Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) composed several masses and separate mass movements (such as Kyrie).[1] Mozart composed most of his masses as a church musician in Salzburg:
- Masses for regular Sundays or smaller feasts belonged to the missa brevis type. In the context of Mozart's masses brevis (short) applies primarily to the duration, i.e. the whole mass ceremony took no longer than three quarters of an hour. Instrumentation for such a missa brevis would usually be limited to violins, continuo (which included the organ), and trombones doubling the choral parts of alto, tenor and bass.[1]
- The generic name for longer masses was missa longa, for more solemn and festive occasions. Additional instruments include oboes, trumpets, timpani, and for some of them also French horns. Instead of treating each part of the mass liturgy in a continuous rendition of the text, there are repeats, fugues, and subdivisions in several movements with separate orchestral introductions.[1]
- Missa longa is usually synonymous with missa solemnis (solemn mass), however in Mozart's Salzburg (due to duration restrictions imposed by archbishop Colloredo), a hybrid brevis et solemnis (short and solemn) seems to have existed, short in duration, but nonetheless for the more festive occasions, for example including a more elaborate orchestration than the usual missa brevis.[1]
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After moving to Vienna Mozart started to compose the Great Mass in C minor, with a broad orchestration including violas and 12 wind instruments. In 1791, he started writing a Requiem mass, which was unfinished when he died and was first completed by his pupil Franz Xaver Süssmayr.
Most nicknames of the masses were later additions. The attribution to Mozart has been disputed for several masses, most of these spurious works first published by Vincent Novello from 1819.
Masses and separate parts of the Mass Ordinary
edit| Bärenreiter NMA |
Breitkopf & Härtel AMA |
Novello's edition | Missa brevis No.[2] |
Year of composition | Köchel catalogue | Type[1] | Key | Alternative name(s) |
Place of composition and notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vol. 1/1 No. 1[3] | Serie I No. 1[4] | – | 1 | 1768 | K. 49 (47d) | brevis | G major | Vienna[1] | |
| Vol. 1/1 No. 2[3] | Serie I No. 4[5] | – | 1768 | K. 139 (47a) | solemnis (longa) | C minor | Waisenhausmesse Orphanage Mass |
Vienna[1] | |
| Vol. 1/1 No. 3[3] | Serie I No. 2[6] | – | 2 | 1769 | K. 65 (61a) | brevis | D minor | Salzburg | |
| Vol. 1/1 No. 4[3] | Serie I No. 3[7] | – | 1769 | K. 66 | solemnis (longa) | C major | (Pater) Dominicus (Father) Dominicus |
Salzburg | |
| Vol. 1/1 No. 5[3] | – | – | 6 | 1773 | K. 140 (235d, Anh. C1.12) | brevis | G major | Pastoralmesse Pastoral Mass[8] |
attribution uncertain |
| Vol. 1/2 No. 6[9] | Serie I No. 5[10] | – | 1773 | K. 167 | solemnis (longa) | C major | Missa in honorem Sanctissimae Trinitatis Mass in honour of the Most Holy Trinity Trinitatismesse |
Salzburg | |
| Vol. 1/2 No. 7[9] | Serie I No. 6[11] | No. 3[12] | 3 | 1774 | K. 192 (186f) | brevis | F major | Kleine Credo Messe Little Credo Mass |
Salzburg |
| Vol. 1/2 No. 8[9] | Serie I No. 7[13] | No. 6[14] | 4 | 1774 | K. 194 (186h) | brevis | D major | Salzburg | |
| Vol. 1/2 No. 9[9] | Serie I No. 8[15] | No. 5[16] | 5 | 1775–1776 | K. 220 (196b) | brevis et solemnis | C major | Spatzenmesse Sparrow Mass |
Salzburg |
| Vol. 1/2 No. 10[9] | Serie I No. 12[17] | – | 1776 | K. 262 (246a) | longa | C major | Longa | Salzburg | |
| Vol. 1/3 No. 11[18] | Serie I No. 9[19] | No. 2[20] | 1776 | K. 257 | brevis and/or solemnis, longa | C major | Credo Große Credo-Messe Great Credo Mass |
Salzburg | |
| Vol. 1/3 No. 12[18] | Serie I No. 10[21] | No. 4[22] | 7 | 1775 | K. 258 | brevis (et solemnis) | C major | Piccolomini or Spaur Mass (Both nicknames are misleading.)[23] |
Salzburg |
| Vol. 1/3 No. 13[18] | Serie I No. 11[24] | No. 11[25] | 8 | 1775 or 1776 | K. 259 | brevis (et solemnis) | C major | Orgelsolo Organ solo |
Salzburg |
| Vol. 1/4 No. 14[26] | Serie I No. 13[27] | No. 10[28] | 9 | 1777 | K. 275 (272b) | brevis | B-flat major | Salzburg | |
| Vol. 1/4 No. 15[26] | Serie I No. 14[29] | No. 1[30] | 1779 | K. 317 | brevis (or longa) | C major | Krönungsmesse Coronation Mass |
Salzburg "shortest longa"[1] | |
| Vol. 1/4 No. 16[26] | Serie I No. 15[31] | No. 14[32] | 1780 | K. 337 | solemnis (and/or brevis) | C major | Missa solemnis or Hofmesse[1] or Missa aulica[33] i.e. court mass |
Salzburg | |
| Vol. 1/5[34] | Serie XXIV No. 29[35] |
– | 1782–1783 | K. 427 (417a) | solemnis | C minor | Große Messe Great Mass |
Vienna and Salzburg incomplete | |
| Vol. 1/6 No. 1[36] | Serie III No. 1[36] |
1766 | K. 33 | Kyrie | F major | Paris[2][1] | |||
| Vol. 1/6 No. 2[37] | Serie III No. 2[37] |
1772 | K. 89 (73k) | Kyrie | G major | contrapuntal study[1] | |||
| Vol. 1/6 No. 3[37] | – | 1772 | K. 90 | Kyrie | D minor | contrapuntal study[1] | |||
| Vol. 1/6 No. 4[38] | – | 1772 | K. 223 (166e) | Hosanna | G major | contrapuntal study[1] | |||
| Vol. 1/6 No. 7[39] | Serie III No. 3[39] |
K. 322 (296a/b/Anh. 12) | Kyrie | E-flat major | fragment, completed by Maximilian Stadler | ||||
| Vol. 1/6 No. 9[40] | Serie III No. 4[40] |
K. 323 (Anh. 13) | Kyrie | C major | fragment, completed by Maximilian Stadler | ||||
| Vol. 1/6 No. 13[41] | Serie III No. 5[41] |
1780–1781? 1788? |
K. 341 (368a) | Kyrie | D minor | Munich[2] or Vienna?[1] large orchestra[1] | |||
| Vol. 2/1[42] | Serie XXIV No. 1[43] |
No. 15[44] | 1791 | K. 626 | Requiem | D minor | Vienna most often published with the completions by Süssmayr | ||
| Serie XXIV No. 33 |
– | 1771 (?) | K. 116 (90a) | brevis | F major | only the Kyrie is complete[45] reattributed to Leopold Mozart[1][46] | |||
| Serie XXIV No.28 |
– | 1771 (?) | K. 115 (166d) | brevis | C major | incomplete[47] reattributed to Leopold Mozart[1][48] | |||
| – | – | No. 12[49] | around 1800? | K. Anh. 232 (Anh. C1.04) | G major | Twelfth Mass[50] | attributed to Pichl in one source, Wenzel Müller in others[51][52] | ||
| – | – | No. 7[53] | K. Anh. 233 | B-flat major | attributed to Süssmayr by Mozart's widow[52] | ||||
| – | – | No. 8[53] | K. Anh. 234 (Anh. C1.08) | C major | attributed to Franz Gleißner[52] | ||||
| – | – | No. 9[53] | K. Anh. 235 (Anh. C1.09) | G major | attributed to Franz Gleißner[52] | ||||
| – | – | No. 13[54] | K. Anh. 186 | E-flat major | spurious[52] | ||||
| – | – | No. 16[54] | K. Anh. 186 | E-flat major | spurious[52] | ||||
| – | – | No. 17[54] | K. Anh. 185 | C major | spurious[52] | ||||
| – | – | No. 18[53] | K. Anh. 237 | Requiem brevis | D major | short Requiem | not by Mozart[52] |
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Cliff Eisen, Simon P. Keefe (eds.) The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-511-13767-9. ISBN 0-511-13767-2. ISBN 978-0-521-85659-1. ISBN 0-521-85659-0. pp. 271–280
- ^ a b c David Humphreys. "Sacred Music" in The Mozart Compendium: A Guide to Mozart's Life and Music, H. C. Robbins Landon (ed.). New York: Schirmer; London: Thames and Hudson. 1990. pp. 312–314.
- ^ a b c d e Walter Senn, |NMA I/1/Abt. 1/1: Masses vol. 1, Kritischer bericht (1977) p. a/1
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/1: Masses vol. 1, Kritischer Bericht (1977) p. a/5
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/1: Masses vol. 1, Kritischer Bericht (1977) p. a/13
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/1: Masses vol. 1, Kritischer Bericht (1977) p. a/58
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/1: Masses vol. 1, Kritischer Bericht (1977) p. a/69
- ^ VDKC concert calendar
- ^ a b c d e Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/2: Masses vol. 2, Kritischer Bericht (1978) p. b/1
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/2: Masses vol. 2, Kritischer Bericht (1978) p. b/5
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/2: Masses vol. 2, Kritischer Bericht (1978) p. b/18
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 177–179
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/2: Masses vol. 2, Kritischer Bericht (1978) p. b/30
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 180–181
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/2: Masses vol. 2, Kritischer Bericht (1978) p. b/38
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 204–205
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/2: Masses vol. 2, Kritischer Bericht (1978) p. b/53
- ^ a b c Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/3: Masses vol. 3, Kritischer Bericht (1981) p. c/1
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/3: Masses vol. 3, Kritischer Bericht (1981) p. c/5
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 225–226
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/3: Masses vol. 3, Kritischer Bericht (1981) p. c/26
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 226–227
- ^ Hildegard Herrmann-Schneider: "Rätsel der internationalen Mozart-Forschung gelöst" Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine (June 2007) (in German)
- ^ Walter Senn, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/3: Masses vol. 3, Kritischer Bericht (1981) p. c/44
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 228–229
- ^ a b c Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/4: Masses vol. 4, Kritischer Bericht (1999) p. d/1
- ^ Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/4: Masses vol. 4, Kritischer Bericht (1999) p. d/5
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 237–238
- ^ Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/4: Masses vol. 4, Kritischer Bericht (1999) p. d/25
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 263–264
- ^ Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/4: Masses vol. 4, Kritischer Bericht (1999) p. d/45
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 276–277
- ^ David Ian Black. Mozart and the Practice of Sacred Music, 1781-91[permanent dead link] (Ph. D. thesis). Harvard University, 2007. p. 239
- ^ Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/5: Masses vol. 5, Kritischer Bericht (1992) p. e/1
- ^ Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/5: Masses vol. 5, Kritischer Bericht (1992) p. e/5
- ^ a b Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/6: Masses vol. 6, Kritischer Bericht (2000) p. f/5
- ^ a b c Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/6: Masses vol. 6, Kritischer Bericht (2000) p. f/8
- ^ Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/6: Masses vol. 6, Kritischer Bericht (2000) p. f/10
- ^ a b Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/6: Masses vol. 6, Kritischer Bericht (2000) p. f/17
- ^ a b Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/6: Masses vol. 6, Kritischer Bericht (2000) p. f/23
- ^ a b Monika Holl, NMA I/1/Abt. 1/6: Masses vol. 6, Kritischer Bericht (2000) p. f/32
- ^ Dietrich Berke, Walburga Litschauer and Christoph Wolff, NMA I/1/Abt. 2/1: Requiem, Kritischer Bericht (2007) p. 3
- ^ Dietrich Berke, Walburga Litschauer and Christoph Wolff, NMA I/1/Abt. 2/1: Requiem, Kritischer Bericht (2007) p. 15
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 491–494
- ^ Köchel 1862, p. 118
- ^ Kyrie (attributed to Leopold Mozart): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- ^ Köchel 1862, pp. 117–118
- ^ Willi Schulze (ed.) Missa brevis C-Dur, KV 115, für Chor SATB und Orgel. Stuttgart: Carus, 1983. [1]
- ^ Köchel 1862, p. 521
- ^ Mark Everist. ″'Mozart's' 'Twelfth Mass': Case Closed?" in Mozart's Ghosts: Haunting the Halls of Musical Culture. Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-538917-3 pp. 129–156
- ^ Mass in G major (attributed to Wenzel Müller): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- ^ a b c d e f g h George Grove, A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vol. 3 (1907), pp. 313–314
- ^ a b c d Köchel 1862, p. 522
- ^ a b c Köchel 1862, p. 516
Sources
edit- Mozart's Masses with an Accompaniment for the Organ, arranged from the full score by Vincent Novello. London: Gallaway, 1819–1824
- The Three Favorite Masses, Composed by Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven, in Vocal Score, with an Accompaniment for the Organ or Pianoforte, by Vincent Novello. London: Novello, 1850.
- Ludwig Ritter von Köchel. Chronologisch-Thematisches Verzeichniss sämmtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amade Mozarts. Breitkopf & Härtel: Leipzig, 1862. (in German)
External links
edit- Köchel's Catalog of Mozart's Works
- Neue Mozart-Ausgabe website
- New Mozart Edition on-line (Masses are in "Serie I: Geistliche Gesangswerke")