Japan is regularly affected by natural disasters, with the country also being in the Ring of Fire. Two out of the five most expensive natural disasters in recent history have occurred in Japan, in 1995 (~6,500 deaths) and 2011 (~20,000 deaths) – the latter of which had also triggered the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. The most devastating recorded natural disaster to affect Japan by death toll was the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which killed ~105,000 and a further ~6,000 due to the Kantō Massacre in its immediate aftermath.
Japan has also been the site of some of the 10 worst natural disasters of the 21st century. Many types of natural disasters occur in Japan such as tsunamis, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, cyclones, and volcanic eruptions, leading to periodic disruptions in economic and social activities. The country has gone through thousands of years of natural disasters,[1] affecting and shaping Japanese culture, economy, development, and social life.
Volcanic eruptions
edit
Many volcanic eruptions have taken place in Japan.
List of major volcanic eruptions
edit| Year | Volcano | Death toll[2][3] | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1640 | Hokkaido Komagatake | about 700 | |
| 1707 | Mount Fuji | None | |
| 1721 | Mount Asama | 15 | |
| 1741 | Oshima (Hokkaido) | 1,467 | |
| 1779 | Sakurajima | 153 | |
| 1783 | Mount Asama | 1,151 | |
| 1785 | Aogashima | 130～140 | |
| 1792 | Mount Unzen | about 15,000 | |
| 1822 | Mount Usu | 103 | |
| 1888 | Mount Bandai | 461〜477[4] | |
| 1900 | Mount Adatara | 72 | |
| 1902 | Izu Torishima | 125 | |
| 1914 | Sakurajima | 58～59 | |
| 1926 | Mount Tokachi | 144 | |
| 1940 | Miyakejima | 11 | |
| 1952 | Bayonnaise Rocks | 31 | |
| 1958 | Mount Aso | 12 | |
| 1991 | Mount Unzen | 43 | |
| 2014 | Mount Ontake | 63 |
VEI-7 Volcanic eruptions
edit
There are three VEI-7 volcanoes in Japan. These are the Aira Caldera, Kikai Caldera and Aso Caldera.
Mount Aso is the largest active volcano in Japan. Mount Aso had four eruptions 300,000 to 90,000 years ago. It emitted huge amounts of volcanic ash that covered all of Kyushu and up to Yamaguchi Prefecture.
| Name | Zone | Location | Event / notes | Years ago before 1950 (Approx.) | Ejecta volume (Approx.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kikai Caldera | Japan, Ryukyu Islands | Akahoya eruption 5,300 BC | 7,300[5] | 170 km3 | |
| Aira Caldera | Japan, Kyūshū | Aira-Tanzawa ash | 30,000[5] | 450 km3 | |
| Aso Caldera | Japan, Kyūshū | Aso-4 pyroclastic flow | 90,000 | 600 km3 | |
| Mount Aso | Japan, Kyūshū | Four large eruptions between 300,000 and 90,000 years ago. | 300,000 | 600 km3 |
Earthquakes
editJapan has had a long history of earthquake catastrophes and seismic activity, the most deadly of which was the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. In the 21st century, the most severe earthquake that occurred was the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.
List of recent earthquakes in Japan
edit| Location | Date | Estimated deaths |
|---|---|---|
| Hokkaido earthquake | 1993, 12 July | 202
|
| Offshore Sanriku earthquake | 1994, 28 December | 3
|
| Kobe earthquake | 1995, 17 January | 6,434
|
| Ryukyu Islands earthquake | 1998, 4 May | 0
|
| Geiyo earthquake | 2001, 24 March | 2
|
| Hokkaido earthquake | 2003, 26 September | 1
|
| Chuetsu earthquake | 2004, 23 October | 40
|
| Fukuoka earthquake | 2005, 20 March | 1
|
| Miyagi earthquake | 2005, 16 August | 0
|
| Kuril Islands earthquake | 2006, 15 November | 0
|
| Kuril Islands earthquake | 2007, 13 January | 0
|
| Noto earthquake | 2007, 25 March | 1
|
| Chuetsu Offshore earthquake | 2007, 16 July | 11
|
| Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake | 2008, 14 June | 12
|
| Izu Islands earthquake | 2009, 9 August | 0
|
| Shizuoka earthquake | 2009, 11 August | 1
|
| Ryukyu Islands earthquake | 2010, 26 February | 1
|
| Bonin Islands earthquake | 2010, 21 December | 0
|
| Tohoku earthquake | 2011, 11 March | 19,759
|
| Miyagi earthquake aftershock | 2011, 7 April | 4
|
| Fukushima earthquake | 2011, 11 April | 6
|
| Fukushima earthquake aftershock | 2011, 10 July | 0
|
| Izu Islands earthquake | 2012, 1 January | 0
|
| Kamaishi earthquake | 2012, 7 December | 3
|
| Chiba earthquake | 2012, 14 March | 3
|
| Noto earthquake | 2024, 1 January | 360
|
Mudslides
editA mudslide, or mudflow, occurs when rocks, sand, and earth are loosened and fall from hills and mountains due to earthquake, rain or snow. In Japan, over two-thirds of the land is mountainous and therefore prone to mudslides.[6]
Major mudslide events
editJapan has experienced several major mudslide events, often due to other natural disasters.
Mount Ontake
editOn September 14, 1984, the Otaki earthquake (magnitude 6.8) in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, caused a major mudslide on the south face of Mount Ontake, which reached speeds of 80~100 km/h.[7] Heavy rain over several days prior to the quake contributed to causing the mudslide, known as "Ontake Kuzure," which took the lives of 29 people. After the disaster, barriers against mudslide were erected in nine locations at the foot of Mt. Ontake.[8]
Wakayama and Nara
editIn September 2011, Tropical Storm Talas (2011), which formed and was named on August 25, made landfall over Japan, bringing heavy rain to the mountainous Kii Peninsula, and causing a mudslide, called "Shinsohokai," in Wakayama and Nara. "Shinsohokai" means that not only soil collapses, but also bedrock. In this case, houses were covered with earth and sand from the mudslide and there were many injured and killed.[9]
Hiroshima
editIn June 2010, Hiroshima experienced heavy rains which caused severe damage, including mudslides and river floods; Shōbara had 64 mm rain in an hour and Hiroshima had 30–50 mm on June 12, 20-40mm on the 13th and 20-50mm on the 14th. Five people were killed and six injured; 1,787 houses were destroyed.[10]
Floods
editFloods and tsunamis are imbedded in Japanese culture and history. Southern parts of some regions are under sea level like Kyushu, Shikoku and Okinawa. Rising oceans are also making the Tokyo metropolitan area, home to 38 million people, vulnerable to storm surges.[11] Years of pumping up groundwater have caused some parts of the city to sink nearly 5 meters over the past century. This means that large parts of Tokyo are now below sea level and are only protected by outdated dikes.[12]
With a population of 127 million, the population density is very high. Most residential and industrial areas are located in low-lying areas, along rivers; these areas are very vulnerable to river flooding and flash floods. According to a 1985 study, 49 percent of the population and 75 percent of businesses are located in flood-prone areas. Given population growth in the Kanto Plain, where Japan's second-longest river, the Tone, is located, these shares are likely higher today. Water pushed to shore by strong winds or typhoons and coinciding with tide can cause significant sea level rise. These kinds of situations are then called a storm surge. In addition, precipitation is an increasing cause of flooding in Japan.[13]
Flood management
editFlood management has been important in Japan for generations. The first form of flood management dates back to the 4th century when the Manda-no-tsutsumi (Manda Levee) was built at the Yodo River. Here a narrow path runs along the old river near the inhabited areas. Today there is a monument.[14] Japan has many large-scale projects to protect its inhabitants from the water. For example, there is a lot of emphasis on breaking high waves and a lot of research is being done into the behavior of tsunamis.[15] After the devastating tsunami of 2011, the Japanese government decided to protect all vulnerable villages and towns along the coast by building sea walls that range from 8.5 meters to 24 meters in height. As much as eleven billion is spent on building this 400-kilometer-long concrete wall.[16] Inland, flood management in Japan is also important against river flooding. Many of these projects are also recognizable to us. The government is working on widening the river channels and building dikes. This is to limit the rise in a river's water level by increasing its cross-section and to prevent the land from flooding in times of flooding.
Management of floods include drainage basins, which are used to temporarily store the overflow of the river during a flood and to drain it again after the risk of flooding has passed. This prevents the downstream water levels from rising. In addition, they also include pumping stations; pumps are used to drain rainwater into the river in areas where the water level in the river is higher than the land. Lastly, dredging is also used. This is done to lower the water level in a river by deepening or dredging the river bed. Another important way of flood management is to create so-called shortcuts or shortcuts. The length of a river channel is shortened by straightening bends, so that flood water can flow through it quickly. And a flood management approach widely used by Japan is dams, such as the 186-meter high Kurobe Dam in Toyama Prefecture. These dams are huge, so it often takes years to build them. The function of these dams is to regulate the water flow upstream at the time of a flood, so that the flow is reduced downstream.[17]
Heatwaves
editHeatwaves have become increasingly common in Japan. June 2022 has seen the worst heatwave in 150 years.[18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Significant Earthquake: JAPAN". National Geophysical Data Center, part of the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service run by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
- ^ "わが国の主な火山災害". www.bousai.go.jp. 内閣府. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
- ^ "図録▽日本の主な火山被害". honkawa2.sakura.ne.jp. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
- ^ "過去に発生した火山災害". www.data.jma.go.jp. 気象庁. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
- ^ a b Smith; et al. (2013). "Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 67: 121–137. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026.
- ^ "Japan Institute of Country-ology and Engineering". www.jice.or.jp. JICE. 2007. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
- ^ "Naganoken Seibu Jishin (The earthquake which hit Nagano prefecture)". www.jma-net.go.jp. Matsuhiro Seismological Observatory. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
- ^ 長野県土木部砂防課 (1995). "Naganoken Seibu Jishin (The earthquake which hit Nagano prefecture)". Sabo Gakkaishi. 48 (4): 66–68. doi:10.11475/sabo1973.48.4_66.
- ^ "Kii Peninsula mudslide flooding". www.asahi.com. Asahi Sinbun DIGITAL. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
- ^ "Hiroshima Crisis-Management Department Crisis-Management Division". BOUSAI. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
- ^ "Global Flood Map | World Wide Map of Potential Flooding". globalfloodmap.org. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- ^ "How Tokyo is preparing for flooding". The Independent. 2017-10-18. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- ^ "OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies. Japan – OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- ^ "Jirej pamphlet".
- ^ Peters, Martijn (2018-10-30). "Japan, het voorbeeld van én voor het Nederland van morgen?". Medium. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- ^ Visser, Jeroen (December 5, 2018). "In Japan verdwijnt het uitzicht op zee achter een tsunamimuur". Volkskrant Kijk Verder (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- ^ "NARBO – Network of Asian River Basin Organizations". www.narbo.jp. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- ^ "Japan swelters in hottest temperatures for 150 years as early heatwave hits Northern Hemisphere". Sky News. Retrieved 2022-06-29.