Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Muhammad-Hasan al-Najafi (Arabic: محمد حسن النجفي, romanized: Muḥammad Ḥasan al-Najafī; 1785–1850),[1] also known as Sahib al-Jawahir (Arabic: صاحب الجواهر), was a prominent Shiite religious authority and author. He was most known for his books of Jawahir al-Kalam Fi Sharh Shara'i' al-Islam, a 42-volume work on fiqh.[2]
Muhammad-Hasan al-Najafi | |
|---|---|
الشيخ محمد حسن النجفي | |
 | |
| Personal | |
| Born | 1785 |
| Died | 1849 (aged 63–64) Najaf, Baghdad Eyalet, Ottoman Empire |
| Resting place | Imam Ali Shrine |
| Religion | Islam |
| Parent | Baqir al-Najafi (father) |
| Jurisprudence | Twelver Shia Islam |
| Other names | Sahib al-Jawahir, Arabic: صاحب الجواهر |
| Muslim leader | |
| Based in | Najaf, Iraq |
| Successor | Murtadha al-Ansari |
Birth
editThough the exact date of Muhammad Hasan's birth is unclear, Agha Bozorg Tehrani, a renowned Shi'ite scholar from Iran, puts it at around 1212 lunar Hijri (AD 1797). His father, Shaykh Muhammad Baqir Najafi,[3] along with his wife and Shaykh Muhammad Hassan's mother, were the grandchildren of Shaykh Abu Al-Hassan Al-Futuni Al-Amili, who is from Jabal Amil, Lebanon. His family lineage includes numerous religious scholars and his brother, Muhammad Hossein, who was killed as a young man. Muhammad Hasan had eight sons, and several daughters.
Usuli movement and Najaf seminary
editThe appearance of Muhammad Hasan was the result of a development in which some important persons contributed.[4] The Najaf seminary was the place where Akhbarism first appeared at the time when Muhammad Hasan lived in Najaf. In fact, after the establishment of the Usuli school in Shia thought, scholars such as Muhammad Baqir Behbahani, Moḥammad Mahdī Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, and Shaykh Ja'far Kashef al-Ghita developed Usulism from those foundations. When Kashef al-Ghata died, Muhammad Hasan was appointed as the chief of Najaf seminary. Many of the scholars and Ulama supported him for this position. He became very famous after his Excellency Agha Sayyed Ibrahim died. Muhammad Hasan then endorsed the injunctions of the late Ibrahim, and afterward became acquainted with the late Ibrahim's students. Shaykh Ansari was a pupil of Muhammad Hasan and he followed his teacher in managing the seminary.[5]
It is said that the institution of the Marja' in Shi'ism was not centralized until the time of Muhammad Hasan.[6] According to one of his students, during that time he developed the leadership of the Shia. Sayyed Muhammad Nasirabadi believes that Muhammad Hasan had an esoteric relationship with the twelfth Imam.[7]
Opinions
editMuhammad Hasan tried to continue the style of thought that has been started by Allamah Hilli: introducing substantial changes in tradition, without breaking the tradition altogether.[8]
Works
editPupils
edit- Mulla Zayn al-'Abidin al-Mazandarani
- Sayyid Husayn Kuhkamari'i
- Mulla Ali Kani (the author of Idah al-mushtabahat wa tawdih al-maqal)
- Muhammad Irawani
- Shaykh Ja'far al-Shushtari
- Shaykh Jawad (the author of Sharh al-lum'atayn)
- Shaykh Muhsin Khanfar
- Shaykh Muhsin A'sam (the author of Kashf al-falam)
- Sayyid Asad Allah Isfahani
- Shaykh al-'Iraqiyyin
- Shaykh Hasan al-Mamaqani
- Sayyid Husayn Bahr al-'Ulum
- Sayyid Mahmud al-Burujirdi
- Mulla Ali al-Khalili
- Sayyid Ibrahim Shari'atmadar al-Sabziwari
- Shaykh Murtaza Shushtari Ansari[10]
References
edit- ^ Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ḥusaynī Farāhānī; Hafez Farmayan; Elton L. Daniel (1990). A Shi'ite Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1885-1886: The Safarnâmeh of Mirzâ Mo Ammad Osayn Farâhâni. p. 73.
- ^ Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). "Introduction". The Just Ruler in Shî'ite Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-535329-7.
- ^ Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ḥusaynī Farāhānī; Hafez Farmayan; Elton L. Daniel (1990). A Shi'ite Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1885-1886: The Safarnâmeh of Mirzâ Mo Ammad Osayn Farâhâni. p. 73.
- ^ Denis MacEoin (2009). The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism,Volume 3 of Iran Studies. Brill. p. 53. ISBN 978-90-04-17035-3.
- ^ Said Amir Arjomand (1988). Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism. SUNY Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-88706-638-2.
- ^ ʻAbd al-Hādī Ḥāʼirī (1977). Shīʿīsm and Constitutionalism in Iran: A Study of the Role Played by the Persian Residents of Iraq in Iranian Politics. Brill Archive. p. 63. ISBN 90-04-04900-2.
- ^ Juan Cole (2002). Sacred Space And Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam. I.B.Tauris. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-86064-736-9.
- ^ Hamid Mavani (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-04472-5.
- ^ Gholamali Haddad Adel; Mohammad Jafar Elmi; Hassan Taromi-Rad (2012). Hawza-yi 'Ilmiyya, Shi'i Teaching Institution: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. p. 290.
- ^ Hamid Algar (1980). Religion and State in Iran, 1785-1906: The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-520-04100-4.