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Nansen passport

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Nansen passports, originally and officially stateless persons passports, were internationally recognized refugee travel documents from 1922 to 1938, first issued by the League of Nations's Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees to stateless refugees.[1] They quickly became known as "Nansen passports" for their promoter, the Norwegian statesman and polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen.

Nansen passport
The front cover of a Nansen passport (green stripe), written in French, the diplomatic language
TypePassport
Issued byLeague of Nations
First issued1922
PurposeIdentification
EligibilityStateless refugees
Expiration1938

History

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The end of World War I saw significant turmoil, leading to a refugee crisis. Numerous governments were toppled, and national borders were redrawn, often along generally ethnic lines. Civil war broke out in some countries. Many people left their homes because of war or persecution or fear thereof. The upheaval resulted in many people being without passports, or even nations to issue them, which prevented much international travel, often trapping refugees.

The precipitating event for the Nansen passport was the 1921 announcement by the new government of the Soviet Union revoking the citizenship of Russians living abroad, including some 800,000 refugees from the Russian Civil War.[2] The first Nansen passports were issued following an international agreement reached at the Intergovernmental Conference on Identity Certificates for Russian Refugees, convened by Fridtjof Nansen in Geneva from July 3, 1922, to July 5, 1922,[3] in his role as High Commissioner for Refugees for the League of Nations.[4] By 1942, they were honoured by governments in 52 countries.

In 1924, the Nansen arrangement was broadened to also include Armenian, and in 1928 to Assyrian, Assyro-Chaldean, Bulgarian and Turkish refugees.[5] Approximately 450,000 Nansen passports were provided[6] to stateless people and refugees who needed travel documents, but could not obtain one from a national authority.

Following Nansen's death in 1930, the passport was handled by the Nansen International Office for Refugees within the League of Nations. At that point the passport no longer included a reference to the 1922 conference, but were issued in the name of the League. The office was closed in 1938; passports were thereafter issued by a new agency, the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees under the Protection of the League of Nations in London.[7][8]

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Legacy

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The Nansen International Office for Refugees was awarded the 1938 Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts to establish the Nansen passports.[9][10]

While Nansen passports are no longer issued, existing national and supranational authorities, including the United Nations, issue travel documents for stateless people and refugees, including certificates of identity (or "alien's passports") and refugee travel documents.[citation needed]

In a 2024 essay, the chess grandmaster and Russian dissident Garry Kasparov called for the international community to establish a "Free Russia passport". In his words, this passport should be issued to Russian emigrants provided they sign a declaration "which sets out the key principles for a Ukrainian victory and a Russia without Putin". In the essay, he compared his idea to the legacy of the Nansen passport, although he stressed the comparison is imperfect.[11]

Notable bearers

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Little-Known Passport That Protected 450,000 Refugees" Atlas Obscura. Retrieved October 10, 2017
  2. ^ Nansen the humanist. Retrieved December 11, 2012
  3. ^ "Refworld – Arrangement with respect to the issue of certificates of identity to Russian Refugees". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  4. ^ "Documents from the League of Nations Archives". Refugee Survey Quarterly. 22 (1): 71–73. 2003. doi:10.1093/rsq/22.1.71.
  5. ^ "Arrangement of 12 May 1926 relating to the Issue of Identity Certificates to Russian and Armenian Refugees League of Nations, Treaty Series Vol. LXXXIX, No. 2004" (PDF). refworld.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  6. ^ Nansen-pass Store Norske Leksikon. Retrieved December 11, 2012
  7. ^ "Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees under the Protection of the League – Yearbook Profile – Union of International Associations". uia.org. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  8. ^ The Nansen Office Arkivverket. Retrieved December 2, 2014
  9. ^ Fridtjof Nansen, Nobel Foundation, 1922. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  10. ^ "The Nansen International Office for Refugees – Nobel Lecture". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  11. ^ "A 'Free Russia' passport could undermine Putin". Politico. June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d e The Nansen Office Arkivverket.no. Retrieved December 11, 2012
  13. ^ a b c d e Nansenkontoret Arkivverket.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved December 11, 2012
  14. ^ Mumford, David (2015). "(Obituary) Alexander Grothendieck (1928–2014) Mathematician who rebuilt algebraic geometry". Nature. 517 (7534): 272. doi:10.1038/517272a. PMID 25592527. S2CID 205083834. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  15. ^ "Vladimir Jabotinsky Dies of Heart Attack at Age 59; Was Visiting Youth Camp" (PDF). Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  16. ^ [1]. New martyrs and confessors of the Russian Orthodox Church of the 20th century (in Russian), [dostęp April 28, 2019]
  17. ^ "Victor Starffin – Society for American Baseball Research".
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