The American Housing Act of 1949 (Pub. L. 81–171) was a landmark, sweeping expansion of the federal role in mortgage insurance and issuance and the construction of public housing. It was part of President Harry Truman's program of domestic legislation, the Fair Deal.[1]
Background
editDuring the Roosevelt administration the National Housing Act of 1934 which established the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)[2] and the Housing Act of 1937 were signed into law, the latter of which directed the federal government to subsidize local public housing agencies.[3] On April 12, 1945, Vice President Harry Truman became president on the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Truman campaigned for a second term in the 1948 presidential election with a platform promising to provide for slum clearance and low-rent housing projects.[4] Truman was elected to a full term in 1948 with the Democrats also reclaiming the House of Representatives and the Senate.[5]
In his 1949 State of the Union address unveiling the Fair Deal, Truman reiterated his desire to pass comprehensive housing legislation.[6] The Senate had successfully passed bills allocating federal aid for public housing in 1946 and 1948, although these efforts died in the House of Representatives on both occasions.[4]
During the 81st Congress, Republican Sen. Robert A. Taft sponsored the legislation with Democratic backers Allen J. Ellender and Robert F. Wagner.[4] On April 21, 1949, the Senate approved the legislation by a vote of 57–13, with all but two of the "nay" votes coming from Republicans. The House of Representatives voted 227–186 in favor of the bill on June 29, 1949.[7] President Truman signed the bill into law on July 15, 1949.[8]
Legislative history
edit| Date: | Legislative Action: |
| February 21, 1949 | Subcom on Housing & Rents, Committee on Banking & Currency |
| February 25, 1949 | Reported to the Senate |
| February 25, 1949 | Committee on Banking & Currency Senate |
| April 13, 1949 | Debated in Senate |
| April 21, 1949 | Debated, Amended, Passed Senate |
| April 25, 1949 | Referred to Committee House |
| May 3, 1949 | Committee on Appropriations Senate |
| May 9, 1949 | Committee on Banking & Currency House |
| May 9, 1949 | Made special order (H.Res.189) Debated, Amended, Pass House (81 H.R. 2203) |
| May 16, 1949 | Committee on Banking & Currency House |
| July 6, 1949 | Committee of Conference House |
| July 8, 1949 | Conference Report (H.rp.975) Submitted in House & agreed to |
| July 8, 1949 | Conference Report agreed to in Senate |
| July 14, 1949 | Committee on Banking & Currency Senate |
| July 14, 1949 | Presidential Signing Statement |
Provisions
editSource:[9]
Title I - Slum Clearance & Community Development & Redevelopment
Authorized $1 Billion in loans to help cities acquire slums and blighted land for public or private redevelopment. It also allotted $100 million every year for five years for grants to cover two-thirds of the difference between the cost of the slum land and its reuse value.
Title II - Amendments to National Housing Act
Amended the National Housing Act of 1934 by reauthorizing the FHA for six weeks and raised by $500 million the amount the FHA was allowed to offer as mortgage insurance.
Title III - Low Rent Public Housing
Required that public housing authorities demolish or renovate one slum dwelling unit for every public housing apartment they built.
Title IV - Housing Research
Provided funds and the authority to conduct extensive research into the economics of housing construction, markets, and financing.
Title V - Farm Housing
Addressed the problems of rural housing by reorganizing and expanding the loan program initiated under the Bankhead-Johns Farm Tenant Act of 1937, which allowed farmer to purchase and improve farms.
Title VI - Miscellaneous Provisions
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Harry S. Truman: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Housing Act of 1949.," July 15, 1949". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
- ^ von Hoffman, Alexander. 1996b. Vision Limited: The Political Movement for a U.S. Public Housing Program, 1919-1950. Working Paper Series, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School for Government, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Taubman Center for State and Local Government.
- ^ McDonnell, Timothy L. 1957. The Wagner Housing Act: A Case Study of Legislative Process. Chicago: Loyola University Press.
- ^ a b c "Public Housing" (PDF).
- ^ White, William S. (1948-11-04). "SWEEP IN CONGRESS; Democrats Obtain 54-42 Margin in Senate by Winning 9 GOP Seats CERTAIN OF 258 IN HOUSE Republicans Have 167, With 9 Still in Doubt -- Shifts in Chairmanships Slated DEMOCRATS CLINCH SENATE AND HOUSE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
- ^ "Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
- ^ "The Housing Act of 1949" (PDF). Congressional Quarterly Alamac.
- ^ "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Housing Act of 1949". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
- ^ Bailey, James. 1965. The Case History of a Failure. Architectural Forum 123(5):22-25.↵↵Davies, Richard. 1966. Housing Reform during the Truman Administration. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
Further reading
edit- Clement, Bell. "Wagner-Steagall and the DC Alley Dwelling Authority: A Bid for Housing-Centered Urban Redevelopment, 1934–1946." Journal of the American Planning Association 78.4 (2012): 434–448.
- Congressional Quarterly. "Housing a Nation." (1966).
- Foard, Ashley A. "Law and Contemporary Problems." 25.4 (1960).
- Heathcott, Joseph. "The Strange Career of Public Housing: Policy, Planning, and the American Metropolis in the Twentieth Century." Journal of the American Planning Association 78.4 (2012): 360–375.
- Jenkins, William D. "Before Downtown: Cleveland, Ohio, and Urban Renewal, 1949-1958." Journal of Urban History 27.4 (2001): 471–496.
- Lang, Robert E., and Rebecca R. Sohmer. "Legacy of the Housing Act of 1949: The Past, Present, and Future of Federal Housing and Urban Policy." Housing Policy Debate (2000): 291–298. online
- Orlebeke, Charles J. "The Evolution of Low‐Income Housing Policy, 1949 to 1999." Housing policy debate 11.2 (2000): 489–520.
- Patterson, James. "Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A Taft." Houghton Mifflin (1972).
- Radford, Gail, "Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
- Vale, Lawrence J., "From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors" (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Press, 2000).
- Vale, Lawrence J., “Reclaiming Public Housing: A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods” (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Press, 2002).
- von Hoffman, Alexander. "A Study in Contradictions: The Origins and Legacy of the Housing Act of 1949." Housing policy debate 11.2 (2000): 299–326. online
- von Hoffman, Alexander. "High Ambitions: The Past and Future of American Housing Policy". Housing Policy Debate 7.3 (1996).
- von Hoffman, Alexander. "The Lost History of Urban Renewal." Journal of Urbanism 1.3 (2008): 281–301. [1]
External links
edit- Housing Act of 1949 section 2 and title V as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection