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Nafplio

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"Nauplia" redirects here. For other uses, see Nauplius.

Nafplio or Nauplio (Greek: Ναύπλιο, romanized: Náfplio) is a coastal city located in the Peloponnese in Greece. It is the capital of the regional unit of Argolis and an important tourist destination. Founded in antiquity, the city became an important seaport in the Middle Ages during the Frankokratia as part of the lordship of Argos and Nauplia, held initially by the de la Roche following the Fourth Crusade before coming under the Republic of Venice and, lastly, the Ottoman Empire. The city was the second capital of the First Hellenic Republic and of the Kingdom of Greece, from 1827 until 1834.

Nafplio
Ναύπλιο
Municipality
Clockwise from top right: Palamidi Fortress, Acronauplia Clock Tower, Nafplio Old Town, Constitution Square, Bourtzi Castle, Othonos Street, Nafplio Town Hall, central square of Nafplio, view of Nafplio and the surrounding areas, roundabout at the entrance of the port
Nafplio is located in Greece
Nafplio
Nafplio
Location within the region
Coordinates: 37°33′57″N 22°48′00″E / 37.56583°N 22.80000°E / 37.56583; 22.80000
CountryGreece
Administrative regionPeloponnese
Regional unitArgolis
Government
 • MayorDimitrios Orfanos[1] (since 2023)
Area
 • Municipality
390.2 km2 (150.7 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit33.62 km2 (12.98 sq mi)
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Municipality
32,625
 • Density84/km2 (220/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit
19,375
 • Municipal unit density580/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
 • Community
14,532
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
211 00
Area code(s)2752
Vehicle registrationΑΡ
Websitewww.nafplio.gr
View of the Nafplio Town Hall on Βασ. Κωνσταντίνου (Vasileos Konstantinou).

Name

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The name of the town changed several times over the centuries. The modern Greek name of the town is Nafplio (Ναύπλιο).[3] In modern English, the most frequently used forms are Nauplia and Navplion.[4]

The oldest reference to Nafplio appears to be in the so-called "Aegean List" from the Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, dating to 14th century BCE, where it is recorded as npry (nw-py-r-y).[5]

In Classical Antiquity, it was known as Nauplia (Ναυπλία) in Attic Greek[6][7][8][9] and Naupliē (Ναυπλίη) in Ionian Greek.[6] In Latin, it was called Nauplia.[10]

During the Middle Ages, several variants were used in Byzantine Greek, including Náfplion (Ναύπλιον), Anáplion (Ἀνάπλιον), and Anáplia (Ἀνάπλια).[9]

During the Late Middle Ages and early modern period, under Venetian domination, the town was known in Italian as Napoli di Romania, after the medieval usage of "Romania" to refer to the lands of the Byzantine Empire, and to distinguish it from Napoli (Naples) in Italy.

Also during the early modern period, but this time under Ottoman rule, the Turkish name of the town was Mora Yenişehir, after Morea, a medieval name for the Peloponnese, and "yeni şehir", the Turkish term for "new city" (apparently a translation from the Greek Νεάπολη, Italian Napoli). The Ottomans also called it Anabolı.

In the 19th century and early 20th century, the town was called indiscriminately Náfplion (Ναύπλιον) and Nafplio (Ναύπλιο) in modern Greek. Both forms were used in official documents and travel guides. This explains why the old form Náfplion (sometimes transliterated to Navplion) still occasionally survives up to this day.

Geography

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Panorama of modern Nafplion.

Nafplio is situated on the Argolic Gulf in the northeast Peloponnese. Most of the old town is on a peninsula jutting into the gulf; this peninsula forms a naturally protected bay that is enhanced by the addition of human-made moles. The city was originally almost isolated by marshes; landfill projects, primarily since the 1970s, have nearly doubled its land area.

Municipality

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Nafplio municipality

The municipality Nafplio was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[11]

The municipality has an area of 390.241 km2, the municipal unit 33.619 km2.[12] The municipal unit Nafplio consists of the communities Nafplio, Aria, Lefkakia and Pyrgiotika.[13]

Population

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Year Community Municipal unit Municipality
1991 10,611 - -
1991 10,897 14,704 -
2001 13,802 16,885 -
2011 14,200 18,910 33,356
2021 14,532 19,375 32,625

History

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Mythical origins and Classical antiquity

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The area surrounding Nafplio has been inhabited since ancient times, but few signs of this, aside from the walls of the Acronauplia, remain visible. The town has been a stronghold on several occasions during Classical Antiquity. It seems to be mentioned on an Egyptian funerary inscription of Amenophis III as Nuplija.[14] Nauplia (Ancient Greek: ἡ Ναυπλία) was the port of Argos, in ancient Argolis. It was situated upon a rocky peninsula, connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus. It was a very ancient place, and is said to have derived its name from Nauplius, the son of Poseidon and Amymone, and the father of Palamedes, though it more probably owed its name, as Strabo has observed, to its harbour.[15][16] Pausanias tells us that the Nauplians were Egyptians belonging to the colony which Danaus brought to Argos;[17] and from the position of their city upon a promontory running out into the sea, which is quite different from the site of the earlier Grecian cities, it is not improbable that it was originally a settlement made by strangers from the East.[18]

Nauplia was at first independent of Argos, and a member of the maritime confederacy which held its meetings in the island of Calaureia.[19] About the time of the Second Messenian War, it was conquered by the Argives; and the Lacedaemonians gave to its expelled citizens the town of Methone in Messenia, where they continued to reside even after the restoration of the Messenian state by the Theban general Epaminondas.[20] Argos then took the place of Nauplia in the Calaureian confederacy; and from this time Nauplia appears in history only as the seaport of Argos.[21] As such it is mentioned by Strabo,[19] but in the time of Pausanias (2nd century) the place was deserted. Pausanias noticed the ruins of the walls of a temple of Poseidon, certain forts, and a fountain named Canathus, by washing in which Hera was said to have renewed her virginity every year.[16]

Byzantine and Frankish rule

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Further information: Byzantine Greece, Frankokratia, and Lordship of Argos and Nauplia
 
The castle of Palamidi
 
View of Bourtzi.
 
Map of the city of Nafplion (Napoli di Romania), 1597.
 
The Entry of King Otto into Nauplia by Peter von Hess

The Acronauplia has walls dating from pre-classical times. Subsequently, Byzantines, Franks, Venetians, and Turks added to the fortifications. In the Middle Ages, Nauplia was called τὸ Ναύπλιον, τὸ Ἀνάπλιον, or τὰ Ἀνάπλια. It became a place of considerable importance, and has continued so down to the present day. In the time of the Crusades it first emerges from obscurity. Nafplio was taken in 1212 by French Crusaders of the Principality of Achaea. It became part of the lordship of Argos and Nauplia, which in 1388 was sold to the Republic of Venice,[22] who regarded it as one of their most important places in the Levant. During the subsequent 150 years, the lower city was expanded and fortified, and new fortifications added to Acronauplia.[23]

Venetian and Ottoman rule

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Further information: Stato da Màr and Ottoman Greece

The city, under Venetian rule twice repelled Ottoman attacks and sieges, first by Mehmed the Conqueror during the Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) and then by Suleiman the Magnificent. The city surrendered to the Ottomans in 1540, who renamed it Mora Yenişehri and established it as the seat of a sanjak. At that period, Nafplio looked very much like the 16th century image shown below to the right.

The Venetians retook Nafplio in 1685 and made it the capital of their "Kingdom of the Morea". The city was strengthened by building the castle of Palamidi, which was in fact the last major construction of the Venetian empire overseas. However, only 80 soldiers were assigned to defend the city and it was easily retaken by the Ottomans in 1715. Palamidi is located on a hill north of the old town. During the Greek War of Independence, it played a major role. It was captured by forces of Staikopoulos and Kolokotronis in November 1822.

19th century: Independence and first capital

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See also: First Hellenic Republic

During the Greek War of Independence, Nafplio was a major Ottoman stronghold and was besieged for more than a year. The town finally surrendered on account of forced starvation. After its capture, because of its strong fortifications, it became the seat of the provisional government of Greece.

Count Ioannis Kapodistrias, first head of state of newly liberated Greece, set foot on the Greek mainland for the first time in Nafplio on 7 January 1828 and made it the official capital of Greece in 1829. He was assassinated on 9 October 1831 by members of the Mavromichalis family, on the steps of the church of Saint Spyridon in Nafplio. After his assassination, a period of anarchy followed, until the arrival of King Otto and the establishment of the new Kingdom of Greece. Nafplio remained the capital of the kingdom until 1834, when King Otto decided to move the capital to Athens.

20th and 21st centuries

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Tourism emerged as an important economic activity following the Greek Civil War, and Nafplio became one of the first areas to develop mass tourism in the mainland. Nowadays it is one of the most popular destinations in Greece and attracts a large variety of tourists, with the most coming from Athens and other cities in Greece, followed by many tourists from Germany, France, Scandinavia, Russia, the Balkans and the United States. Due to its architectural legacy, its proximity to the capital, Athens, and its mild and pleasant climate it attracts visitors all-year round, and it is the most popular destination for weekend or one-day excursions.

Apart from tourism Agriculture is a very important sector and the city is also surrounded by a fertile irrigated plain and produces oranges, lemons, peaches, apricots, olives and almonds. The Port of Nafplio is used only for bulk cargo due to its insufficient depth and also hosts a great number of leisure ships during the tourist season. The city has not developed any industrial activity of note and all secondary activities are related to agriculture or the construction industry.

 
Plateia Syntagmatos (Constitution Square).

Transportation

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Nafplio train station in 2019.

Bus

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Since 1952, the town has been served by public bus (KTEL Argolida), which provides daily services to all destinations in region as well as other major Greek centers such as Athens.[24][25] The journey to Athens takes two to two hours and 20 minutes, going via Corinth/Isthmos and Argos.[26]

Train

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Rail service began in 1886 using an earlier station that still stands.[27]

The town is connected by a branch line of ten kilometers from Argos to Nafplio. In 2011, the Corinth–Argos–Nafplio train service was suspended during the Greek financial crisis. The Region of the Peloponnese is currently trying to secure funding to restore railway services and modernize the line.[28]

Architecture

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Traditional houses. View from Acronauplia.
 
Statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis
 
Fortifications of Acronauplia

Acronauplia is the oldest part of the city though a modern hotel has been built on it. Until the thirteenth century, it was a town on its own. The arrival of the Venetians and the Franks transformed it into part of the town fortifications. Other fortifications of the city include the Palamidi and Bourtzi, which is located in the middle of the harbour.

Nafplio maintains its own distinct traditional architectural style with many colourful buildings around the old town, influenced by the Venetians, due to their domination between 1338–1540 and during the Kingdom of the Morea and to a much lower degree by the Ottomans. Furthermore the city also contains a great number of eclecticist and neoclassical buildings and even a smaller number of modernist buildings such as Hotel Amphitryon (designed in the 1950s by architect Kleon Krantonellis).[29] The city also contains the only example of Mycenaean Revival architecture,[30] the National Bank of Greece branch of Nafplio.

It is one of the few Greek cities to have been spared the widespread destruction of traditional architecture during the process of antiparochí, due to the efforts of the archaeologist Evangelia Protonotariou Deilaki, whose actions went against the prevailing trend of the post-war era.[31]

Around the city can be found several sculptures and statues. They are related mostly with the modern history of Nafplio, such as the statues of Ioannis Kapodistrias, Otto of Greece and Theodoros Kolokotronis.

Quarters

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Culture

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Cuisine

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Local specialties include:

  • Goglies (Goges), pasta
  • Striftades/Striftaria, hand made pasta
  • Giosa, lamb or goat meat
  • Bogana, lamb meat with potatoes

Museums

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Education

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Since 2003, the University of Peloponnese has incorporated a new faculty, the School of Fine Arts. In 2007, a single department exists, the Department of Theatre,[32] offering four majors:[33]

Notable people

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Charilaos Trikoupis was born in Nafplio

International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece

Twin towns – sister cities

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Nafplio is twinned with:

Consulates

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The city hosts honorary consulates from the following countries:

Sports

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Municipality of Nafplio, Municipal elections – October 2023". Ministry of Interior.
  2. ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
  3. ^ « ΑΡΓΟΛΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΕΙΑΚΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ. "Ναύπλιον – Ετυμολογία του Ονόματος". Argolikivivliothiki.gr. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
  4. ^ See Merriam-Webster's (1993), p. 1495.
  5. ^ Cline, Eric H.; Stannish, Steven M. (2011). "Sailing the Great Green Sea? Amenhotep III's "Aegean List" from Kom el-Hetan, Once More". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 3 (2): 6, 9, 12. doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v03i2_cline.
  6. ^ a b See Liddell and Scott revised by Jones (1940), Ναυπλία. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
  7. ^ See Liddell and Scott (1889), Ναυπλία. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
  8. ^ See Bailly (1901), p. 585, Ναυπλία. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
  9. ^ a b See Smith (1854), NAU´PLIA. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
  10. ^ Entick, John (2007-11-20). Entick's English-Latin dictionary. Archived from the original on 2023-06-15. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
  11. ^ "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  12. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-21. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
  13. ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  14. ^ See Latacz (2004), p. 131.
  15. ^ ἀπὸ τοῦ ταῖς ναυσὶ προσπλεῖσθαι, Strabo. Geographica. Vol. viii. p.368. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
  16. ^ a b Pausanias (1918). "38.2". Description of Greece. Vol. 2. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library.
  17. ^ Pausanias (1918). "35.2". Description of Greece. Vol. 4. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library.
  18. ^   Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Nauplia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  19. ^ a b Strabo. Geographica. Vol. viii. p.374. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
  20. ^ Pausanias (1918). "24.4". Description of Greece. Vol. 4. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library., 4.27.8, 4.35.2.
  21. ^ ὁ Ναύπλιος λίμην, Euripides Orest. 767; λιμένες Ναύπλιοι, Electr. 451.
  22. ^ Diplomatarium No. 127.
  23. ^ Wright, Ch. 1.
  24. ^ "Company". K.T.E.L Argolidas. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  25. ^ "Transportation Means". Municipality of Nafplion. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  26. ^ "Map/Transport". Visit Nafplio. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  27. ^ "The historical railway station of Nafplio". TrainOSE. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  28. ^ Zikakou, Ioanna (August 24, 2021). "Hellenic Railway to Reach Nafplio". ypodomes.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  29. ^ "Ξενοδοχείο "Αμφιτρύων" στην παλαιά πόλη του Nαυπλίου". Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  30. ^ "Greece At Its Most Greek," by Phyllis rose, September 10, 2000, New York Times. Archived 2023-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "Πώς σώθηκε το Ναύπλιο". Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  32. ^ Faculties and Departments. Archived 2017-09-25 at the Wayback Machine University of Peloponnese website. www.uop.gr.
  33. ^ (in Greek) Study Plan Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine. University of Peloponnese, Department of Theater Studies website.
  34. ^ "University of Peloponnese". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
  35. ^ a b "Twinnings" (PDF). Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
  36. ^ "Royal city of Cetinje". Archived from the original on 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
  37. ^ "Office du tourisme de Menton". Archived from the original on 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
  38. ^ "Niles Sister Cities". Official website. The Village of Niles. 2010. Archived from the original on 2009-03-22. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
  39. ^ "City council minutes" (PDF). Royan city hall. 2005-06-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2013-06-02.

  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Nauplia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

Sources

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  • Entick, John. A Compendious Dictionary of the English and Latin Tongues. New edition carefully revised and augmented throughout by Rev. M.G. Sarjant. London, 1825. ([1])
  • Ellingham, Mark; Dubin, Marc; Jansz, Natania; and Fisher, John (1995). Greece, the Rough Guide. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-131-8.
  • Gerola, Giuseppe (1930–31). "Le fortificazioni di Napoli di Romania," Annuario dell regia scuola archeologicca di Atene e delle missioni italiane in oriente 22-24. pp. 346–410.
  • Gregory, Timothy E. (1983). Nauplion. Athens.
  • Karouzos, Semnes (1979). To Nauplio. Athens.
  • Kolokotrones, Theodoros (1969). Memoirs from the Greek War of Independence, 1821-1833. E. M. Edmunds, trans. Originally printed as Kolokotrones: The Klepht and the Warrior. Sixty Years of Peril and Daring. An Autobiography. London, 1892; reprint, Chicago.
  • Lamprynides, Michael G. (1898). Ê Nauplia. Athens, reprint 1950.
  • Latacz, Joachim (2004), Troy and Homer: Towards the Solution of an Old Mystery, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940), A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
  • Luttrell, Anthony (1966), "The Latins of Argos and Nauplia: 1311-1394", Papers of the British School at Rome, Vol. 34, pp. 34–55.
  • McCulloch, J. R. (1866). "A Dictionary, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical of the Various Countries, Places, and Principal Natural Objects in the World". New edition carefully revised. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, UK. p. 457. ([2])
  • Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.), Springfield, Mass., US: Merriam-Webster, 1993.
  • Schaefer, Wulf (1961). "Neue Untersuchungen über die Baugeschichte Nauplias im Mittelalter," Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Vol. 76, pp. 156–214.
  • Smith, William, ed. (1854), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), London, UK: Walton and Maberly.
  • Thomas, George Martin (1966). Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum. B. Franklin, New York, US. ([3])
  • Wright, Diana Gilliland (1999). Bartolomeo Minio: Venetian administration in 15th-Century Nauplion. Doctoral dissertation. The Catholic University of America, Washington DC, US.
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