974–1979
31st	1979–1980
32nd	1980–1984
33rd	1984–1988	Sheila Finestone
34th	1988–1993
35th	1993–1997
36th	1997–1999
36th	1999–2000	Irwin Cotler
37th	2000–2004
38th	2004–2006
39th	2006–2008
40th	2008–2011
41st	2011–2015
42nd	2015–2019	Anthony Housefather
43rd	2019–2021
44th	2021–present

Election results

v t e 2021 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Liberal	Anthony Housefather	23,292	57.71	+1.42	$93,203.95
	Conservative	Frank Cavallaro	9,871	24.46	-0.47	$16,697.71
	New Democratic	Ibrahim Bruno El-Khoury	3,378	8.37	+0.11	$575.63
	Bloc Québécois	Yegor Komarov	1,582	3.92	-0.10	$2,242.01
	Green	Clement Badra	1,085	2.78	-2.69	$638.61
	People's	Zachary Lozoff	1,053	2.61	+1.78	$0.00
	Marxist–Leninist	Diane Johnston	96	0.24	+0.04	$0.00
Total valid votes/Expense limit			40,357	–	–	$107,092.98
Total rejected ballots
Turnout			56.72	-3.69
Eligible voters			71,153
	Liberal hold		Swing		+0.94
Source: Elections Canada^[8]

2021 federal election redistributed results^[9]
Party		Vote	%
	Liberal	23,987	57.41
	Conservative	10,057	24.07
	New Democratic	3,689	8.83
	Bloc Québécois	1,701	4.07
	Green	1,142	2.73
	People's	1,107	2.65
	Others	101	0.24

v t e 2019 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Liberal	Anthony Housefather	24,590	56.30	+5.95	$75,605.49
	Conservative	David Tordjman	10,887	24.93	-12.96	$80,742.48
	New Democratic	Eric-Abel Baland	3,609	8.26	+0.18	none listed
	Green	Clément Badra	2,389	5.47	+3.92	$4,397.05
	Bloc Québécois	Xavier Levesque	1,757	4.02	+2.12	none listed
	People's	Zachary Lozoff	362	0.83	–	$0.00
	Marxist–Leninist	Diane Johnston	85	0.19	-0.07	$0.00
Total valid votes/expense limit			43,679	98.68
Total rejected ballots			583	1.32
Turnout			44,262	60.41
Eligible voters			73,273
	Liberal hold		Swing		+9.46
Source: Elections Canada^[10]^[11]

2015 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Liberal	Anthony Housefather	24,187	50.34	+8.93	$95,380.32
	Conservative	Robert Libman	18,201	37.88	+2.27	$157,866.00
	New Democratic	Mario Jacinto Rimbao	3,884	8.08	-9.77	$8,395.91
	Bloc Québécois	Jade Bossé-Bélanger	908	1.90	-1.01	$198.94
	Green	Timothy Landry	747	1.55	-0.20	–
	Marxist–Leninist	Diane Johnston	124	0.26	-0.02	–
Total valid votes/Expense limit			48,051	100.00	–	$207,183.11
Total rejected ballots			425	0.88	–	–
Turnout			48,476	65.18	+7.54	–
Eligible voters			74,374	–	–	–
	Liberal hold		Swing		+6.66
Source: Elections Canada^[12]^[13]

2011 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Liberal	Irwin Cotler	16,151	41.41	-14.24	–
	Conservative	Saulie Zajdel	13,891	35.61	+8.28	–
	New Democratic	Jeff Itcush	6,963	17.85	+10.13	–
	Bloc Québécois	Gabriel Dumais	1,136	2.91	-1.45	–
	Green	Brian Sarwer-Foner	683	1.75	-2.67	–
	Marxist–Leninist	Diane Johnston	109	0.28	+0.01	–
	Independent	Abraham Weizfeld	74	0.19	–	–
Total valid votes/Expense limit			39,007	100.00	–	–
Total rejected ballots			312	0.79	+0.04	–
Turnout			39,319	57.64	+5.34	–

2008 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Liberal	Irwin Cotler	19,702	55.65	-9.90	$70,302
	Conservative	Rafael Tzoubari	9,676	27.33	+9.43	$63,120
	New Democratic	Nicolas Thibodeau	2,733	7.72	+1.02	$3,089
	Green	Tyrell Alexander	1,565	4.42	+0.57	$600
	Bloc Québécois	Maryse Lavallée	1,543	4.36	-1.35	$6,931
	Marxist–Leninist	Diane Johnston	97	0.27	-0.02
	Communist	Antonio Artuso	89	0.25	–	$907
Total valid votes/Expense limit			35,405	100.00	–	$80,838
Total rejected ballots			268	0.75	+0.06	–
Turnout			35,673	52.30	-0.51	–

2006 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Liberal	Irwin Cotler	24,248	65.55	-10.13	$66,099
	Conservative	Neil Martin Drabkin	6,621	17.90	+9.27	$41,404
	New Democratic	Nicolas Thibodeau	2,479	6.70	+1.79	$2,810
	Bloc Québécois	Guillaume Dussault	2,112	5.71	-1.25	$8,542
	Green	Damien Pichereau	1,423	3.85	+1.09
	Marxist–Leninist	Diane Johnston	106	0.29	+0.04
Total valid votes/Expense limit			36,989	100.00	–	$75,740
Total rejected ballots			241	0.65	-0.18	–
Turnout			37,230	52.81	-0.59	–

2004 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Liberal	Irwin Cotler	28,670	75.68	-5.56	$79,191
	Conservative	Matthew Fireman	3,271	8.63	-1.02	$16,501
	Bloc Québécois	Vincent Gagnon	2,636	6.96	+2.69	$5,960
	New Democratic	Sébastien Beaudet	1,859	4.91	+2.37	$2,199
	Green	Adam Sommerfeld	1,046	2.76	+1.09
	Marijuana	Adam Greenblatt	308	0.81	–
	Marxist–Leninist	Diane Johnston	94	0.25	–
Total valid votes/Expense limit			37,884	100.00	–	$74,792
Total rejected ballots			317	0.83	–	–
Turnout			38,201	53.40	–	–

Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

2000 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Irwin Cotler	33,118	81.24	-10.74
	Progressive Conservative	Stephane Gelgoot	2,489	6.11	+2.34
	Bloc Québécois	Jean-Sebastien Houle	1,740	4.27	+2.03
	Alliance	Alex Gabanski	1,444	3.54
	New Democratic	Maria Pia Chávez	1,034	2.54	+0.52
	Green	Jean-Claude Balu	681	1.67
	Communist	Judith Chafoya	140	0.34
	Natural Law	Ena Kahn	122	0.30
Total valid votes			40,768	100.00	–

Canadian federal by-election, 15 November 1999
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
Resignation of Sheila Finestone, 10 August 1999
	Liberal	Irwin Cotler	15,820	91.98	+29.72
	Progressive Conservative	Noel Earl Alexander	648	3.77	-6.58
	Bloc Québécois	Mathieu Alarie	385	2.24	-1.86
	New Democratic	Serge Granger	347	2.02	+0.02
Total valid votes			17,200	100.00	–

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.

1997 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Sheila Finestone	30,115	62.26	-20.68
	Independent	Howard Galganov	10,090	20.86
	Progressive Conservative	Carolyn Steinman	5,006	10.35	+4.57
	Bloc Québécois	Jacques Thibaudeau	1,981	4.10	-2.86
	New Democratic	Adam Giambrone	966	2.00	+0.33
	Natural Law	Ena Kahn	211	0.44	-0.21
Total valid votes			48,369	100.00	–

1993 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Sheila Finestone	39,598	82.94	+23.09
	Bloc Québécois	Guillaume Dumas	3,324	6.96
	Progressive Conservative	Neil Drabkin	2,758	5.78	-26.17
	New Democratic	Michael Richard Werbowski	796	1.67	-3.70
	Independent	Harry Polansky	537	1.12
	Natural Law	Ken Matthews	312	0.65
	National	Kurtis Law	300	0.63
	Commonwealth of Canada	Georges Duchesnay	71	0.15	-0.09
	Abolitionist	Marie Vienneau	47	0.10
Total valid votes			47,743	100.00	–

1988 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Sheila Finestone	27,354	59.85	+12.38
	Progressive Conservative	Robert Presser	14,601	31.95	-7.14
	New Democratic	Tariq Alvi	2,455	5.37	-4.52
	Rhinoceros	Lady Be Ann Poulin	512	1.12	-0.50
	Green	Daniel Reicher	438	0.96
	Independent	Barry Goodman	165	0.36
	Commonwealth of Canada	Paul G. Fraleigh	108	0.24	+0.07
	Independent	Abe Rosner	68	0.15
Total valid votes			45,701	100.00	–

1984 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Sheila Finestone	22,716	47.47	-33.76
	Progressive Conservative	Sharon Wolfe	18,707	39.09	+28.52
	New Democratic	Nancy Pearson	4,735	9.89	+4.23
	Rhinoceros	Claude Parachute Racine	776	1.62	-0.10
	Parti nationaliste	André Daoust	392	0.82
	Libertarian	Victor Lévis	338	0.71	+0.41
	Independent	Mark Sholzberg	110	0.23
	Commonwealth of Canada	Guy R. Huard	80	0.17
Total valid votes			47,854	100.00	–

1980 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Pierre Trudeau	33,821	81.23	-3.9
	Progressive Conservative	Harry Bloomfield	4,402	10.57	+3.4
	New Democratic	David C. Winch	2,356	5.66	+1.7
	Rhinoceros	Michel Flybin Rivard	715	1.72	+0.4
	Independent	Gordon Edwards	149	0.36
	Libertarian	Eddie Paul	126	0.30
	Marxist–Leninist	Liz Watkins	68	0.16	+0.0
Total valid votes			41,637	100.00	–

1979 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Pierre Trudeau	43,202	85.2	+10.2
	Progressive Conservative	J. David Dejong	3,660	7.2	-6.1
	New Democratic	David C. Winch	2,023	4.0	-5.8
	Social Credit	Laflèche Trudeau	1,049	2.1	1.1
	Rhinoceros	Jacques Ferron	649	1.3
	Communist	David G. Johnston	81	0.2
	Marxist–Leninist	Robert Verrier	61	0.1	-0.3
Total valid votes			50,725	100.0	–

1974 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Pierre Trudeau	32,166	75.0	-5.6
	Progressive Conservative	Émile Mashaal	5,723	13.3	+3.6
	New Democratic	Joe Rabinovitch	4,214	9.8	+2.7
	Social Credit	Bertrand Marcil	414	1.0	-0.4
	Independent	Edward J. Sommer	211	0.5
	Marxist–Leninist	Robert A. Cruise	162	0.4	+0.2
Total valid votes			42,890	100.0	–

1972 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Pierre Trudeau	36,875	80.6	-10.1
	Progressive Conservative	Andrew Albert Brichant	4,446	9.7	+5.0
	New Democratic	Harry Yudin	3,274	7.2	+3.3
	Social Credit	Alexander O. Bronstein	625	1.4	+1.2
	Independent	Gaston Miron	433	0.9
	Independent	Robert A. Cruise	80	0.2
Total valid votes			45,733	100.0	–

Note: Social Credit vote is compared to Ralliement créditiste vote in the 1968 election.

1968 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Pierre Trudeau	37,402	90.8	+35.1
	Progressive Conservative	Huguette Marleau	1,965	4.8	-8.8
	New Democratic	Jussy Brainin	1,583	3.8	-25.8
	Independent	Walter Gallagher	182	0.4
	Ralliement créditiste	Michel Lamonde	80	0.2	-1.0
Total valid votes			41,212	100.0	–

1965 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Pierre Trudeau	28,064	55.6	-14.7
	New Democratic	Charles Taylor	14,929	29.6	+13.1
	Progressive Conservative	Peter S. Wise	6,840	13.6	+2.9
	Ralliement créditiste	Michel Smith	598	1.2	-1.3
Total valid votes			50,431	100.0

Note: Ralliement créditiste vote is compared to Social Credit vote in the 1963 election.

1963 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Alan Macnaughton	37,648	70.4	+7.3
	New Democratic	Charles Taylor	8,855	16.5	+3.8
	Progressive Conservative	Thomas Joseph Coonan	5,693	10.6	-12.0
	Social Credit	Austin G. Gordon	1,318	2.5	+0.8
Total valid votes			53,514	100.0

1962 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Alan Macnaughton	31,654	63.0	+14.6
	Progressive Conservative	Stanley Shenkman	11,352	22.6	-24.7
	New Democratic	Charles Taylor	6,388	12.7	+8.4
	Social Credit	Henri-J. Bernard	845	1.7
Total valid votes			50,239	100.0

Note: NDP vote is compared to CCF vote in 1958 election.

1958 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Alan Macnaughton	22,051	48.4	-12.0
	Progressive Conservative	Reginald J. Dawson	21,562	47.3	+11.4
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Harold Atwill	1,952	4.3	+0.6
Total valid votes			45,565	100.0

1957 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Alan Macnaughton	23,330	60.4	-1.2
	Progressive Conservative	George Brown	13,861	35.9	+2.0
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Harold Atwill	1,420	3.7	+1.9
Total valid votes			38,611	100.0

1953 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Alan Macnaughton	17,183	61.7	-2.2
	Progressive Conservative	Dudley Holden Kerr	9,460	33.9	-0.1
	Labor–Progressive	Norman Nerenberg	727	2.6
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Ross Worrall	500	1.8	-0.3
Total valid votes			27,870	100.0

1949 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
	Liberal	Alan Macnaughton	21,654	63.8
	Progressive Conservative	Earle Moore	11,550	34.0
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Ross Edward Worrall	719	2.1
Total valid votes			33,923	100.0

1945 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Frederick Primrose Whitman	20,925	46.76	-9.72
	Progressive Conservative	St. Clair Holland	17,798	39.77	+1.89
	Co-operative Commonwealth	John Stanley Allen	3,608	8.06	+2.42
	Independent PC	Gilbert Layton	1,270	2.84
	Labor–Progressive	Beryl Truax	1,147	2.56
Total valid votes			44,748	100.0
	Liberal hold		Swing		-5.80

Note: Progressive Conservative vote is compared to "National Government" vote in 1940 election.

1940 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Frederick Primrose Whitman	19,858	56.48	+19.96
	National Government	William Allen Walsh	13,319	37.88	-11.57
	Co-operative Commonwealth	John Stanley Allen	1,983	5.64	+1.14
Total valid votes			35,160	100.0
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing		+15.76

Note: "National Government" vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election.

1935 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	William Allen Walsh	16,203	49.44	-26.01
	Liberal	Adam Kirk Cameron	11,967	36.52	+11.98
	Reconstruction	Clifford Henry Cheasley	2,782	8.49
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Lloyd B. Almond	1,473	4.50
	Independent	Thomas Henry Carveth	343	1.05
Total valid votes			32,768	100.0
	Conservative hold		Swing		-18.99

1930 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Robert Smeaton White	19,932	75.46	-0.55
	Liberal	Octavia Grace Ritchie England	6,483	24.54	+0.55
Total valid votes			26,415	100.0
	Conservative hold		Swing		-0.55

1926 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Robert Smeaton White	14,249	76.00	+6.33
	Liberal	Thomas Henry Carveth	4,499	24.00
Total valid votes			18,748	100.0

1925 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
	Conservative	Robert Smeaton White	16,377	69.67
	Independent Liberal	Robert Louis Calder	7,129	30.33
Total valid votes			23,506	100.0

References

"Mount Royal (electoral district) (Code 24044) Census Profile". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
Campaign expense data from Elections Canada

Riding history from the Library of Parliament:

Notes

^ Statistics Canada: 2016
^ Statistics Canada: 2016
^ "Quebec / Mount Royal". Elections Canada. 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
^ "Nearly 200 rookie MPs were elected on Monday. Here's who to watch". National Post. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
^ "Statistics Canada: 2011 National Household Survey Profile". 8 May 2013.
^ "Statistics Canada: 2011 National Household Survey Profile". 8 May 2013.
^ "Mother Tongue (269), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age (15A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces and Territories and Federal Electoral Districts (2013 Representation Order), 2016 Census - 100% Data". 2 August 2017.
^ "List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election". Elections Canada. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ "Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders". Elections Canada. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
^ "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
^ "Official Voting Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^ Elections Canada – Election Results, 22 October 2015
^ Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates

Parliament of Canada
Preceded by Algoma East Yellowhead	Constituency represented by the Prime Minister 1968–1979 1980–1984	Succeeded by Yellowhead Manicouagan

45°31′00″N 73°38′30″W / 45.51667°N 73.64167°W / 45.51667; -73.64167

[1] Statistics Canada: 2016

[2] Statistics Canada: 2016

[3] "Quebec / Mount Royal". Elections Canada. 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2017.

[4] "Nearly 200 rookie MPs were elected on Monday. Here's who to watch". National Post. Retrieved 22 October 2015.

[5] "Statistics Canada: 2011 National Household Survey Profile". 8 May 2013.

[6] "Statistics Canada: 2011 National Household Survey Profile". 8 May 2013.

[7] "Mother Tongue (269), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age (15A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces and Territories and Federal Electoral Districts (2013 Representation Order), 2016 Census - 100% Data". 2 August 2017.

[8] "List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election". Elections Canada. Retrieved 2 September 2021.

[9] "Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders". Elections Canada. Retrieved 9 April 2024.

[10] "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved 3 October 2019.

[11] "Official Voting Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

[12] Elections Canada – Election Results, 22 October 2015

[13] Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates

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