Nasrollah Entezam (Persian: نصرالله انتظام; also spelled Naṣr-Allāh Enteẓām; 16 February 1900 – 19 December 1980) was a diplomat, politician, and minister, as well as Iranian Ambassador to the United States and France.[1][2] He was the first Iranian Ambassador to the United Nations from 1947 to 1950 and President of the UN General Assembly during its fifth session in 1950.[3][4]
Nasrollah Entezam | |
|---|---|
نصرالله انتظام | |
 Entezam in 1950 | |
| Iranian Ambassador to France | |
| In office February 1958 – February 1962 | |
| 22nd Iranian Ambassador to US | |
| In office 22 October 1953 – January 1956 | |
| Preceded by | Abbas Aram |
| Succeeded by | Ali Amini |
| 19th Iranian Ambassador to US | |
| In office 10 June 1950 – 22 September 1952 | |
| Preceded by | Hosein Alā |
| Succeeded by | Allah-Yar Saleh |
| Permanent Representative of Iran to the United Nations | |
| In office 1 April 1947 – 1 April 1950 | |
| Preceded by | Hassan Taqizadeh |
| Succeeded by | Aligholi Ardalan |
| President of the United Nations General Assembly | |
| In office 1 January 1950 – 1 January 1951 | |
| Preceded by | Carlos P. Romulo |
| Succeeded by | Luis Padilla Nervo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 16, 1900 Tehran, Iran |
| Died | December 19, 1980 (aged 80) Tehran, Iran |
| Resting place | Behesht-e Zahra |
| Political party | New Iran Party Rastakhiz Party |
| Relations | Abdollah Entezam (brother) Hume Horan (nephew) |
| Alma mater | University of Tehran University of Paris |
| Occupation | Ambassador Diplomat Politician Minister |
Biography
editEarly life
editNasrollah Entezam was born in Tehran, Iran on 16 February 1900 into a Qajari family.[1][4] His father Al-Saltanah Entezam and older brother Abdullah Entezam were also diplomats and politicians and his grandfather was the Minister of Order under Naser al-Din Shah Qajar.[2][4][5] His mother, Khorshid Laqa Ghaffari, was descended from the Ghaffari family of Kashan.[4][6] Nasrollah and his brother both studied at the German Embassy School in Tehran.[7] Entezam then studied political science at the University of Tehran and law at the University of Paris.[1][5][4][8]
Career
editIn 1918, following World War I, Entezam joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs before serving as the Secretary to the Iranian Legations in Paris, Warsaw, Bern, and London between 1926 and 1929.[1][4][2][9] He represented the Iranian government at the World Economic Conference in London in 1933 and was Iran's chargé d'affaires in Bern and deputy head of the Iranian delegation between 1934 and 1938.[2][1] During the Anglo-Persian Oil Company dispute in 1932-1933, Entezam served as secretary to the Iranian delegation and accompanied Ali-Akbar Davar and Hossein Ala' to Geneva to present Iran's case at the League of Nations.[2][7] Entezam left Bern in 1938 to return to Tehran, where he was the Director of the Political Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for four years.[2][1]
During the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran during World War II, Entezam served in a number of positions, including Minister of Public Health, Minister of Post and Telegraph, Minister of Roads, and, in 1944-1945, Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister Bayat.[2][1][4][5] Following the occupation and Reza Shah's abdication in September 1941, until the appointment of Mohammad Ali Foroughi as Court Minister in March 1942, Nasrollah was "fully in charge of the court" and developed close ties with Mohammad-Reza Shah.[7] In 1942, he was also appointed Grand Master of Ceremonies at the Imperial Palace.[10][11] He continued in foreign affairs following the war by representing Iran at the San Francisco Conference in 1945, the gathering that established the United Nations, and at the first session of the General Assembly in 1946.[2][1][4][12] In 1947, he became Iran's permanent representative to the UN and joined the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine,[13] and in 1949 "served 'with distinction' as chairman of the Assembly's Special Political Committee."[1][2][4] He also chaired a UN sub-committee about the permanent UN headquarters location and in 1949 was an initial candidate for president of the UN General Assembly.[1][2] He eventually withdrew from the election in favor of Carlos P. Romulo of the Philippines "in interests of Asian unity."[1]
During the third session of the General Assembly in 1948, he was chairman of the United Nations Trusteeship Council and the Special Committee on Methods and Procedures.[3] In 1948, he was chairman of the ad hoc Political Committee and in 1950, he was a member of the Cease Fire Committee for Korea and was elected President of the Assembly.[3][2][1][4] The Korean War occurred during his presidency and Entezam, wanting both economic aid from the USA and improved relations with Russia, strove to "tread a delicate path while maintaining a judicious appearance of fairness to all."[1][4] The Assembly also passed the Uniting for Peace resolution during this time, and Entezam helped establish a committee to consider granting UN membership to China and passed a resolution "guaranteeing Korea's postwar freedom, unity, and independence."[2][1] In 1952, he was expected to become the UN's next Secretary-General but Dag Hammarskjöld was instead elected.[2]
Entezam was given the title Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary by the United States in 1950 for serving as a diplomat at the Embassy in the USA.[14] He was the first non-Christian diplomat at the General Assembly in New York and served as Iran ambassador to the United States until 1952, when he was removed and replaced by Allah-Yar Saleh under Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.[2][4] Entezam was instead installed at the International Court of Justice in The Hague.[5] Following the Iran coup of August 1953, Entezam returned to his post in the USA.[2] He then worked as the Ambassador to France from 1958 to 1962.[2][1][4]
Following his departure from Paris, he was a minister without portfolio under Prime Minister Asadollah Alam.[1][15] Following the Indo-Pakistani War in 1965, Entezam served as a member and judge on the dispute over the boundaries of the warring nations, namely the Rann of Kutch.[1][2] He was later elected chairman of the Inaugural Congress of the Rastakhiz Party.[7] According to a 1963 report by the United States Embassy, Entezam and his brother Abdollah were informally active in Prime Minister Amini's Cabinet and met every Wednesday for twelve years.[7] Where his brother was considered to be prestigious and deserving of respect, Nasrollah was seen as a "flamboyant and sartorially elegant bachelor... [he was] also considered to be a capable official."[7]
Final years and death
editEntezam retired in the late 1960s/early 1970s[2] but continued to serve the Shah in some capacity.[citation needed] His final duties were as chairman of the United States Bicentennial celebration and co-chair of the Rastakhiz Party.[citation needed] Several years later, following the Islamic Revolution, he returned to Iran from asthma treatment in Switzerland despite his family's pleas to stay abroad.[4][5] He was immediately seized at the Mehrabad International Airport upon landing and arrested "on 'political charges'."[2][5][4] He was held in Evin Prison, where he was tortured and later suffered a stroke, for which he was sent to the hospital.[5][2] Entezam died shortly after on 19 December 1980, though sources cannot seem to agree where he passed beyond it being in Tehran: at his house, at his sister's house, in prison, or at the hospital.[1][5][4][10] He is buried in Behesht-e Zahra.[4]
Entezam's nephew was Hume Horan, the son of his brother Abdollah.[16] Entezam was also a freemason.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Tucker, Spencer C. The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition [3 Volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Berridge, G.; James, Alan; Lloyd, Lorna. The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy.
- ^ a b c Christian E. Burckel (ed.). Who's who in the United Nations: Volume 1. p. 140.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Azizi, Arash (23 September 2019). "نصرالله انتظام: تنها ایرانی رئیس مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل" (in Persian). The Independent Persian. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Surasrafil, Behrooz (2 March 2021). "ریاست یک ایرانی بر مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل متحد" (in Persian). VOA News. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ "About". Ghaffaris.com. n.d. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "ENTEẒĀM, ʿABD-ALLĀH and NAṢR-ALLĀH". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Imseis, Ardi (2018). The United Nations and the question of Palestine: A study in international legal subalternity (PDF) (Dissertation). University of Cambridge. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Nasrollah Entezam (Iran)". United Nations. n.d. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Nasrollah Entezam". The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, CA, USA. 13 February 1981. Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "International: The Nichevo Line". Time. 2 October 1950. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "UNIC, UNHCR, UNODC, UN-HABITAT, UNIDO, UNDP and IOM were set up and enthusiastically managed by the UN communications team". AVA Diplomatic. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ Ben-Dror, Elad (2022). UNSCOP and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Road to Partition. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1032059631.
- ^ United States Congress. Official Congressional Directory: Volume 82. p. 534.
- ^ Amini, Bahman (1993). "Review: [Untitled]". Middle Eastern Studies. 29 (1): 154–156. doi:10.1080/00263209308700940. JSTOR 4283547. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Kennedy, Charles Stuart (2001). "Interview with Hume Horan" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved 25 February 2022.