The voiced velar nasal, also known as eng, engma, or agma (from Greek ἆγμα âgma 'fragment'), is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing as well as n before velar consonants as in English and ink. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.
| Voiced velar nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ŋ | |||
| IPA Number | 119 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ŋ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+014B | ||
| X-SAMPA | N | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
.svg)
While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/ as phonemes, /ŋ/ is rarer.[1] Half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. The velar nasal does not occur in many of the languages of the Americas, the Middle East, or the Caucasus, but it is extremely common among Australian Aboriginal languages, languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asian and Southeast Asian languages, and Polynesian languages. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, such as the Romance languages, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English. An example of this phenomenon is the word income; its underlying representation, /ˈɪnˌkʌm/, can be realized as either [ˈɪnˌkʌm] or [ˈɪŋˌkʌm].
An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [n̪] even before velar consonants.[2]
Some languages have the pre-velar nasal,[3] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.
Conversely, some languages have the post-velar nasal,[4] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.
Features
edit
Features of the voiced velar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | ngaqë | [ŋɡacə] | 'because' | ||
| Aleut[5] | chaang/ча̄ӈ | [tʃɑːŋ] | 'five' | ||
| Arabic | Hejazi [citation needed] |
مــنــقل/mingal | [mɪŋɡal] | 'brazier' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[6] | ընկեր/ënker | [əŋˈkɛɾ] | 'friend' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants |
| Assamese | ৰং/ŗông | [ɹɔŋ] | 'color' | ||
| Asturian | non | [nõŋ] | 'no' | Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause. | |
| Bambara | ŋonI | [ŋoni] | 'guitar' | ||
| Bashkir | мең / meñ | 'one thousand' | |||
| Basque | hanka | [haŋka] | 'leg' | ||
| Bengali | রঙ/rông | [ɾɔŋ] | 'color' | ||
| Bulgarian[7] | тънко/tănko | [ˈtɤŋko] | 'thin' | ||
| Cantonese | 昂/ngòhng | [ŋɔːŋ˩] | 'raise' | See Cantonese phonology | |
| Catalan[8] | sang | [ˈsɑ̃ŋ(k)] | 'blood' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Cebuano | ngano | [ˈŋano] | 'why' | ||
| Chamorro | ngånga' | [ŋɑŋaʔ] | 'duck' | ||
| Chukchi | ӈыроӄ/ṇyroq | [ŋəɹoq] | 'three' | ||
| Czech | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | ŋa | [ŋa] | 'who' | ||
| Danish | sang | [sɑŋˀ] | 'song' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[9] | angst | [ɑŋst] | 'fear' | See Dutch phonology | |
| Eastern Min | 疑/ngì | [ŋi53] | 'suspect' | ||
| English | sing | 'sing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | ||
| Faroese | ong | [ɔŋk] | 'meadow' | ||
| Fijian | gone | [ˈŋone] | 'child' | ||
| Finnish | kangas | [ˈkɑŋːɑs] | 'cloth' | Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology | |
| French[10] | Standard | camping | 'camping' | Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology | |
| Southern France | pain | 'bread' | For many speakers, [ŋ] acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate. | ||
| Galician | unha | [ˈuŋa] | 'one' (f.) | ||
| Gan | 牙/nga | [ŋa] | 'tooth' | ||
| German | lang | [laŋ] | 'long' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | άγχος / anchos | ['aŋxo̞s] | 'Stress' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hakka | Sixian | 我/ngô | [ŋai˨˦] | 'I' | |
| Hebrew | Standard | אנגלית/anglit | [aŋɡˈlit] | 'English language' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Sephardi | עין/nayin | [ŋaˈjin] | 'Ayin' | See Sephardi Hebrew | |
| Hiligaynon | buang | [bu'äŋ] | 'crazy/mentally unstable' | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | रंग/रङ्ग/raṅg | [rəŋg] | 'color' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | رن٘گ/raṅg | ||||
| Fiji Hindustani | Rang | ||||
| Ho | maraṅ | [maraŋ] | 'big' | ||
| Hungarian | ing | [iŋɡ] | 'shirt' | Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | göng | [ˈkœy̯ŋk] | 'tunnel' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Ilocano | ngalngal | [ŋalŋal] | 'to chew' | ||
| Inuktitut | ᐴᙳᐆᖅ / puunnguuq | [puːŋŋuːq] | 'dog' | ||
| Inuvialuktun | qamnguiyuaq | [qamŋuijuaq] | 'snores' | ||
| Irish | a nglór | [ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ] | 'their voice' | Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[11] | anche | [ˈaŋke] | 'also' | Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology | |
| Itelmen | қниң | [qniŋ] | 'one' | ||
| Japanese | Standard | 南極 / nankyoku | [naŋkʲokɯ] | 'the South Pole' | See Japanese phonology |
| Eastern dialects[12] | 鍵 / kagi | [kaŋi] | 'key' | ||
| Javanese | sengak | [səŋak] | stink | Additional /ŋ/ caused by vowel after /ŋ/ sounding | |
| Jin | Yuci | 我/ngie | [ŋie] | 'I' | |
| Kagayanen[13] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
| Karelian[14] | ongi | [ˈoŋɡi] | 'fishing rod' | Occurs only before /g/, /k/ and /kk/. | |
| Kazakh | мың / myń | [məŋ] | 'thousand' | ||
| Kyrgyz | миң/miñ | [miŋ] | |||
| Ket | аяң/ajaņ | [ajaŋ] | 'to damn' | ||
| Khasi | ngap | [ŋap] | 'honey' | ||
| Khmer |
|
|
See Khmer phonology | ||
| Korean | 성에 / seonge | [sʌŋe] | 'window frost' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Northern | ceng | [dʒɛŋ] | 'war' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | جهنگ/ceng | ||||
| Southern | |||||
| Luganda | ŋaaŋa | [ŋɑːŋɑ] | 'hornbill' | ||
| Luxembourgish[15] | keng | [kʰæŋ] | 'nobody' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | aнглиски/angliski | [ˈaŋɡliski] | 'English' | Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | Malaysian and Indonesian | bangun | [ˈbaŋʊn] | 'wake up' | |
| Kelantan-Pattani | sini | [si.niŋ] | 'here' | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | |
| Terengganu | ayam | [a.jaŋ] | 'chicken' | See Terengganu Malay | |
| Malayalam[5] | മാങ്ങ/mān̄n̄a | [maːŋŋɐ] | 'mango' | ||
| Mandarin | Standard | 北京/Běijīng | [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] | 'Beijing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology |
| Sichuanese | 我/ngo3 | [ŋɔ˨˩] | 'I' | ||
| Marathi | रंग/ranga | [rəŋə] | 'colour' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Mari | еҥ/eng | [jeŋ] | 'human' | ||
| Minangkabau | mangarasau | [mäŋäräsäu̯] | 'nonsense' | ||
| Mongolian | тэнгэр / teŋger | [teŋger] | 'sky' | ||
| Nepali | नङ/nang | [nʌŋ] | 'nail' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Nganasan | ӈаӈ/ngang | [ŋaŋ] | 'mouth' | ||
| Nivkh | ңамг/ngamg | [ŋamɡ] | 'seven' | ||
| North Frisian | Mooring | kåchelng | [ˈkɔxəlŋ] | 'stove' | |
| Northern Min | 外/ngui | [ŋui] | 'outside' | ||
| Northern Sámi[16] | Eastern Finnmark | maŋis | [mɒːŋiːs] | 'behind' | |
| Western Finnmark | máŋga | [mɑːŋˑka] | 'many' | [ŋ] has merged with [ɲ] in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops. | |
| Norwegian | gang | [ɡɑŋ] | 'hallway' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Odia | ଏବଂ/ebang | [ebɔŋ] | 'and' | ||
| Okinawan | nkai | [ŋkai] | 'to' | Allophone of [n] before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects. | |
| Ottoman Turkish | یڭی/yeŋi | 'new' | |||
| Panjabi | Gurmukhi | ਰੰਗ/rang | [rəŋ] | 'color' | |
| Shahmukhi | رنگ/rang | ||||
| Persian | Iranian Persian | [ræŋg] | Allophone of /n/ before velar plosives. See Persian phonology | ||
| Pipil | nemanha | [nemaŋa] | 'later' | ||
| Polish[17] | bank | [bäŋk] | 'bank' | Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[18][19] See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | manga | [ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ] | 'mango' | Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel. | |
| Occitan | Provençal | vin | [viŋ] | 'wine' | |
| Rapanui | hanga | [haŋa] | 'bay' | Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui | |
| Romanian | Țara Moților Transylvanian[20] | câine | ['kɨŋi] | 'dog' | Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Samoan | gagana | [ŋaˈŋana] | 'language' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[21] | stanka / станка | [stâːŋka] | 'pause' | Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/.[21] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Seri | comcáac | [koŋˈkaak] | 'Seri people' | ||
| Shona | n'anga | [ŋaŋɡa] | 'traditional healer' | ||
| Slovene | tank | [ˈt̪âːŋk] | 'tank' | ||
| Southern Min | Hokkien | 黃/n̂g | [ŋ̍˨˦] | 'yellow' | |
| Teochew | 黃/ng5 | [ŋ̍55] | |||
| Spanish[22] | All dialects | domingo | [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞] | 'Sunday' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology |
| Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, Andean, and most Caribbean dialects | alquitrán | [alkiˈtɾaŋ] | 'tar' | Allophone of /n/ in word-final position regardless of what follows. | |
| Swahili | ng'ombe | [ŋombɛ] | 'cow' | ||
| Swedish | Standard | ingenting | [ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ] | 'nothing' | See Swedish phonology |
| Southern Västerbotten[23] | ngiv | [ˈŋiːv] | 'knife' | ||
| Tagalog | ngayón | [ŋaˈjon] | 'now' | ||
| Tamil | இங்கே/in̄gē | [iŋgeː] | 'here' | ||
| Telugu | వాఙ్మయం | [ʋaːŋmajam] | 'Literature' | Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop | |
| Tibetan | Standard | ང/nga | [ŋa˩˧] | 'I' | |
| Thai | งาน/ngaan | [ŋaːn] | 'work' | ||
| Nuer - Thok Nath | ŋa | [ŋa] | 'who?' or 'Is who?' | ||
| Tongan | tangata | [taŋata] | 'man' | ||
| Tuamotuan | rangi / ragi | [raŋi] | 'sky' | ||
| Tundra Nenets | ӈэва/ŋəwa | [ŋæewa] | 'head' | ||
| Tupi | monhang | [mɔɲaŋ] | 'to make' | See Tupian Phonology | |
| Turkmen | müň | [myŋ] | 'thousand' | ||
| Tyap | nɡɡwon | [ŋɡʷən] | 'child' | ||
| Uzbek | ming | [miŋ] | 'thousand' | ||
| Venetian | man | [maŋ] | 'hand' | ||
| Vietnamese[24] | ngà | [ŋaː˨˩] | 'ivory' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | rhwng | [r̥ʊŋ] | 'between' | ||
| West Frisian | kening | [ˈkeːnɪŋ] | 'king' | ||
| Wu | 五/ng | [ŋ˩˧] | 'five' | ||
| Xhosa | ing'ang'ane | [iŋaŋaːne] | 'hadada ibis' | ||
| Xiang | 熬/ngau | [ŋau] | 'to boil' | ||
| Yi | ꉢ/nga | [ŋa˧] | 'I' | ||
| Yup'ik | ungungssiq | [uŋuŋssiq] | 'animal' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[25] | yan | [jaŋ] | 'neck' | Word-final allophone of lenis /n/ |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164. The oral counterparts /p, t, k/ are found together in almost all languages
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 160.
- ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
- ^ Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ Wells (1989), p. 44.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
- ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
- ^ Jeskanen, Matti; Jahn, Eila (2022). "Karjalan grammari kaikella rahvahalla 1" [Karelian Grammar to Commoners 1] (PDF) (in Karelian and Finnish). Karjalan Kielet ry. University of Eastern Finland. pp. 13, 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 151.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
- ^ Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 31.
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999), p. 67
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
- ^ Söderström, Sven (1980). Hössjömålet: ordbok över en sydvästerbottnisk dialekt (2. uppl ed.). Umeå: Dialekt- och ortnamnsarkivet. ISBN 978-91-970358-1-1.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
References
edit- Aikio, Ante; Ylikoski, Jussi (2022), "North Saami", in Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, Oxford Guides to the World's Languages, Oxford University Press, pp. 147–177, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0010, ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; et al. (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved 2008-04-30
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Gussmann, Edmund (1974), Fisiak, Jacek (ed.), "Nasality in Polish and English" (PDF), Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, 2, Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University: 105–122
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15300-3
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, vol. 1, Wiley-Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 (inactive 1 November 2024)
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 (inactive 1 November 2024)
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
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- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Reed, A.W. (2001), Kāretu, Tīmoti (ed.), The Reed Concise Māori Dictionary
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- Söderström, Sven (1980), Ordbok över en sydvästerbottnisk dialekt. På grundval av Evert Larssons samlingar, ISBN 91-970358-1-5
- Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 19 (1): 31–54, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005892, S2CID 145148170