Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن الحسن) sometimes referred to as “Moulay Muhammad”, was the last Hafsid ruler of Ifriqiya (1573–1574). His brother Moulay Ahmad had been driven from power in 1569 by Uluç Ali and, when the Spanish reconquered Tunis, Ahmad was unwilling to accept their terms for supporting him, preferring instead to remain in exile in Sicily. So the Spanish invasion force under Don John of Austria installed Abu Abdallah Muhammad in his place.[1]
| Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan | |
|---|---|
| Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate | |
| Reign | 1573–1574 |
| Predecessor | Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III |
| Successor | In 1574, the Hafsid Sultanate has ceased to exist. |
| Born | Unknown date |
| Died | 1594 Istanbul |
| Dynasty | Hafsids |
| Religion | Islam |
Installation
edit
Abu Abdallah Muhammad was unable to prevent the Spaniards who had installed him from sacking the city. Some of the city's inhabitants took refuge in a mosque, but the soldiers went in and killed them. Don John also had the four marble columns in the Zeitouna mosque removed. These actions made Abu Abdallah Muhammad deeply unpopular.[2] The 17th century historian fr:Ibn Abi Dinar recounted the scene:
"The feet of the infidels trampled the schools, all the collections of science were scattered and dissipated in the streets, to such an extent that those passing to the east of the mosque could not pass without trampling them. And bells rang in the medina, and I heard some townspeople saying that the Christians were tying their horses in the Great Mosque."[3]
Muslims were driven out of a Christian-occupied part of the city, and hundreds of refugees crowded the surrounding area. Justice was administered by a tribunal made up of the Christian governor and Abu Abdallah Muhammad.[4]
The Turkish garrison fled Tunis and headed for Bizerte and Kairouan, leaving Abu Abdallah Muhammad as the nominal ruler of little more than Tunis and La Goulette.[2]
Removal from power
editTen months after Abu Abdallah Muhammad's installation, a major Ottoman attack was directed at Tunis, led by Sinan Pasha from Tripoli and by Uluç Ali from Algiers. On 15 July 1574 this force landed on the coast of the Gulf of Tunis and quickly took possession of the Spanish fortress of La Goulette. After two months of skirmishes, the Turkish ships entered through the La Goulette canal, and on 3 September the Ottoman armies entered Tunis.[5]
Abu Abdallah Muhammad was twice wounded by musket fire, captured and sent as a captive to Istanbul. There he was generously provided for and confined in the Yedikule Fortress, where he died in 1594.[6][7][8]
The end of the Hafsid dynasty
editAbu Abdallah Muhammad was the last member of the Hafsid dynasty to rule Ifriqiya. His eldest son Muley Nazar had also lived in Sicily but died during the battle of Tunis. Another of his sons, Muley Abderraman, was in Palermo in 1574 and wished to travel to the court in Madrid to swear fealty to Philip II in his father’s name, but the monarch ordered him to remain where he was. Muley Abderraman did not give up his claim to the throne. He tried to attract partisans in Tunis, taking advantage of a period of Ottoman weakness in the region. In 1594, claiming to be supported by several sheikhs and to have more than sixty thousand followers, he asked the Viceroy of Sicily to provide fifty or sixty galleys for an assault on Tunis but this was not granted to him.[8]
In 1581 the Spanish made one final attempt to restore the Hafsids. One of the Hafsid refugees in Sicily was Prince Ahmed (known as ‘Hamet’ in Spanish documents), brother of Moulay Hasan. He obtained Spanish support to sail from Palermo with a small band of followers. The Spanish brought him ashore in a remote location in the Gulf of Gabès and sailed away. Hoping to unite the Bedouin tribes against Ottoman rule, he soon found himself abandoned and went into hiding in the interior. He was finally captured at El Djem in 1592 and sent as a captive to Constantinople. The remaining Hafsids in Spanish domains had converted to Christianity and abandoned any hope of returning to Tunis.[9][8]
Further reading
edit- Arnoulet, François: Les derniers princes hafsides à Tunis, 1526-1574 à partir de documents espagnols et italiens des XVIe et XVIIe siècles 1997
- Bono, Salvatore: TUNISI E LA GOLETTA NEGLI ANNI 1573-1574 in Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente Anno 31, No. 1 (MARZO 1976), pp. 1–39 (43 pages)
References
edit- ^ Jamil M. Abun-Nasr; Ǧamīl M. Abū al-Naṣr; Abun-Nasr, Jamil Mirʻi Abun-Nasr (1987-08-20). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ a b Varriale, Gennaro (2010). "I CAVALIERI DELL'EMIRO: LA COMUNITÀ REBATTINA SULLE DUE SPONDE DEL MEDITERRANEO" (PDF). Estudis. 36: 152. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ Chammam, Mahmoud (1967). Al Mu'nis fi Akhbar Ifriqya wa Tunis d'Ibn Abi Dinar. Tunis: Al Maktaba Al Atika. pp. 175–6.
- ^ Kissling, Hans Joachim; Bagley, Frank (1969). The Last Great Muslim Empires. Leiden: Brill. p. 129.
- ^ Husain, Abu Abdallah; Carletti, J.T. (trans) (1883). History of the conquest of Tunis and of the Goletta by the Ottomans A.H. 981 (A.D. 1573). London: Trübner & co. pp. 16–27. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ Kavas, Ahmet (2016). "OSMANLI DEVLETİ'Nİ KUZEY AFRİKA'DAKALICILAŞTIRAN SEFER: TUNUS SAVAŞI (1574)". Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi (İSMUS). 1 (1): 33, 35. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ Luis del Mármol Carvajal; Mika Ben Miled (2007). Histoire des derniers rois de Tunis: du malheur des Hafçides, de la prise de Tunis par Charles Quint-- de Kheyr-ed-Din Barberousse, Darghut-- et autres valeureux raïs--. éditions cartaginoiseries. p. 164. ISBN 978-9973-704-05-4. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ a b c Corrales, Eloy Martin (2020). Muslims in Spain, 1492-1814. Brill. pp. 95–126. ISBN 978-90-04-44376-1. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ Ben Achour, Mohamed El-Aziz (20 November 2016). "L'agonie de la dynastie hafside". Leaders.com.tn. Retrieved 27 February 2021.