Wikipedia

BioShock (series)

(Redirected from Music of the BioShock series)

BioShock is a retrofuturistic video game series created by Ken Levine, published by 2K and developed by several studios, including Irrational Games and 2K Marin. The BioShock games combine first-person shooter and role-playing elements, giving the player freedom for how to approach combat and other situations, and are considered part of the immersive sim genre. Additionally, the series is notable for exploring philosophical and moral concepts with a strong in-game narrative influenced by concepts such as Objectivism, total utilitarianism, and American exceptionalism.

BioShock
The logo for BioShock, the first game in the series.
Genre(s)First-person shooter
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)2K
Creator(s)Ken Levine
Composer(s)Garry Schyman
Platform(s)
First releaseBioShock
  • NA: August 21, 2007
Latest releaseBioShock: The Collection
  • NA: September 13, 2016

The series consists of three main games. BioShock (2007) and BioShock 2 (2010) take place in the 1960s in the fictional underwater city of Rapture. BioShock Infinite (2013) is thematically and narratively tied to the first games, and takes place in 1912 aboard the floating city of Columbia. After Infinite's release, Irrational Games was downsized and rebranded as Ghost Story Games to work on smaller titles, while 2K Games retained rights to BioShock. The publisher announced that a new BioShock game was in development by Cloud Chamber in December 2019.[2]

The game series has received critical and commercial acclaim. The series had sold more than 43 million copies by August 2024 making the series one of the best-selling video game franchises of all time.[3] A film adaptation of the series is in development at Netflix.

Development and common elements

edit

Developer Ken Levine founded Irrational Games in 1997 out of former members from Looking Glass Studios. Irrational Games produced System Shock 2, a sequel to Looking Glass's System Shock;[4][5] Levine pitched another System Shock sequel to Electronic Arts, but the publisher rejected the idea based on System Shock 2's poor commercial performance.[6] While Irrational worked on other projects, Levine still wanted to create a successor to System Shock 2.[6][7][8] Levine said, "I have my useless liberal arts degree, so I've read stuff from Ayn Rand, George Orwell and all the sort of utopian and dystopian writings of the 20th century, and having developed the System Shock franchise, some of my first games, I felt that the atmosphere was a good one to set for a dystopian environment, one we borrowed heavily from System Shock."[9] Levine has mentioned an interest in "stem cell research and the moral issues that go around [it]."[9] In regard to artistic influences, Levine cited the books Nineteen Eighty-Four and Logan's Run, which represent societies that have "really interesting ideas screwed up by the fact that we're people."[10] Walking through Rockefeller Center near the GE Building in New York City, Levine was inspired by the art deco styling of Rockefeller Center to make a similarly inspired space that had not been experienced in the first-person shooter genre.[11]

The games in the BioShock series are first-person shooters with role-playing elements.[12][13] While precise mechanics differ between all three games, they share common themes of players using a combination of weapons, the environment, and superhuman abilities—called "Plasmids" in BioShock and BioShock 2, or "Vigors" in Infinite[14]—to defeat enemies. These weapons and powers can be used in various combinations to aid in defeating foes; for example, shocking a pool of water will electrocute the enemies standing in the liquid.[citation needed] In comparison to the hybrid role-playing game/first-person shooter stylings of System Shock, BioShock was marketed as a shooter to appeal to fans of the increasingly-popular genre.[6] The gameplay nevertheless retained comparable elements: plasmids in BioShock supplied by "EVE hypos" serve the same function as "Psionic Abilities" supplied by "PSI hypos" in System Shock 2; the player needs to deal with enemy security cameras, machine gun turrets, and robots, and has the ability to hack them in both games; the player must manage supplies and ammunition; and audio tape recordings fulfill the same storytelling role as email logs did in the System Shock games.[15]

Levine stated in 2010 that the name "BioShock" is not in reference to any specific setting or location, but instead a means of encapsulating common gameplay elements that reflects on their earlier games and the BioShock series.[16]

To me, there's two things that make a BioShock game BioShock. They take place in a world that is both fantastic and ridiculous. Something that you've never seen before and something that nobody else could create except Irrational, but it's also strangely grounded and believable. The other thing that makes it a BioShock game, it's about having a huge toolset of power and a huge range of challenges, and you being able to drive how you solve those challenges.

— Ken Levine, Irrational Games, [17]

Themes

edit

Following from its influences in System Shock 2, the games in the BioShock series broadly raise the question of free will of the central character, often acting at suggestions of an unreliable narrator who is using the character for their own ulterior motives.[18] Levine had long been interested in evaluating how choice works in video games, both at the narrative level as well as at the player level, and the BioShock games represent his attempt to alter the perception of choice typically associated with the interactive medium.[19][20] In BioShock, the player-character follows instructions from a man named Atlas to kill Andrew Ryan, the founder of the underwater city of Rapture. Once the character meets Ryan, Ryan reveals that the character has been under mind control throughout their arrival in Rapture, following any instruction led off by "Would you kindly...", which Atlas had been using. Ryan shows that he chooses free will by using the trigger phrase to have the character kill him, stating "A man chooses, a slave obeys" before his death.[11][21][22][23][24]

The first BioShock game is themed around the philosophy of Objectivism established by Ayn Rand. Levine had been inspired for the game's setting after visiting the GE Building and the statue of Atlas in front of it while in New York City, and researching John D. Rockefeller, who Levine called "a great man building an architectural triumph against all the odds".[11] This led to the creation of Rapture and the character of Andrew Ryan loosely based on Rockefeller, with Ryan's name based on Ayn Rand's.[11][25] Levine incorporated Objectivism concepts into these elements, particularly on the idea that man should be driven by selfishness and not altruism.[11] One major gameplay element requires the player to decide how they interact with the Little Sisters that have harvested ADAM, either opting to save the girls for a small reward, or harvest the full amount of ADAM for their own benefit by killing the Little Sisters.[11] Ars Technica states that the city of Rapture falls not necessarily because of objectivism, but through the corrupting power needed to control such a city.[26]

BioShock 2 focuses on versions of utilitarian and collectivist ideals.[27] Sofia Lamb, who rose to control Rapture in the wake of events from BioShock holds a philosophy of altruism that is based on historical figures Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill, along with modern figures such as Richard Dawkins.[28] In comparison to BioShock's questions of free will and humans' destiny, BioShock 2's director Jordan Thomas said that the player character is "almost the ultimate individual" whom Lamb goads to fulfill her goals.[27] Professor Ryan Lizardi draws parallels between BioShock 2's themes of community versus the individual and the issues of McCarthyism and the hippie movement that occurred around the time period of the game's setting. "As this sequel is an extension of the first game's storylines and characters, there are direct contrasts between the extreme politics of Andrew Ryan's objectivism and the extreme religion/politics of Lamb's collectivism", he writes. "BioShock 2 specifically asks players to question all sides of debates when extreme stances are taken, and asks players to weigh their decisions in an alternate and complex history."[29]

BioShock Infinite used the concept of American exceptionalism as the basis for its setting of the floating city of Columbia at the turn of the 20th century. In capturing this period, Levine said that the game included aspects of racism, white supremacy and white nationalism and other political and social issues as they were at that point in time, not to make a statement in regards to these areas but that it would be "strange" and "dishonest" to not include them.[30][31][32] Levine considered the presentation of these elements in the game as simply historical, and invited players to derive any interpretation in meaning from them themselves.[33] Separately, BioShock Infinite explores concepts related to multiple realities and "constants and variables",[34][35] and understanding the impacts of free will, choice and consequences on one's actions.[36][37]

Games

edit
Release timeline
2007BioShock
2008BioShock: Challenge Rooms
2009
2010BioShock 2
BioShock 2: Minerva's Den
2011
2012BioShock: Industrial Revolution
2013BioShock Infinite
Infinite: Clash in the Clouds
Infinite: Burial at Sea Episode 1
2014Infinite: Burial at Sea Episode 2
2015
2016BioShock: The Collection

BioShock (2007)

edit
Main article: BioShock

BioShock was released on August 21, 2007, for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360. A PlayStation 3 port was released on October 17, 2008. The game was critically very well received, with positive reviews that praised its "morality-based" storyline, immersive environment and Ayn Rand-inspired dystopian back-story.[38] According to Take-Two's chairman Strauss Zelnick, the game has sold around 3 million copies as of June 2009.[39]

BioShock takes place in 1960, in the fictional underwater city of Rapture. Built in the late 1940s by business tycoon Andrew Ryan, it was meant to be a laissez-faire social environment for individuals to work, live, and prosper out of the increasingly oppressive hands of the world's governments and authorities. Dr. Brigid Tenenbaum, Dr. Yi Suchong, and other scientists discovered a substance called ADAM, harvested from sea slugs that could be made into plasmids that gave the user psychokinetic powers. Frank Fontaine, a former gangster and businessman who brought black market goods to Rapture, found a way to harvest ADAM by implanting the slugs in the bodies of young girls, "Little Sisters", and profited from this. Ryan led an attack that apparently killed Fontaine and seized his ADAM production facilities. To protect the Little Sisters, Ryan created Big Daddies by conditioning and mutating humans into armored diving suits. Leading up to New Year's Eve 1959, a new figure, Atlas, rose from the worker classes to lead a revolt against Ryan, killing many and leading Ryan to mutate a number of his followers into Splicers to protect himself, creating the downfall of Rapture's utopia.

In 1960, Jack, the player-character, is in a plane crash over the ocean that is near the lighthouse which houses a bathysphere that takes him to Rapture. Atlas contacts Jack to ask his help against Ryan's forces. Jack discovers the Little Sisters and is warned by Tenenbaum not to harm them. After fighting through the failing city, Jack makes it to Ryan's offices. Ryan, patiently playing golf while waiting for Jack, reveals that Jack is his illegitimate son, and had been mentally conditioned by Fontaine to coerce his actions, specifically following any order preceded by the phrase "Would you kindly...?". Jack realizes Atlas has been using this phrase since his arrival. Ryan accepts his fate, using the phrase to make Jack kill him with a golf club, and Atlas reveals himself as Fontaine, having gone into hiding to plan a new strategy against Ryan. Fontaine leaves Jack to die, but he is rescued by Tenenbaum and the Little Sisters. Tenenbaum removes the conditioning from Jack's mind and urges him to defeat Fontaine and take the Little Sisters to the surface. In a final battle against Jack, Fontaine injects himself with numerous plasmids. Jack and the Little Sisters overpower him, allowing for them to escape.

BioShock 2 (2010)

edit
Main article: BioShock 2

With the critical and commercial success of BioShock, 2K formed a new studio, 2K Marin, to produce a followup. Jordan Thomas, level designer on the first BioShock, served as creative director, and was one of several Irrational Games members to join the new effort. 2K Australia, Arkane Studios, and Digital Extremes providing additional support.[citation needed] BioShock 2 takes place eight years after the events of BioShock where a new leader, Sofia Lamb, has risen up in the power vacuum after the death of Ryan and Fontaine, and has created a collectivist cult of personality. Prior to the events of BioShock, Lamb used mind control to have the Big Daddy Delta (the player-character) commit suicide, thus severing the physiological bond between him and her daughter Eleanor, the Little Sister he was assigned to protect. Delta is resurrected ten years later by Tenenbaum and the Little Sisters and is told that unless he re-establishes his bond with Eleanor soon, he will fall into a coma or die once more. Delta fights his way through Splicers as well as those loyal to Lamb, defeats Lamb, and sacrifices himself to help Eleanor, Tenenbaum, and other Little Sisters to escape Rapture. The game features a multiplayer component, set during the civil war before the events of the first game, and featured downloadable content, including a single-player expansion, BioShock 2: Minerva's Den.

BioShock 2 was released worldwide on February 9, 2010.[40] It was critically praised, though not as highly as BioShock, and sold more than three million copies, though its performance was considered disappointing by 2K.

BioShock Infinite (2013)

edit
Main article: BioShock Infinite

BioShock Infinite was announced on August 12, 2010, for release on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 systems on February 26, 2013; on December 7, 2012, Irrational Games announced that release would be delayed by another month, to March 26, 2013.[41] Previously known as "Project Icarus", BioShock Infinite is not a direct sequel or prequel to the original game, but carries many of the same gameplay concepts from the BioShock title.

BioShock Infinite takes place in 1912 in Columbia, a city suspended in the air through "quantum levitation", built and launched in 1893 by the American government during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, to much fanfare and publicity. However, it was later involved in an "international incident" by firing upon a group of Chinese civilians during the Boxer Rebellion. After being ordered to return to American soil, Columbia seceded from the United States and relocated above the clouds, with its whereabouts unknown to the world. As with Rapture, Columbia's intellectuals were able to develop new technology, including Vigors that grant the user new psychokinetic powers. At the same time, strange rifts in the space-time continuum called "Tears" appear across the city, and anachronistic elements can be seen and heard.

The player-character, Booker DeWitt, a disgraced member of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency discharged after his actions at the Wounded Knee Massacre, is sent to Columbia by Robert and Rosalind Lutece (the Lutece twins) to recover Elizabeth, a young woman that had been kidnapped by Columbia's leader, Zachary Comstock, and protected by the robotic Songbird. Booker rescues Elizabeth (who subsequently accompanies the player as an AI-controller ally), who appears to have control over the Tears.[42] Their escape is hampered by fighting between the Founders, those loyal to Comstock, and the Vox Populi, residents of Columbia who have faced persecution. Booker comes to discover that Elizabeth is his daughter and that Comstock is a version of himself from one of numerous parallel universes whom had accepted a baptism to atone for his actions at Wounded Knee and established the beliefs that led to Columbia's founding. Comstock had kidnapped Elizabeth from Booker while she was an infant with the help of Tear technology provided by the Lutece twins (in essence the same person from alternate dimensions), but in his escape, Elizabeth's finger was severed by the closure of a Tear, giving her the power over Tears. Booker eventually defeats Songbird and Comstock with the help of Elizabeth and the Twins, as Comstock had turned on them. Elizabeth shows Booker that these events will always repeat through the multitude of parallel universes, and the only way to end the cycle is to kill all versions of Booker before he can turn into Comstock at the baptism. Booker accepts this fate, allowing Elizabeth to drown him.

A downloadable content expansion, Burial at Sea, was released in two-parts on November 12, 2013, and March 25, 2014.[43] Elizabeth finds one version of Comstock has ended up in the city of Rapture from BioShock, having reverted to his birth name of Booker DeWitt and working as a private detective. Elizabeth joins him as they search for a missing girl named Sally, but become caught up in the events of Atlas' war against Andrew Ryan. They find that scientists of Rapture have been working with those on Columbia through Rifts, sharing technology such as Plasmids and Vigors, and the Big Daddies and Songbird. After discovering Sally has already become a Little Sister, and losing her Rift-controlling powers, Elizabeth kills the last Comstock, and sacrifices herself to assure that Sally and the other Little Sisters can be rescued by Jack.

Other games

edit

Pre-orders of BioShock Infinite granted the purchaser with an access code to a browser-based puzzle game, BioShock Infinite: Industrial Revolution, developed in conjunction with Lazy 8 Studios.[44] Irrational had concerns developing a pre-release puzzle game to tie into the retail title. Several of the Irrational team had played and enjoyed Lazy 8's steampunk-like Independent Games Festival-winning title Cogs and considered using them to build this pre-release game.[45] Irrational believed the studio would be able to develop a game that would provide "challenging puzzles in a steampunk style", according to Lazy 8's founder, Rob Jagnow.[46] The game's mechanics are a simplified version of the Cogs puzzles, and involve creating devices from basic machines like gears and pulleys to achieve a specific action; the game contains 59 such puzzles culled from more than 70.[46] Solving the steampunk-based puzzles grants the player unlockable items within the main BioShock Infinite game once it was released.[44]

Future games

edit

In February 2014, while promoting Burial at Sea: Episode Two, series director Ken Levine revealed that BioShock Infinite would be Irrational Games' last game in the BioShock series. Levine let go of most of the staff of Irrational Games in February 2017 and rebranded the division as Ghost Story Games within 2K Games to work on smaller narrative titles. The rights to BioShock remained with 2K.[47] In a 2016 interview, Levine explained that the pressure and stress of managing a large team as he had to for Infinite had impacted his health and personal relationships, and rather than stay on to build a larger game, decided to leave the BioShock franchise.[48]

Following Levine's decision, 2K Games stated that the BioShock series will continue, telling Game Informer they "look forward to exploring the next BioShock".[49] In May 2014, 2K Games stated that work on the BioShock series was continuing with 2K Marin at the helm,[50] despite the fact that in October 2013, 2K Marin had reportedly been shut down by 2K Games.[51] It was reported that work on this title had started as early as 2015 at the Austin-based third-party studio Certain Affinity. However, by 2016, 2K decided to pull the project from Certain Affinity and bring it in-house, establishing a yet-to-be-named studio, as well as rebooting the development process.[52] Previously, Kotaku had reported in 2018 that several employees from Hangar 13, another development studio within 2K Games, had joined a new studio in the San Francisco area and were working on a project known under the working title Parkside, believed by other Hangar 13 employees to be a BioShock title.[53]

2K formally announced in December 2019 that a new BioShock title was under development but was still some years from release. The game is being developed by a new internal studio, Cloud Chamber, with offices based in San Francisco (2K Marin's old offices) and a newly established location in Montreal. The studio is led by Kelley Gilmore, who had previously worked at Firaxis.[54] The lead staff include lead art director Scott Sinclair, who had worked on the first BioShock, Jonathan Pelling as design director having previously done level work for BioShock and Infinite, and Hogarth de la Plante as creative director after having worked on the other BioShock games in numerous roles.[55]

Collections

edit

The games have been rereleased or repackaged in different configurations. BioShock: Ultimate Rapture Edition is a retail package containing BioShock and BioShock 2, along with all downloadable content for both games including Minerva's Den, and a set of stickers based on BioShock Infinite. The edition was released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in North America on January 14, 2013.[56] BioShock Infinite: The Complete Edition, released November 4, 2014, combined BioShock Infinite and its DLC, Clash in the Clouds and Burial at Sea, as well as pre-order bonuses and exclusive weapons. BioShock Infinite: The Complete Edition was released on November 4, 2014.[57]

A remastered collection of the entire series, BioShock: The Collection, was released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows in September 2016. It features updated graphics and a documentary with commentary from Ken Levine and Shawn Robertson. The multiplayer component of BioShock 2 is not included in the collection.[58][59] BioShock Infinite's original PC version was ported to console for the collection, but was not remastered since it met console standards. Players that own either of the first two games on Windows were able to update to the remastered versions for free.[60] The Collection, as well as individual releases of the remastered games, were released for the Nintendo Switch on May 29, 2020.[61]

Cancelled projects

edit

A version of BioShock for the PlayStation Vita handheld console, tentatively known as BioShock Vita,[62] was announced at the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo by Levine during Sony's press event alongside the introduction of the console.[63] Levine later described the title as still in the works, a game that would neither be similar to the first two BioShock titles nor be a version of Infinite for the Vita.[64] He stated that "I'd rather do something that's an experiment and that's a little different. And is unique for the franchise."[64] By April 2012, with Irrational working heavily to finish Infinite, the Vita game was put on hold.[65]

In interviews in December 2012, Levine revealed that little work had been done on the game, as the dealing with working with Sony was in the hands of Irrational's publisher, Take-Two Interactive, though he was still interested in the title.[66] Levine revealed in July 2014 that the deals between Sony and Take-Two had failed to materialize, and the game was unlikely to be made,[67] despite Sony being bullish on promoting the future title at its Vita reveal before any development work had been started.[68] He further clarified that his idea would have been a strategy-style game similar to Final Fantasy Tactics, with the game set prior to the fall of Rapture.[67]

Other media

edit

Two BioShock novels have been released. BioShock: Rapture, a prequel to the first BioShock written by John Shirley, was published by Titan books on July 19, 2011.[69][70] BioShock Infinite: Mind in Revolt is a novella written by Joe Fielder and Ken Levine, offering insight to the world of Columbia and the motivations of Daisy Fitzroy, the leader of the Vox Populi. Mind in Revolt had an e-book release on February 13, 2013, with the hardcover version released later through the Irrational Games store. Other print media includes art books for all three games: BioShock: Breaking the Mold (2007),[71][72] Deco Devolution: The Art of BioShock 2 (2010), and The Art of BioShock Infinite (2013).

Music

edit

The orchestral scores for BioShock, BioShock 2, and BioShock Infinite were composed by Garry Schyman. Schyman's music combines the influence of early 20th century classical music, aleatoric music, and musique concrete.[73] With the return to Rapture in BioShock 2, Schyman had the opportunity to revisit the setting, writing new music while retaining some elements and motifs from the first game, such as solo violins and mid-20th century compositional techniques.[74] While expectations were higher, Schyman noted having played the original game and using an established style made the process easier.[75] For Infinite, Schyman had to create a new soundscape evocative of the earlier era. Feeling that classical music of the time felt much more European than American, he opted to use less full orchestration and simpler string arrangements instead.[76] In addition to the score, the BioShock series uses licensed period music as diegetic sound.[77] For BioShock 2, more blues and religious music was included as it related to the sequel's themes.[78] Infinite features anachronistic covers of popular pop songs, such as Cyndi Lauper's "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" and a barbershop quartet version of the Beach Boys' "God Only Knows".[79]

Roughly a quarter of the BioShock soundtrack was released on the internet,[73] with an EP featuring remixes of the game's music included in the Limited Edition of the game.[80] BioShock's full soundtrack was released on a vinyl LP with the BioShock 2 Special Edition in 2010.[81] The scores for BioShock 2 and Infinite were included in limited editions of their respective games.

Film adaptations

edit
Main articles: BioShock § Canceled Universal film adaptation, and BioShock § Netflix film adaption

Two attempts to make a film based on the first BioShock game have been made. The first, initially announced in 2008, was to be directed by Gore Verbinski and written by John Logan, with Universal Pictures distributing and 2K Games involvement.[82] The film had an estimated $200 million budget, and after the commercial performance of Watchmen, the studio had concerns with the large budget, and Verbinski left the project. Though Universal brought in a new director to make the film on a smaller budget, Levine felt the new direction was not true to the game and ended the project.[83] A second attempt was announced in 2022 by Netflix, to be produced by Take-Two and Vertigo Entertainment, and was considered a lead-in to a potential cinematic universe.[84] While the film was still under production by July 2024, its scope had been reduced to be a more "personal" movie according to producer Roy Lee.[85]

Reception and legacy

edit
Aggregate review scores
Game Metacritic
BioShock (X360) 96/100[86]
(PC) 96/100[87]
(PS3) 94/100[88]
BioShock 2 (X360) 88/100[89]
(PC) 88/100[90]
(PS3) 88/100[91]
BioShock Infinite (PS3) 94/100[92]
(PC) 94/100[93]
(X360) 93/100[94]

The series has received critical acclaim for its morality-based storyline, immersive environments, and unique settings. It is commonly listed among both audiences and critics as one of the greatest video game series of all time and a demonstration of video game as an art form.[95][96][97][98][99] The original's plot twist, where the player discovers that the player-character Jack has been coerced into events by the trigger phrase, "Would you kindly...", is considered one of the strongest narrative elements of recent games, in part that it subverted the expectation that the player has control and influence on the game.[97][100][101]

In February 2011 the Smithsonian Institution announced it would be holding an exhibit dedicated to the art of video games.[98] Several games were chosen initially and the public could vote for which games they felt deserved to be displayed via a poll on the exhibit's website. BioShock was considered a front runner to be displayed because of its status as a game that demonstrated how artistic the medium can be.[99] John Lanchester of the London Review of Books recognized BioShock as one of the first video games to break into coverage of mainstream media to be covered as a work of art arising from its narrative aspects, whereas before video games had failed to enter into the "cultural discourse", or otherwise covered due to moral controversies they created.[96] Peter Suderman for Vox in 2016 wrote that BioShock was the first game that demonstrated that video games could be a work of art, particularly highlighting that the game plays on the theme of giving the illusion of individual control.[95]

References

edit
  1. ^ "The Return Of Irrational Games". Game Informer. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
  2. ^ "2K Announces Newly-Formed Studio – Cloud Chamber™ – Developing Next Iteration in Acclaimed BioShock® Franchise | Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc".
  3. ^ "BioShock Franchise Still "Really Important," Publisher Says - GameSpot". GameSpot. November 7, 2022. Archived from the original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  4. ^ Kuo, Li C. (May 10, 2006). "GameSpy: BioShock Preview". Gamespy. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
  5. ^ "IGN BioShock Interview". IGN. October 4, 2004. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c Parkin, Simon (April 17, 2014). "Rapture leaked: The true story behind the making of BioShock". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
  7. ^ "The Making Of: BioShock". Edge. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
  8. ^ Gillen, Kieron (August 20, 2007). "Ken Levine on the making of BioShock". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
  9. ^ a b Perry, Douglass C. (May 26, 2006). "The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames". IGN. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  10. ^ Minkley, Johnny (June 8, 2007). "Big Daddy speaks". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "The Making Of: BioShock". Edge. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  12. ^ Parkin, Simon (April 17, 2014). "Rapture leaked: The true story behind the making of BioShock". Eurogamer. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
  13. ^ "The Making Of: BioShock". Edge. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
  14. ^ VanOrd, Kevin (March 27, 2014). "BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea - Episode 1 Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  15. ^ Shoemaker, Brad; Park, Andrew (May 10, 2006). "E3 06: BioShock Gameplay Demo Impressions". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
  16. ^ de Matos, Xav (August 12, 2010). "BioShock Infinite Interview: Ken Levine on Exceptionalism, Expectations & Returning to the Well". Shacknews. Archived from the original on August 19, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  17. ^ Frushtick, Russ (August 13, 2010). "'BioShock Infinite' Developer Avoided 'Repeating' Original Game". MTV. Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
  18. ^ Stranton, Rich (November 26, 2014). "Bioshock Through The Looking Glass". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  19. ^ Prebble, Lucy (January 14, 2014). "Ken Levine interview: Bioshock creator's vision for gaming". The Guardian. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  20. ^ Suderman, Peter (October 3, 2016). "Bioshock proved that video games could be art". Vox. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  21. ^ Parkin, Simon (April 17, 2014). "Rapture leaked: The true story behind the making of BioShock". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  22. ^ Diver, Mike (February 23, 2015). "Would You Kindly Read This Article on Gaming's Greatest Plot Twist?". Vice. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  23. ^ Gerardi, Matt; Barsanti, Sam; Hughes, William; Purdom, Clayton (August 21, 2017). "Choosing the impossible: Did BioShock define the last 10 years of video games?". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  24. ^ Sims, David (September 27, 2016). "How BioShock Mocked Video-Game Morality". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  25. ^ Suellentrop, Chris (September 14, 2016). "Inside the Making of 'BioShock' Series With Creator Ken Levine". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  26. ^ Robertson, John (August 10, 2016). "Why Bioshock still has, and will always have, something to say". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  27. ^ a b Plant, Michael (February 1, 2010). "BioShock 2: The interview". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  28. ^ Williams, Christopher (February 10, 2010). "Of Philosophy in Bioshock 2: Some Words from the Devs". PopMatters. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  29. ^ Lizardi, Ryan (August 2014). "Bioshock: Complex and Alternate Histories". Game Studies. 14 (1). ISSN 1604-7982. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016.
  30. ^ Quan-Madrid, Alejandro (December 7, 2012). "BioShock Infinite forces players to confront racism (hands-on preview)". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  31. ^ Lahti, Evan (December 13, 2012). "Interview: Ken Levine on American history, racism in BioShock Infinite: "I've always believed that gamers were underestimated."". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  32. ^ LeJacq, Yannick (March 25, 2013). "Brains over brawn: Why smart people are drawn to 'BioShock Infinite'". NBC. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  33. ^ Crossley, Rob (June 26, 2013). "Interview: Ken Levine and the search for meaning in BioShock Infinite". ComputerAndVideoGames.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  34. ^ PC Gamer (April 5, 2013). "BioShock Infinite's ending explained, and what we think about it". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  35. ^ Phillips, Tom (April 4, 2013). "BioShock Infinite ending explained". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  36. ^ Parrish, Peter (April 8, 2013). "The bird, or the cage: What BioShock Infinite says about choice and fatalism". IncGamers. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  37. ^ Miller, Matt (April 9, 2013). "Free Will And Hope In BioShock Infinite". Game Informer. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  38. ^ Bray, Hiawatha (August 27, 2007). "BioShock lets users take on fanaticism through fantasy". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  39. ^ Tom Ivan (June 18, 2009). "Take-Two Targets Five Million BioShock 2 Sales". Edge Online. Archived from the original on October 3, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  40. ^ "Bioshock 2 for Xbox 360". Gamespot. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  41. ^ Goldfarb, Andrew (December 7, 2012). "BioShock Infinite Delayed Again". IGN.
  42. ^ Matt Cabral. "BioShock Infinite – Irrational Games trades the sea for the sky". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010.
  43. ^ Goldfarb, Andrew (August 7, 2013). "How Playing as Elizabeth Changes BioShock Infinite". IGN. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014.
  44. ^ a b Phillips, Tom (October 22, 2012). "BioShock Infinite: Industrial Revolution game exclusive for pre-order customers". Eurogamer. Gamer Network Ltd. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  45. ^ Meija, Ozzie (October 31, 2012). "How Industrial Revolution became BioShock Infinite's puzzle-prequel". Shacknews. Gamerhub Content Network. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  46. ^ a b Conditt, Jessica (October 22, 2012). "Lazy 8 on the Cogs behind BioShock Infinite: Industrial Revolution". Joystiq. Archived from the original on January 31, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  47. ^ Peckham, Matt (February 18, 2014). "BioShock Creator Ken Levine 'Winding Down Irrational Games as You Know It'". Time. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014.
  48. ^ Suellentrop, Chris (September 14, 2016). "Inside the Making of 'BioShock' Series With Creator Ken Levine". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  49. ^ "BioShock to Continue Despite Irrational Games Closure". ComingSoon.net. February 21, 2014. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014.
  50. ^ Saed, Sharif (May 30, 2014). "BioShock is not dead, future titles will be developed by 2K Marin". VG247. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  51. ^ McElroy, Griffin (October 17, 2013). "BioShock 2, The Bureau: XCOM Declassified dev 2K Marin hit with massive layoffs". Polygon. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  52. ^ Schreier, Jason (December 9, 2019). "Sources: The New BioShock Has Been In The Works For Years". Kotaku. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  53. ^ Schreier, Jason (April 13, 2018). "How The Makers of Mafia III Lost Their Way". Kotaku. Retrieved May 21, 2018. In the midst of all this confusion, some employees of Hangar 13 couldn't help but look with envy at their neighbors. Next door, a small group of people were working on a project code-named Parkside, quietly recruiting from across the video game industry for a game so secret, they wouldn't even tell their colleagues at Hangar 13 about it. Word got out, though, that it was in fact a new game in one of the most interesting shooter franchises of the past decade: BioShock.
  54. ^ Phillips, Tom (December 9, 2019). "New BioShock game announced, still "several" years away". Eurogamer. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  55. ^ Robinson, Andy (December 9, 2019). "BioShock's original art director has returned for the new game". Video Games Chronicle. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  56. ^ Nunnelley, Stephany (January 4, 2013). "BioShock: Ultimate Rapture Edition hitting North American retail this month". VG247. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  57. ^ Haas, Rachel (October 29, 2014). "BioShock Infinite: The Complete Edition Release Date Announced". IGN. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  58. ^ Alexander, Julia (June 30, 2016). "BioShock: The Collection officially announced". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  59. ^ Kerr, Chris (June 30, 2016). "Remastered Bioshock collection to include never-before-seen director's commentary". Game Developer. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  60. ^ Goldfarb, Andrew (June 30, 2016). "BioShock: The Collection Officially Confirmed, Release Date and Trailer Revealed". Archived from the original on July 1, 2016.
  61. ^ Carpenter, Nicole (March 26, 2020). "BioShock, Borderlands games coming to Nintendo Switch in May". Polygon. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  62. ^ Superannuation (May 16, 2013). "Talking To The PS4, Hints Of Rockstar's Agent And Other Secrets". kotaku.com.
  63. ^ Plunkett, Luke (June 6, 2011). "New BioShock Game Coming to the PlayStation Vita". Kotaku. Archived from the original on June 5, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  64. ^ a b Gilbert, Ben (October 17, 2011). "Ken Levine gives us an update on BioShock for PlayStation Vita". Joystiq. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  65. ^ Meyer, John Max (April 26, 2012). "Q&A: Ken Levine's Brave New World of BioShock Infinite". Wired. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  66. ^ Yin Poole, Wesley (December 7, 2012). "Levine: BioShock Vita in the hands of business people at Take-Two and Sony". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  67. ^ a b O'Brien, Lucy (July 7, 2014). "Ken Levine Wishes He Could Still Make BioShock Vita". IGN. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  68. ^ Dutton, Fred (March 20, 2012). "Why BioShock Vita was announced before development had started". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  69. ^ Wesley Yin-Poole (July 11, 2011). "BioShock: Rapture book release date News – – Page 1". Eurogamer.net. Archived from the original on July 12, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  70. ^ "Rapture (Bioshock) – John Shirley, Ken Levine". Titan Books. Retrieved July 11, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  71. ^ Kuchera, Ben (July 14, 2007). "High-resolution Bioshock art book available for free download". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  72. ^ "BioShock: Breaking the Mold". 2K Games. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  73. ^ a b Jeriaska (February 9, 2010). "Interview: Composer Garry Schyman Talks BioShock Soundtracks". Game Developer. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  74. ^ Schyman, Garry (2016). Sounds From The Lighthouse: Official Bioshock 2 Score (album back cover). 2K Games. p. 1.
  75. ^ Tong, Sophia (May 2, 2011). "Sound Byte: Meet the Composer Behind BioShock – Garry Schyman". GameSpot. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  76. ^ LeJacq, Yannick (April 29, 2013). "'Small forces': an interview with 'BioShock Infinite' composer Garry Schyman". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  77. ^ Hyrb, Larry (October 11, 2007). "BioShock Music list". Major Nelson's Blog. Archived from the original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  78. ^ North, Dale (February 8, 2010). "Destructoid interview: The music of BioShock 2". Destructoid. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  79. ^ "The DeanBeat: BioShock Infinite is art trapped in a violent video game". April 12, 2013.
  80. ^ Plunkett, Luke (August 17, 2007). "Limited Edition Rapture EP". Kotaku. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
  81. ^ Tobey, Elizabeth (November 19, 2009). "The BioShock 2 Special Edition". 2K Games. Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  82. ^ Michael Flemming; Ben Fritz (May 9, 2008). "Gore Verbinski to direct 'Bioshock'". Variety. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  83. ^ Robinson, Martin (March 12, 2013). "Ken Levine personally killed off the BioShock film – here's why". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  84. ^ Kit, Borys (February 15, 2022). "'BioShock' Movie in the Works at Netflix". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  85. ^ Vary, Adam B. (July 25, 2024). "'Bioshock' Film Adaptation Still in the Works With Scaled Down Budget; It's a 'More Personal' Movie, Says Producer Roy Lee". Variety.
  86. ^ "BioShock Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  87. ^ "BioShock Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  88. ^ "BioShock Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  89. ^ "BioShock 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  90. ^ "BioShock 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on December 28, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  91. ^ "BioShock 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 2, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  92. ^ "BioShock Infinite Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on November 28, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  93. ^ "BioShock Infinite Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  94. ^ "BioShock Infinite Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  95. ^ a b Suderman, Peter (October 3, 2016). "Bioshock proved that video games could be art". Vox. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  96. ^ a b John, Lanchester (January 1, 2009). "Is It Art?". London Review of Books. 31 (1). Nicholas Spice: 18–20. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  97. ^ a b Gerardi, Matt; Barsanti, Sam; Hughes, William; Purdom, Clayton (August 21, 2017). "Choosing the impossible: Did BioShock define the last 10 years of video games?". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  98. ^ a b "Exhibitions: The Art of Video Games". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  99. ^ a b McLaughlin, Rus. "Smithsonian ends games-as-art debate". BitMob. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  100. ^ Diver, Mike (February 23, 2015). "Would You Kindly Read This Article on Gaming's Greatest Plot Twist?". Vice. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  101. ^ Sims, David (September 27, 2016). "How BioShock Mocked Video-Game Morality". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 24, 2018.

Bibliography

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BioShock_(series)&oldid=1252415747#Music"