The Amyotha Hluttaw (Burmese: အမျိုးသားလွှတ်တော်, IPA: [ʔəmjóðá l̥ʊʔtɔ̀]; House of Nationalities) is the de jure upper house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma). It consists of 224 members, of which 168 are directly elected and 56 appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces. The last elections to the Amyotha Hluttaw were held in November 2015.[1] At its second meeting on 3 February 2016, Mahn Win Khaing Than and Aye Thar Aung were elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Amyotha Hluttaw and Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw as a whole.[2]
House of Nationalities အမျိုးသားလွှတ်တော် Amyotha Hluttaw | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw |
Term limits | 5 years; can serve for three consecutive years upon reelection |
| History | |
| Founded | 31 January 2011 |
| Preceded by | People's Assembly (1974–1988) |
| Leadership | |
Vacant since 31 January 2021 | |
Deputy Speaker | Vacant since 31 January 2021 |
| Seats | 224 MPs |
| Elections | |
Last Amyotha Hluttaw election | 8 November 2020 (annulled) |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Complex, Naypyidaw | |
| Website | |
| www | |
After the coup d'état on 1 February 2021, the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw was dissolved by Acting President Myint Swe, who declared a one-year state of emergency and transferred all legislative powers to Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing.[3]
Composition
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House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw) consists of 224 members: 168 directly elected and 56 appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces, under a unique constitutional provision that has no parallel in the world. Twelve representatives are elected by each state or region (inclusive of relevant Union territories, and including one representative from each Self-Administered Division or Self-Administered Zone).[4]
2016–2021
edit| Amyotha Hluttaw elections, 2015[5] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− | |||
| NLD | 135 |  132
|
60.27 | ||||||
| USDP | 11 |  113
|
4.91 | ||||||
| ANP | 10 | 4
|
4.46 | ||||||
| SNLD | 3 | 2
|
1.34 | ||||||
| TNP | 2 | 2
|
0.89 | ||||||
| ZCD | 2 | 2
|
0.89 | ||||||
| MNP | 1 | 1
|
0.45 | ||||||
| NUP | 1 | 4
|
0.45 | ||||||
| PNO | 1 | 1
|
0.45 | ||||||
| Independent | 2 | 2
|
0.89 | ||||||
| AMRDP | 0 | 4
|
0 | ||||||
| SNDP | 0 | 3
|
0 | ||||||
| Others | 0 | 18
|
0 | ||||||
| Military appointees | 56 | 
|
25.00 | – | – | 0 | |||
| Total | 224 | {{{votes}}} | |||||||
| Amyotha Hluttaw by Regions and States, 2015 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region/State | NLD | USDP | ANP | SNLD | ZCD | PNO | TNP | MNP | NUP | Independent | Total |
| Kachin State | 10 | 1 | 1 | 12 | |||||||
| Kayah State | 9 | 2 | 1 | 12 | |||||||
| Kayin State | 10 | 2 | 12 | ||||||||
| Chin State | 9 | 1 | 2 | 12 | |||||||
| Mon State | 11 | 1 | 12 | ||||||||
| Rakhine State | 1 | 1 | 10 | 12 | |||||||
| Shan State | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2[6] | 12 | |||||
| Sagaing Region | 12 | 12 | |||||||||
| Tanintharyi Region | 12 | 12 | |||||||||
| Bago Region | 12 | 12 | |||||||||
| Magway Region | 12 | 12 | |||||||||
| Mandalay Region | 10 | 2 | 12 | ||||||||
| Yangon Region | 12 | 12 | |||||||||
| Ayeyarwady Region | 12 | 12 | |||||||||
| Total | 135 | 11 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 168 |
2015 results are as of 20 November 2015. Military appointees are not included in the Amyotha Hluttaw by Regions and States, 2015 table.[7]
2011–2016
edit| Party | Seats[8] | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Union Solidarity and Development Party | 129 | 57.59 | |
| Rakhine Nationalities Development Party | 7 | 3.13 | |
| National Unity Party | 5 | 2.23 | |
| National Democratic Force | 4 | 1.79 | |
| All Mon Region Democracy Party | 4 | 1.79 | |
| Chin Progressive Party | 4 | 1.79 | |
| Shan Nationalities Democratic Party | 3 | 1.33 | |
| Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party | 3 | 1.33 | |
| Chin National Party | 2 | 0.89 | |
| Pa-O National Organisation | 1 | 0.45 | |
| Kayin People's Party | 1 | 0.45 | |
| Taaung (Palaung) National Party | 1 | 0.45 | |
| Wa Democratic Party | 1 | 0.45 | |
| Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State | 1 | 0.45 | |
| Kayin State Democracy and Development Party | 1 | 0.45 | |
| Independent | 1 | 0.45 | |
| Military appointees | 56 | 25.00 | |
| Total | 224 | 100 | |
| Date | Constituency | Old MP | Party | New MP | Party | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| August 2011 | Rangoon Division No. 3 | Phone Myint Aung | NDF | Phone Myint Aung | NNDP | Changed party membership[9] |
| December 2011 | Rangoon Region No. 4 | Myat Nyana Soe | NDF | Myat Nyana Soe | NLD | Changed party membership[10] |
| 28 January 2012 | Sagaing Division No. 2 | Bogyi aka Aung Ngwe | USDP | – | – | Deceased[11] |
| Party | Seats won | Change | Seats before | Seats after[12] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Union Solidarity and Development Party | 1 | 5 |
128 | 123 | |
| Rakhine Nationalities Development Party | 0 | |
7 | 7 | |
| National Unity Party | 0 | |
5 | 5 | |
| National League for Democracy | 4 | 4 |
1 | 5 | |
| National Democratic Force | 0 | |
2 | 2 | |
| New National Democracy Party | 0 | |
1 | 1 | |
| All Mon Region Democracy Party | 0 | |
4 | 4 | |
| Chin Progressive Party | 0 | |
4 | 4 | |
| Shan Nationalities Democratic Party | 1 | 1 |
3 | 4 | |
| Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party | 0 | |
3 | 3 | |
| Chin National Party | 0 | |
2 | 2 | |
| Pa-O National Organization | 0 | |
1 | 1 | |
| Kayin People's Party | 0 | |
1 | 1 | |
| Taaung (Palaung) National Party | 0 | |
1 | 1 | |
| Wa Democratic Party | 0 | |
1 | 1 | |
| Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State | 0 | |
1 | 1 | |
| Kayin State Democracy and Development Party | 0 | |
1 | 1 | |
| Independent | 0 | |
1 | 1 | |
| Vacant | 0 | |
1 | 1 | |
| Military appointees | – | – | 56 | 56 | |
| Total | 6 | |
224 | 224 | |
| Date | Constituency | Old MP | Party | New MP | Party | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 February 2013 | Rangoon Division No. 6 | Tin Shwe | NDF | – | – | Became a Deputy Minister[11] |
| 2013 | Arakan State No. 4 | Maung Sa Pru | RNDP | – | – | Deceased[11] |
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Myanmar election commission publishes election final results". Xinhuanet. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010.
- ^ "Burma's parliament opens new session". BBC News. 31 January 2011.
- ^
- "Amid Coup, Myanmar's NLD Lawmakers Form Committee to Serve as Legitimate Parliament". The Irrawaddy. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- "Myanmar coup: Week of Feb.1 to Feb. 21, EU action in focus as foreign ministers set to meet". Nikkei Asia. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- Ratcliffe, Rebecca (5 February 2021). "'We're not brainwashed': a week of turmoil in Myanmar". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- Smith, Patrick; Mogul, Rhea; Eppler, Kyle (1 February 2021). "Aung San Suu Kyi urges people to resist Myanmar military coup". NBC News. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ 2008 Constitution, Myanmar. Pg. Article 141 (a)
- ^ "Announcement 93/2015". Union Election Commission. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ^ "Announcement 95/2015". Union Election Commission. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^ "Announcement 93/2015". Union Election Commission. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ^ "Burma's 2010 Elections: A comprehensive report" (PDF). Burma Fund UN Office. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^ "New political party says it wants to work for a peaceful Burma". Mizzima. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ "NDF MPs rejoin NLD". Mizzima. 9 April 2012. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ a b c "National Assembly – Overview – Parliament Watch". ALTSEAN Burma. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ "National Assembly – Overview – Parliament Watch". ALTSEAN Burma. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012.