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Microsoft ergonomic keyboards

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Microsoft has designed and sold a variety of ergonomic keyboards for computers. The oldest is the Microsoft Natural Keyboard, released in 1994, the company's first computer keyboard. The newest models are the Sculpt Ergonomic Keyboard (2013), the Surface Ergonomic Keyboard (2016), and the Microsoft Ergonomic Keyboard (2019).

In January 2024, Microsoft announced that it would license the design and manufacturing of the Microsoft Ergonomic Keyboard and Sculpt Ergonomic Keyboard to Incase, as part of an effort to focus more on its Surface-branded accessories. These products will be branded under the Incase name, but as designed by Microsoft.[1]

Models

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Side view, showing the snap-on front riser which generates negative slope, front-to-back
 
Top view, showing the tent or gable angle between the two alphanumeric halves
The Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000, like other keyboards in the Microsoft ergonomic keyboard line, includes fixed slope and tent/gable angle adjustments to distinguish them from the comfort keyboard line, which only incorporate a slant angle change.

In general, ergonomic keyboards are designed to keep the user's arms and wrists in a near-neutral position, which means the slant angle (the lateral rotation angle for the keys in each half relative to the axis of the home row in a conventional keyboard) is approximately 10 to 12.5°, the slope (the angle of the keytop surfaces starting from the front edge closer to the user towards the top of the keyboard, relative to a horizontal plane) is -7.5°, and the tent or gable angle of each half (the angle of the keytops from the center of the keyboard towards its left and right edges, relative to the horizontal desk surface) is 20 to 30°.[2]

Microsoft ergonomic keyboards
Name Dates Connectivity Features Colors Notes Refs.
Intro. Disc. Keys Nav/Edit cluster Numpad Media hotkeys Lock status lights F-Lock Legs for positive tilt Riser for negative tilt
Natural Keyboard 1994 1998 PS/2 104[a] 3×2[b] Yes No 1, A, ⤓[c] — No built-in foldable beige Designed by Ziba Design and manufactured by Key Tronic [3][4][5]
Natural Keyboard Elite 1998 2014 PS/2 104[a] 2×3[d] Yes No 1, A, ⤓ — Yes No black, white Arrow keys layout is diamond-shaped [6][7]
Natural Keyboard Pro 1999 2001 PS/2, USB (cord terminates in both types) 123[e] 3×2[b] Yes Yes 1, A, ⤓ — Yes No white Built-in two-port USB hub [8][9]
Natural MultiMedia Keyboard 2002 2005 PS/2 120[f] 2×3(2)[g] Yes Yes F, A, 1[c] Yes Yes No white F-Lock to toggle from standard software-defined Fn functions [10][11]
Wireless Optical Desktop Pro 2007 wireless using USB corded receiver, PS/2 via adapter A, 1, F on receiver black [12][13][14]
Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 2005 2019 USB 123[h] 3×2[b] Yes Yes 1, A, ⤓, F Yes Yes clip-on black Zoom rocker between alphanumeric banks [15][16][17]
Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000 2007 2013 wireless using USB receiver stick No [18][19][20]
Sculpt Ergonomic Desktop 2013 — wireless using USB receiver stick 84+20[i] 2×4(2)[j] Yes Yes[k] No Yes[l] No clip-on magnetic black Numpad is a separate wireless unit; split spacebar; fabric-covered palm rest [21][22][23][24][25][26]
Surface Ergonomic Keyboard 2016 — wireless via Bluetooth 111[m] 3×2[b] Yes Yes[k] ⤓, 1, A, F[n] Yes No No gray Split spacebar; Alcantara-covered palm rest, aluminium top body part [27][28][29]
Microsoft Ergonomic Keyboard 2019 — USB 126[o] 3×2[b] Yes Yes ⤓, 1, A[n] — No clip-on black Fabric-covered palm rest [30][31]
Notes
  1. ^ a b Standard 101-key QWERTY keyboard layout with the addition of two Windows keys and a contextual menu key on the spacebar row
  2. ^ a b c d e Conventional 3-column, 2-row layout; columns (from left to right) are Ins/Del, Home/End, and PgUp/PgDn
  3. ^ a b 1 represents Num Lock status light, A represents ⇪ Caps Lock status light, ⤓ represents Scroll Lock status light, F represents F-Lock status light (listed in order as located on keyboard)
  4. ^ Nonstandard 2-column, 3-row layout; columns (from left to right) are Home/End/Del and PgUp/PgDn/Ins
  5. ^ Adds 19 hot keys, two of which are programmable using IntelliType Pro software
  6. ^ Adds 17 hot keys; Ins integrated with Print Screen
  7. ^ Nonstandard 2-column, 3-row layout; columns (from left to right) are Home/Del (double height Del) and End/PgUp/PgDn. Ins moved to PrtScrn as the secondary function activated by F-Lock
  8. ^ Adds 16 hot keys; =, (, ) and ← Backspace duplicated above numpad
  9. ^ Separate number pad integrates Clear in place of Num Lock and has additional 3-button row on top: Num Lock, Calculator, and ← Backspace; Calculator dublicaded on main unit
  10. ^ Nonstandard 2-column, 4-row layout; columns (from left to right) are Del (double height Del)/Ins and Home/End/PgUp/PgDn
  11. ^ a b Media related functions are integrated via F-lock on F1—F12
  12. ^ F-Lock is implemented by sliding toggle switch. Two revisions of keyboard exist with different sets of secondary functions.
  13. ^ Adds 4 hot keys including Calculator above numpad; PrtScrn and additional Delete added to the end of F1–F12 row; numpad features Clear in place of Num Lock
  14. ^ a b Status lights integrated into corresponding lock keys
  15. ^ Adds 15 hot keys; PrtScrn and additional Delete added to the end of F1–F12 row; numpad features = in place of Num Lock and additional row on top: Clear, (, ) and ← Backspace; right ⊞ Win and ≣ Menu are replaced with Office and ☺

Natural Keyboard

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Microsoft Natural Keyboard Gen1/V1

The first generation of the Microsoft ergonomic keyboards, named the Natural Keyboard, was released in September 1994, designed for Microsoft Windows 95 and Novell Netware. It was designed for Microsoft by Ziba Design[4] with assistance and manufacturing by Key Tronic.[32] The Microswitch division of Honeywell, which was responsible for that company's keyboards and was acquired by Key Tronic in early 1994, is also credited with design input.[33]

The keyboard uses a fixed-split design, with each half of the alphanumeric section separated, laterally rotated, and tilted upwards and down from the center of the keyboard. This key arrangement was ergonomically designed to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome and other repetitive strain injuries associated with typing for long periods of time. Another innovation was the integrated wrist pad helping to ensure correct posture while sitting at the computer and further reducing strain on the neck, arms and wrists.

This keyboard also introduced three new keys purposed for Microsoft's upcoming operating system: two Windows logo keys (⊞ Win) between the Ctrl and Alt keys on each side, and a ≣ Menu key between the right Windows and Ctrl keys.[5] The three Num Lock/Caps Lock/Scroll Lock status lights are arranged vertically between the two halves of the alphanumeric section.

Although it was not the first ergonomic keyboard, it was the first widely available sub-$100 offering.[5] The keyboard gained popularity quickly, exceeding Microsoft's forecast of 100,000 units sold by the end of 1994. Microsoft soon asked Key Tronic to ramp up production to 100,000 per month in 1995,[34] and the Natural Keyboard sold over 600,000 per month at its peak.[4] Over 3 million units had been sold by February 1998, when its successor, the Natural Keyboard Elite, was introduced.[35]

As with most Microsoft keyboards, software (Microsoft IntelliType) is bundled with the keyboard for both Mac OS X and Windows, allowing users to customize the function keys and modify keys fairly extensively.

Natural Keyboard Elite

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Microsoft Natural Keyboard Elite

The Microsoft Natural Keyboard has had several upgrades and refreshes since its introduction. The first of these was the Natural Keyboard Elite, introduced in February 1998 at a retail price of US$64.95 (equivalent to $121 in 2023).[35] Like the original Natural Keyboard, the Elite was manufactured by Key Tronic, who also assisted in its development.[32]

The Elite features a nonstandard layout of the six-key navigation/edit key cluster normally found above the cursor keys (Ins/Del, Home/End, and PgUp/PgDn). Another common criticism of the Elite is that the arrow keys' inverted-T layout has been changed into a cross-like layout, with left/right arrows keys side by side and up/down keys bracketing them from above and below, increasing the distance between the vertical keys. Another significant change was the keyboard's adjustable feet. While the original Microsoft Natural Keyboard had feet in the front to generate reverse tilt, the Elite and its successors have their feet in the back. The Natural Keyboard Elite was manufactured in at least two different color schemes; white with black lettering and black with white lettering.

Natural Keyboard Pro

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Microsoft Natural Keyboard Pro, circa Q4 1999.

The third iteration was the Natural Keyboard Pro, introduced in June 1999 at a retail price of US$74.95 (equivalent to $137 in 2023).[36] The Natural Keyboard Pro restored the standard inverted-T layout of the cursor keys and six-key nav/edit cluster 2×3 layout, and added a row of program shortcut keys along the top edge of the keyboard (above F1 — F12 and the numeric keypad), including multimedia keys and power management keys. Vista and Windows 7 have the ability to customize shortcut key behavior without additional software when using the "internet keyboard" keyboard layout. Some other modern operating systems, such as FreeBSD and most Linux distributions, have comparable configuration options. The Natural Keyboard Pro also included an internal two-port USB hub, which was commonly used to connect other input devices such as a mouse or trackball, but this was dropped in subsequent iterations.

Natural Multimedia Keyboard

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Microsoft Natural Multimedia Keyboard

In September 2002, Microsoft introduced the redesigned Natural Multimedia Keyboard (sometimes styled as MultiMedia) at a retail price of US$54.95 (equivalent to $93 in 2023).[37] The Natural Multimedia Keyboard reworked the row of multimedia buttons and included the controversial F Lock feature, originally debuted in the Microsoft Office Keyboard. Another common criticism is that although the bunched arrow keys of previous generation has been fixed by returning to the standard inverted T layout, the six-key nav/edit cluster has been changed to a 2x3 vertical layout, with Ins moved to the F-Lock function of PrtScn/SysRq, and Del key expanded to double height. On the Natural Multimedia Keyboard, the status indicator lights for Num lock, Scroll lock, and Caps lock were moved from between the banks of alphanumeric keys to a more traditional location above and to the right of the backspace key. The Natural Multimedia Keyboard was manufactured in at least three different color schemes, including white with blue accents, black with silver accents, and white with black accents.

Wireless Optical Desktop Pro

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The Wireless Optical Desktop Pro was introduced alongside the Natural MultiMedia Keyboard in September 2002 at a retail price of US$104.95 (equivalent to $178 in 2023),[37] That Desktop bundle included a wireless version of that keyboard, a wireless optical mouse (sold separately as the Wireless Optical Mouse blue), a USB receiver, and an adapter to convert the USB plug to PS/2 for older systems. The finish of the mouse and keyboard were changed to black with silver accents, and the indicator lights (Num Lock/Caps Lock/Scroll Lock) were moved to the receiver rather than the keyboard to conserve power. Some products boxed and marketed with this name feature keyboards labeled Microsoft Wireless Natural MultiMedia Keyboard and included a wireless receiver that has both PS/2 and USB connectors.

Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000

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Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000

In September 2005, Microsoft introduced the Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 at a retail price of US$64.95 (equivalent to $101 in 2023).[38] This keyboard provides a significantly changed ergonomic design, including an integrated leatherette wrist rest, noticeably concave key banks, and a removable front stand to generate negative slope, which helps to straighten the wrist and allows the fingers to drop naturally onto the keys. The multimedia keys have again been redesigned, and the six-key nav/edit cluster has been fixed by returning to the standard 3×2 horizontal rectangular layout. The F Lock key now defaults to "on", providing the original function key features rather than the new "enhanced" functions, and retains its setting across reboots. The 4000 has the indicator lights for Caps lock, etc. moved back to between the banks of keys, although they are now below the space bar, rather than above. The 4000 is also significantly quieter to type on, with less of the distinctive "click clack" noise that is common with older keyboards; as it is likely uses cheaper membrane key switches (as opposed to mechanical), which tend to be quieter but have twice as much travel before depression. The space bar, however, has been reported by several reviewers to be unusually noisy and difficult to depress.[39][40][41][42] The 4000 is available in two variants, Business and Retail. The exact differences are not known, although product descriptions imply that the packaging is different, and prices are often slightly higher for the Business edition.

Natural Ergonomic 7000 keyboard

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Microsoft Natural Wireless Ergonomic Keyboard 7000

In June 2007, Microsoft introduced the Natural Wireless Ergonomic Keyboard 7000 as part of the Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000 bundle, which includes the Natural Wireless Laser Mouse 7000 at a retail price of US$149.95 (equivalent to $220 in 2023).[43] The biggest difference between the 7000 and 4000 keyboards, aside from wireless functionality, is the position of the status lights (Num Lock, Caps Lock, Scroll Lock, and F Lock). On the Natural Ergonomic 4000, these lights are on the wrist rest, centered vertically under the spacebar. In their place, on the Natural Ergonomic 7000 keyboard, resides a single battery indicator light.

The Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000 comes with a USB wireless dongle that connects both the mouse and the keyboard. The attachment to elevate the front of the keyboard is separate in the box. The Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000 bundle also comes with batteries, a very brief user guide, a disk containing the Microsoft Intellitype and Intellipoint software, and the Natural Wireless Laser Mouse 7000, which uses the same physical design as the Natural Wireless Laser Mouse 6000 with a different radio frequency.

Sculpt ergonomic keyboard

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Sculpt ergonomic keyboard

Microsoft introduced the Sculpt Ergonomic keyboard in August 2013 as part of the Sculpt Ergonomic Desktop bundle with the Sculpt Ergonomic mouse at a retail price of US$129.95 (equivalent to $170 in 2023).[44][45] The keyboard was made available separately in "Business" packaging for US$80.95 (equivalent to $106 in 2023).[46]

The wireless keyboard uses a scissor-switch mechanism and features a detached number pad. The arrangement of the six-key nav/edit cluster is nonstandard, although the arrow keys are still laid out as an inverted-T.[46] The Sculpt Ergonomic keyboard and mouse connect to the computer wirelessly using a 2.4 GHz radio through a proprietary USB dongle. The receiver and keyboard communicate using 128-bit AES encryption and are permanently paired at the factory.[21][22] Because of this, the dongle cannot be replaced and must occupy a USB port; this feature has attracted criticism as a Bluetooth connection would free up a USB port and ensure the keyboard could still be used even if the dongle was misplaced.[47] Microsoft state the proprietary wireless connection eliminates any delay in waking the computer.[48] Rather than using feet to elevate the back of the keyboard, the Sculpt Ergonomic keyboard comes with a reverse-tilt riser that snaps on to the bottom front edge of the keyboard using magnets.[49]

During development, the Sculpt keyboard was codenamed "Manta Ray" for its resemblance to the animal.[44]

Surface Ergonomic Keyboard

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The Microsoft Surface Ergonomic keyboard was announced in October 2016 at a retail price of US$129.95 (equivalent to $165 in 2023),[50] alongside other accessories for the Surface Studio.[51]

The shape of the Surface Ergonomic keyboard is similar to the Sculpt, but the six-key navigation block returns to the standard two-row, three-column arrangement, and the number pad is integrated into right side of the Surface Ergonomic. The Surface is gray and the wrist pad is covered with Alcantara instead of the gloss black finish and vinyl wrist pad of the Sculpt. The Surface has also dropped the option to add the magnetic front riser for negative slope. In addition, the Surface Ergonomic is connected wirelessly over Bluetooth instead of using a proprietary dongle.[50]

One reviewer noted the typing action of the Surface scissor switches was "more satisfying with improved quality" than the Sculpt.[28] Paul Thurrott criticized the Surface Ergonomic keyboard for dropping the front riser option and the increased width, which extends the reach needed to use the mouse for right-handed users.[52]

Microsoft Ergonomic Keyboard

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The Microsoft Ergonomic keyboard was introduced in 2019 and is the successor to the 4000 keyboard. Like the 4000, it is black, wired, contains three sections (from left to right, alphanumeric, navigation, and numeric keypad), and is not backlit. It loses the zoom toggle, the back/forward button under the spacebar, and the space under the function keys are gone.[53] There is a retail version (LXM-00013) and a business[54] version (LXN-0004) and their differences (aside from the $10 markup on the business version) are currently unknown, though there might only be a UK layout for the business version.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Warren, Tom (2024-01-05). "Microsoft's keyboards and mice will live on under a unique new partnership". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
  2. ^ Marklin, Richard W.; Simoneau, Guy G. (2004). "Design Features of Alternative Computer Keyboards: A Review of Experimental Data". Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 34 (10): 638–649. doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.34.10.638. PMID 15552709. S2CID 17996825.
  3. ^ "Microsoft Natural Keyboard v1.0". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 20 January 1998.
  4. ^ a b c "Microsoft Natural Keyboard". Ziba Design. 1 February 1994. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014.
  5. ^ a b c FISHER, LAWRENCE M. (6 September 1994). "Microsoft Is Bringing Out Its First Computer Keyboard". The New York Times. ...the Microsoft Corporation will begin shipping a keyboard on Tuesday with a suggested retail price of $99.
  6. ^ "Natural Keyboard Elite". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 28 November 1999.
  7. ^ Maciak, Luke (October 30, 2007). "Microsoft Natural Keyboard Elite". Terminally Incoherent. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  8. ^ "Natural Keyboard Pro". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 12 April 2000.
  9. ^ Rutter, Daniel (29 April 2000). "Microsoft Natural Keyboard Pro". Dan's Data. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  10. ^ "Natural MultiMedia Keyboard". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 1 December 2002.
  11. ^ Grevstad, Eric (September 25, 2002). "Test Drive: Microsoft Natural MultiMedia Keyboard and Optical Mouse Blue". Small Business Computing. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  12. ^ "Wireless Optical Desktop Pro". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 1 December 2002.
  13. ^ Johnson, Ian (February 14, 2003). "Microsoft Wireless Optical Desktop Pro". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  14. ^ "Wireless Optical Desktop Pro" (PDF). Microsoft Technical Data Sheet. 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  15. ^ "Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019.
  16. ^ Arment, Marco (December 28, 2005). "Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000". marco.org. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  17. ^ "Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000" (PDF). Microsoft Technical Data Sheet. 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  18. ^ "Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007.
  19. ^ Nixon, Jerry (August 14, 2013). "At last! A replacement to the Microsoft 7000. Thank you!". Microsoft Developer Blog. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  20. ^ "Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000" (PDF). Microsoft Technical Data Sheet. 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  21. ^ a b "Sculpt Ergonomic Desktop". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019.
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  27. ^ "Surface Ergonomic Keyboard". Microsoft.
  28. ^ a b Rubino, Daniel (15 November 2016). "Microsoft's Surface Ergonomic Keyboard does a lot right for a high price". Windows Central. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  29. ^ "Surface Accessories: Fact Sheet" (PDF). Microsoft. October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  30. ^ "Microsoft Ergonomic Keyboard". Microsoft.
  31. ^ Rubino, Daniel (17 October 2019). "Microsoft Ergonomic Keyboard (2019) review: A worthy, modern evolution of a legendary keyboard".
  32. ^ a b Murphey, Michael (November 19, 1997). "Microsoft, Key Tronic Reach Deal: Spokane Company To Make New Ergonomic Keyboard". The Spokesman Review. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  33. ^ Jewell, Mark (October 17, 1995). "Ergonomics Is Key For Key Tronic". The Seattle Times. AP. Archived from the original on 25 Sep 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  34. ^ Buck, Richard (November 7, 1994). "Northwest Investment Profiles — Key Tronic Revival Is At Hand". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  35. ^ a b "Microsoft Announces Availability of New Microsoft Natural Keyboard Elite" (Press release). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft. February 26, 1998. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  36. ^ "Microsoft Announces New Line of Keyboards" (Press release). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft. June 22, 1999. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  37. ^ a b "Microsoft Rolls Out Largest Collection of Desktop Peripherals in Company History" (Press release). Microsoft Corporation. September 3, 2002. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  38. ^ "Microsoft Takes Comfort to a New Level With Advanced Ergonomics" (Press release). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft. September 6, 2005. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
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  40. ^ "Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 Review". COSMiX.ORG. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
  41. ^ "Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 Review". priscimon.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
  42. ^ "Customer Reviews: Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
  43. ^ "Slip Into Something More Comfortable: Microsoft's New Desktop Offers Superior Wireless Ergonomic Experience" (Press release). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft. June 19, 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  44. ^ a b LeBlanc, Brandon (August 13, 2013). "Announcing the Sculpt Ergonomic Desktop". Windows Blog. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  45. ^ nateog (August 13, 2013). "Microsoft Sculpt keyboard and mouse look to bring cool factor to ergonomics". The Verge. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  46. ^ a b Bright, Peter (August 13, 2013). "Microsoft's new ergonomic keyboard is just plain weird looking". Ars Technica. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  47. ^ Eden, Terence (8 June 2015). "Tech Review: Microsoft Sculpt Ergonomic Desktop". Terence Eden's Blog. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  48. ^ Shankland, Stephen (September 13, 2013). "Microsoft makes Bluetooth blunder with Sculpt keyboard". C|Net. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  49. ^ Fitzpatrick, Jason (September 30, 2013). "HTG Reviews the Sculpt: a Quirky Ergonomic Keyboard". How-To Geek. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  50. ^ a b Welch, Chris (October 26, 2016). "Microsoft's awesome ergonomic keyboard finally works over Bluetooth". The Verge. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  51. ^ Chacos, Brad (October 26, 2016). "Microsoft quietly unveils a Surface mouse and desktop keyboards for Surface Studio". PC World. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  52. ^ Thurrott, Paul (February 7, 2017). "Microsoft Surface Ergonomic Keyboard Review". Thurrott. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  53. ^ "Microsoft's new Ergonomic Keyboard is easily its best ever. This is why". Windows Central. 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
  54. ^ "Amazon.com: Microsoft LXN-00004 Ergonomic Keyboard for Business : Electronics". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2022-07-08.
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