Hit or Heet (Arabic: هيت, Hīt) is an Iraqi city in Al Anbar Governorate. Hit lies northwest of Ramadi, the provincial capital.
Hit
هيت | |
|---|---|
City | |
 Hit in 2020 | |
  Hit | |
| Coordinates: 33°38′42″N 42°49′35″E / 33.64500°N 42.82639°E | |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Province | al-Anbar |
| District | Hīt District |
| Population (2018) | |
| • Total | 66,700 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (GMT+3) |
| Postal code | 31007 |
| Ancient name | Is |
Straddling the Euphrates, the city of Hit was originally a small walled town surrounded by a halt moat and built on two mounds on the site of the ancient city of Is. In ancient times, the town was known for its bitumen wells; bitumen from the wells was used in the construction of Babylon over 3000 years ago, and for tasks such as caulking boats. Hit also became a frontier fortress for Assyria. Now, Hit is a marketplace for agricultural produce. Oil pipelines to the Mediterranean Sea cross the Euphrates there. It was regarded as the head of navigation on the river before the decline in river traffic.[1]
Hit marks the beginning of the high sedimentary plain on the Euphrates,[2] and it contains a number of hot springs.[3] The city of Hit is also famous for its ancient yet still functioning norias, a kind of water wheel that used to play an important role in the irrigation of fields and palm groves, particularly when water levels of the Euphrates receded.[4] The walled town, which had already suffered extensive damage during the Ottoman Empire, was abandoned in the 1920s, leading to its rapid deterioration.[5]
History
editIn ancient times, the area around Hit was very fertile and was used for agriculture. During the Early Dynastic Period the Sumerians discovered bitumen wells in the region, which they used in building the Ziggurats. They also used it in shipbuilding, to waterproof their boats. During the era of the Akkadian Empire, when Sargon of Akkad (2279–2334 BC) unified ancient Iraq by conquering many Sumerian cities, he established a city near modern-day Hit which he called Tutul,[clarification needed] meaning "City of Buckets".
This is the first name which is known for this city. Its importance was attested by Sargon himself, who said that the god Dagon gave him the area which comprised Tutul and Mari, capital of the Amorites. There is also an inscription by Naram-Sin which mentions Tutul, as one of the cities bequeathed to him by Dagon. The Akkadian kings after Naram-Sin were weak, which led to the establishment of a renewed Sumerian kingdom in 2120 BC. This kingdom included Tutul, and lasted until about 1950 BC.
In 1850 BC, the city-state of Eshnunna, which had begun in the Diyala Valley, took control of Tutul. Babylonia achieved preeminence in the area for a time, and was followed by Assyria. The Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I (r. 1114–1076 B.C.) changed the name of Tutul to Eru.[clarification needed] During the era of Aramean expansion in the 11th century BC, they settled in Eru for a time before moving to southern Iraq. When the Neo-Assyrian Empire was established in 911 BC, they reasserted control of Eru. Cuneiform tablets from the time of Tukulti-Ninurta II (891–884 BC) mention the city and its bitumen wells. During this period the city was known as Atum or Hitum, meaning bitumen. The modern name Hit comes from Hitum. Hitum remained part of the Bablyonian-Chaldean empire until its fall in 539 BC.[6]
The Greek historian Herodotus used the name Is (Ἴς) for the city, while other Greeks called it Isiopolis. Jewish scholars considered the Hit to be adjacent to the Land of Kir.[7] During the era of the Parthian Empire, it was a waystation on the road to Ctesiphon. It was sacked multiple times during the Byzantine–Sasanian wars. During Julian's Persian War in 363, the Roman army encamped at Hit and destroyed much of the city. It was rebuilt by Shapur II.[8]
As part of the Muslim conquest of Persia, Hit was conquered by the Arab army in 636. The defenders dug a moat around the city, but the Muslim army was able to penetrate it. In 639, the Muslim commander al-Harith ibn Yazid al-Amiri built the city's first mosque, Farouq Mosque.
Hit prospered during the medieval period. Ibn Hawqal remarked on its large population, and Hamdallah Mustawfi counted over 30 villages as its dependencies. The city produced a great deal of fruit; its noted agricultural products included nuts, dates, oranges, and eggplants. However, the neighboring bitumen springs produced an overpowering stench that made Hit unpleasant to live in.[9]
In October 2014, the city had fallen to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, but was recaptured after a military offensive by the Iraqi Army in April 2016.[10][11]
Hit is mostly populated by the Al-Sawatra tribe.
Climate
editHit has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Hit is 21.9 °C (71.4 °F). About 115 mm (4.53 in) of precipitation falls annually.
| Climate data for Hit | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
28.2 (82.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
40.3 (104.5) |
42.8 (109.0) |
42.7 (108.9) |
39.2 (102.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
29.6 (85.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15 (0.6) |
18 (0.7) |
20 (0.8) |
27 (1.1) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (0.1) |
14 (0.6) |
17 (0.7) |
115 (4.5) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org, Climate data | |||||||||||||
Gallery
edit-
Hit, Iraq, 2004 -
Kubaisa Oasis, 2003 -
A shop in Hit, 2008
References
edit
- ^ "Hīt". The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. V. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1980. p. 66. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ Ru'uf, Amad Abd al-Salam (2005). "هيت من أقدم العصور حتى الاحتلال البريطاني" [Hit from the earliest times to the British occupation]. Al-Hikma (in Arabic) (39): 151.
- ^ Abdullah, Bakr Ali (2 May 2006). "هيت منزل الآلهة ومدخل الأرض السفلى" [Hit, dwelling of the gods and entrance to the underworld]. Al-Sabah al-Jadid (in Arabic). No. 510.
- ^ Adnan, Abu Zeed (16 July 2019). "Can Iraq Get its Water Wheels on UNESCO World Heritage List?". Save the Tigris. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ Lina Raad Mohammed and Dhirgham Alobaydi (2020). "Evolution of the Urban Form of Historic Hit Citadel: Deriving a Schematic Model for Iraqi Fortified Cities". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 745 (1): 012180. Bibcode:2020MS&E..745a2180R. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012180. S2CID 216516205.
- ^ Ru'uf 2005, pp. 142–150.
- ^ Yoel Elitzur (2019). "Parashat Kedoshim: Kir". Yetshivat Har Etzion. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
- ^ Aboudi, Henry (1991). معجم الحضارات السامية [A Dictionary of Semitic Civilizations] (in Arabic). Tripoli: Jurus Baras. p. 89.
- ^ Le Strange (1905), p. 65
- ^ "ISIL captures Anbar province town in Iraq, kills 19 police". Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera America, LLC. Reuters. 13 December 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ "Iraqi forces recapture key town from IS militants". Alaraby. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Sources
edit- Le Strange, Guy (1905). The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 458169031.