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Nagant M1895

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The Nagant M1895 is a seven-shot, gas-seal revolver designed and produced by Belgian industrialist Léon Nagant for the Russian Empire.

Nagant M1895
A Nagant M1895 produced in 1941 by the Tula Arsenal with its 7.62×38mmR ammunition
TypeRevolver
Place of originBelgium
Service history
In service1895–present[citation needed]
Used bySee Users
WarsBoxer Rebellion
Russo-Japanese War
World War I
Russian Revolution of 1917
Russian Civil War
Finnish Civil War
Estonian War of Independence
Polish-Soviet War
Spanish Civil War
Winter War
World War II
Chinese Civil War
Hukbalahap Rebellion
Korean War
Vietnam War
Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)
Production history
DesignerLéon Nagant
Designed1886
ManufacturerNagant, Soviet Arsenals (Tula & Izhevsk), Państwowa Fabryka Karabinów[1]
Produced1895–1945
No. built~2,000,000
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass1.8 lb (0.8 kg), unloaded
Length10.5 in (235 mm)
Barrel length4.5 in (114 mm)
Cartridge7.62×38mmR
.32 ACP (aftermarket cylinder)
ActionDouble action, Single-action
Rate of fire14–21 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity1100 ft/s (335 m/s)[2][3]
Effective firing range50 yds (46 m)[4]
Feed system7-round cylinder
SightsFixed front post and rear notch

The Nagant M1895 was chambered for a proprietary cartridge, 7.62×38mmR, and features a gas-seal system, in which the cylinder moves forward when the gun is cocked, to close the gap between the cylinder and the barrel, providing a boost to the muzzle velocity of the bullet and allowing the weapon to be suppressed. Its design would inspire the Pieper M1893 carbine[5] and Steyr 1893 revolver.[6]

History

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The Nagant was designed by Léon Nagant, whose brother Émile had also taken part in designing the Mosin–Nagant rifle.[7] The Nagant M1895 was adopted as the standard issue sidearm for the Imperial Russian Army and police officers, where it replaced earlier Smith & Wesson models such as the Model 3.[8]

Production began in Liège, Belgium; however Russia purchased the manufacturing rights in 1898, and moved production to the Tula Arsenal in Russia, and was soon producing 20,000 examples per year.[8]

It was produced in two versions: a double-action version for officers, and a cheaper single-action version for the lower ranks.[9] Seven Nagant revolvers were used by communist revolutionaries to kill the Russian imperial family and their servants in July 1918.[10] After the Russian Revolution, only the double-action version was made.[9] Nagant revolvers were used by the NKVD and Red Army units until the end of World War II, with a total of 2,000,000 produced.[11] The Nagant began to be replaced by the Tokarev semi-automatic pistol in 1933, and was formally replaced by the Makarov in 1952, though Nagant revolvers continued to see limited use in the Korean War and Vietnam War.[12]

Technical characteristics

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The M1895 has a mechanism which, as the hammer is cocked, first turns the cylinder and then moves it forward, closing the gap between the cylinder and the barrel. The cartridge, also unique, plays an important part in sealing the gun to prevent the escape of propellant gases. The bullet is deeply seated, entirely within the cartridge case, and the case is slightly reduced in diameter at its mouth. The barrel features a short conical section at its rear; this accepts the mouth of the cartridge, completing the gas seal. By sealing the gap, the velocity of the bullet is increased by 15 to 45 m/s (50 to 150 ft/s.) This feature also eliminates the possibility of injury from gases escaping through the gap, which can injure a finger if the user holds the gun with a finger positioned beside the gap.[13] The Nagant's sealed firing system meant that the Nagant revolver, unlike most other revolvers, could make effective use of a sound suppressor, and suppressors were sometimes fitted to it.[14]

 
Holstered Nagant with the gate open for loading.

The disadvantage of this design is that Nagant revolvers were laborious and time-consuming to reload, with the need to manually eject each of the used cartridges, and reload one cartridge at a time through a loading gate. At the time the revolver was designed, this system was obsolete. In British service the Webley Revolver used a top-break cylinder and star extractor to simultaneously eject all spent cartridges and in American service the Smith & Wesson Model 10 employed a similar system but with a swing-out cylinder. The Nagant with its side-loading gate, and ejector rod to remove spent cartridges individually in succession was for all its novelty, outdated as a military revolver in this regard. However, the Nagant design did have the advantage of requiring less machining than more modern formats.

The Nagant M1895 has a heavy trigger pull (about 12 lbs for single and 20 lbs for double).

Cartridges

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Russian

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Main article: 7.62×38mmR
 
7.62×38mmR (7.62 mm Nagant) cartridge, left, shown next to a .32 S&W Long Cartridge (middle) and a .22 LR cartridge (right) for comparison.

7.62mm Nagant is also known as 7.62×38mmR (Rimmed) or "Cartridge, Type R". The projectile is seated below the mouth of the cartridge, with the cartridge crimp sitting just above the bullet. When fired, the crimp expands into the forcing cone, completing the gas seal and ostensibly increasing muzzle velocity by approximately 75 ft/s.

Aftermarket cylinders for .32-caliber can be installed, allowing the Nagant to safely fire .32 H&R Magnum or .32 ACP[citation needed]. Shooting any ammunition other than the 7.62×38mmR cartridge with the original cylinder can cause bodily injury from bullet shrapnel or escaping gas, and the excessive pressures produced by some .32 ammunition could also cause catastrophic failure of the cylinder or frame.

 
Comparison of .32 Smith & Wesson Long, .32 H&R Magnum and 7.62×38mmR Nagant

Proper fitting ammunition can be reloaded from .32-20 Winchester brass by using the Lee Nagant die set or .30" carbine dies and 9mm Luger shell-holders in the reloading press. This allows the reloaders to work up a load that fits their needs and is specific for the Nagant. While this eliminates the bulged/split/stuck cases experienced when using .32 S&W and .32 H&R, the gas seal that made the Nagant famous will still not fully function as the .32-20 is not long enough to protrude past the cylinder like the original Nagant ammunition.

7.5x22mmR Nagant

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The Luxembourgish, Swedish, and Norwegian Nagants used a different cartridge, the 7.5 mm Nagant. This ammunition is dimensionally similar but not interchangeable with the 7.5mm 1882 Ordnance (aka Swiss 7.5mm revolver).[15][16] They lack the gas-seal lock of the Belgian and Russian models.

9.4x22mmR Nagant

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The black powder cartridge used in Nagant's original gas-sealed revolver design.
Year of introduction: 1878.
Bullet Diameter: 9.25 – 9.30mm (.364 - .374”). Round-nosed lead bullet with paper patch.
Bullet Weight: 11.95-12.3 grams
Case diameters,
Neck: 9.90 – 10.20mm (.389 - .401” inch)
Head: 10.75 – 10.90mm (.423 - .429” inch)
Rim: 12.00 – 12.35mm (.472 - .486” inch)
Berdan primer
Cartridge overall length 33.30 – 34.50mm (1.311 – 1.358 inches)
Cartridge weight 11.95 – 12.30gm (184.41 - 189.81 grains)

Variants

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Russia

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Military

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  • Nagant “Private's model” («солдатский» наган) - a single-action version for non-commissioned officers and soldiers
  • Nagant “Officer’s model” («офицерский» наган) - a double-action version for officers
  • suppressed Nagant[17] with sound suppressor known as the "BRAMIT device" (BRAtya MITiny - "Mitin Brothers") - produced since 1931 for Soviet reconnaissance and scout troops

Civilian

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  • TOZ-36 (ТОЗ-36) - since 1962[18]
  • TOZ-49 (ТОЗ-49)[19]
  • KR-22 «Sokol» (КР-22 «Сокол») - .22 LR[20]
  • Nagant 1910 - An improved version with a swing-out cylinder. It was never accepted into service and had poor civilian market sales.[21][22]
  • "Shadow-7" ("Тень-7") - Carbine variant with a 450mm barrel, produced in 2020 by Russian company Test-Oruzhie, chambered for 5.45×18mm.[23][24]

Belgium

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Nagant M1878 Belgian Officer's Revolver [9.4mm Nagant] - Single Action / Double Action trigger. 6-shot cylinder.
Nagant M1883 Belgian Infantry Revolver [9.4mm Nagant] - Simplified Single Action Only trigger version. 6-shot cylinder.
Nagant M1886 Belgian Officer's Revolver [9.4mm Nagant] - Simplified Double Action Only trigger version. 6-shot cylinder.

Luxembourg

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In the 1880s, Luxembourg purchased a total of 190 Nagant revolvers, with the standard model chambered in 7.5mm, and the Gendarmerie receiving a black powder 9.4x22mm variant which could also affix a spike bayonet.[25]

 
7.5 mm Swedish/ Norwegian Nagant round

Norway

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Designated the M1893, and based on the Swedish M1887.[26]

Poland

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Poland designed approximately 21,000 Nagant wz. 30 revolvers for police use from 1928-1939.[27]

Serbia

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Purchased 12,000 7.5mm Nagants from Belgium in the 1880s.[28]

Sweden

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Chambered in 7.5mm, the Swedish M1887 notably does not have the same gas-sealing feature of the Belgian or Russian Nagants.[29]

Users

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Tadeusz Kozieł (2007). "Przemysł zbrojeniowy w Polsce w latach 1918-1939" [Arms industry in Poland between 1918 and 1939]. konflikty.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  2. ^ Schreier, Philip (July 18, 2022). "The Model 1895 Nagant Revolver". Shooting Illustrated: An Official Journal Of The NRA.
  3. ^ Campbell, Dave (August 9, 2020). "The 1895 Nagant Revolver: A Look Back". American Rifleman.
  4. ^ a b "Dossier Nagant Revolver". Chuckhawks.com. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
  5. ^ McCollum, Ian (January 28, 2015). "Mexican Pieper Revolving Carbine". Forgotten Weapons.
  6. ^ McCollum, Ian (December 26, 2018). "Steyr 1893 Gas-Seal Trials Revolver". Forgotten Weapons.
  7. ^ Thompson, Leroy (2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Osprey Publishing. p. 8.
  8. ^ a b Kowner, Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 248.
  9. ^ a b Thompson, Leroy (2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Osprey Publishing. p. 9.
  10. ^ Rappaport, The Last Days of the Romanovs: Tragedy at Ekaterinburg (2009), p. 181
  11. ^ a b Thompson, Leroy (2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Osprey Publishing. pp. 10, 40.
  12. ^ Campbell, Dave. "The 1895 Nagant Revolver: A Look Back". American Rifleman. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  13. ^ Published on Nov 11, 2012 (2012-11-11). "Mythbusters Revolver Cylinder Gap". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2020-05-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Silenced 7.62 mm Nagant Revolver". Guns.connect.fi. 2000-09-18. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
  15. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.vsms.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  16. ^ Frank C. Barnes (2012). Cartridges of the World: A Complete Illustrated Reference for More Than 1,500 Cartridges. Gun Digest Books. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-4402-3059-2.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ Jeff Kinard (2004). Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. ISBN 1-85109-470-9.
  18. ^ Terčový revolver TOZ-36 // «Střelecká revue», 4, 1970
  19. ^ Terčový revolver TOZ-49 // «Střelecká revue», 10, 1978
  20. ^ Е. Александров. Под малый калибр. // «Калашников. Оружие, боеприпасы, снаряжение», № 8, 2010. стр.48-49
  21. ^ "Nouvelle page 0".
  22. ^ "The Belgian 1910 Swingout Cylinder Revolver". russianrevolvers.com.
  23. ^ "Самозарядный карабин "Тень-7" калибра 5.45х18". Test-Oruzhie.
  24. ^ H, Hrachya (11 December 2020). "Russian M1895 Nagant Carbine Chambered in 5.45x18mm". The Firearm Blog.
  25. ^ McCollum, Ian (2020-06-15). "Luxembourg Model 1884 Gendarmerie Nagant". Forgotten Weapons. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  26. ^ "Nagant M1893 (Norwegian issue)". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  27. ^ Thompson, Leroy (2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Publishing. pp. 61–62.
  28. ^ a b "Serbian/Yugoslav military handgun cartridges. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  29. ^ "Swedish Nagant Revolver". NRA Museum. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  30. ^ Белоруссия сняла с вооружения винтовку Мосина и ППШ // LENTA.RU от 8 декабря 2005
  31. ^ Jowett, Philip; Snodgrass, Brent (5 Jul 2006). Finland at War 1939–45. Elite 141. Osprey Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 9781841769691.
  32. ^ "M1895 Nagant Revolver". Archived from the original on 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  33. ^ "Czechoslovak Weapons of World War II: part 1: Czechoslovakia was well-armed and fortified before World War II, but appeasers in Britain and France pulled the rug out, making "Munich" a synonym for betrayal. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
  34. ^ "Vintage Saturday: Ancient Superpower". 26 April 2014.
  35. ^ "M1895 Nagant".
  36. ^ a b Thompson, Leroy (2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Osprey Publishing. p. 61.
  37. ^ Jowett, Philip; Snodgrass, Brent (5 Jul 2006). Finland at War 1939–45. Elite 141. Osprey Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 9781841769691.
  38. ^ Small Arms Survey (1998). Politics From The Barrel of a Gun (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2011.
  39. ^ Постановление Правительства Республики Казахстан № 1060 от 28 августа 1996 года "О внесении изменений и дополнений в некоторые решения Правительства Республики Казахстан"
  40. ^ "Nagant Suppressed". YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  41. ^ Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  42. ^ Small Arms Survey (2005). "Sourcing the Tools of War: Small Arms Supplies to Conflict Zones". Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War. Oxford University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-19-928085-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2010.
  43. ^ Barnes, Frank C.; Mann, Richard A. (5 October 2012). Cartridges of the World: A Complete Illustrated Reference for More Than 1,500 Cartridges. Krause Publications. ISBN 9781440230592.[permanent dead link]
  44. ^ Thompson, Leroy (2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Osprey Publishing. p. 4.
  45. ^ Постановление Правительства РФ № 1584 от 30 декабря 1998 года "Об утверждении перечня боевого ручного стрелкового и иного оружия, боеприпасов и патронов к нему, а также специальных средств, состоящих на вооружении службы судебных приставов Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации"
  46. ^ Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации № 248 от 24 марта 2000 года «Об обеспечении служебным оружием, патронами к оружию и специальными средствами должностных лиц организаций федеральной почтовой связи»
  47. ^ Приложение № 2 к Приказу Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации № 611 от 4 августа 2006 года «Об утверждении перечней специальных средств, видов, типов и моделей огнестрельного и газового оружия, патронов и боеприпасов к нему, норм обеспечения ими работников военизированных и сторожевых подразделений ФГУП „Охрана“ МВД России»
  48. ^ «Организации и их территориальные подразделения могут использовать до вывода из эксплуатации по техническому состоянию… 7,62 мм револьвер системы "наган"… иное боевое оружие, ранее приобретенное в установленном порядке и не включенное в настоящий перечень.»
    Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации № 460 от 22 апреля 1997 г. «О мерах по обеспечению юридических лиц с особыми уставными задачами боевым ручным стрелковым оружием» (в ред. от 29 мая 2006 г.)
  49. ^ 13 мая 1895 года // журнал "Мастер-ружьё", № 5 (122), май 2007. стр.92
  50. ^ Thompson, Leroy (2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Osprey Publishing. p. 65.
  51. ^ "Spanish Civil War, Pistols (1936–1939)". Republicanos. Archived from the original on 2005-11-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  52. ^ "В Донецке вооруженные люди в управлении военизированной охраны Управления Донецкой железной дороги завладели... 4 пистолетами ТТ и 5 револьверами «Наган»
    В Донецке боевики завладели оружием управления охраны железной дороги // УНИАН от 28 июня 2014
  53. ^ В Запорожской области из сейфа предприятия украли "Наган", - ФОТО // "061.ua" от 31 июля 2017


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