Wikipedia

Martina Navratilova

(Redirected from Navratilova, Martina)

Martina Navratilova (Czech: Martina Navrátilová [ˈmarcɪna ˈnavraːcɪlovaː] ⓘ; née Šubertová [ˈʃubɛrtovaː]; born October 18, 1956) is a Czech-American former professional tennis player. Widely considered among the greatest tennis players of all time, Navratilova won 18 major singles titles, 31 major women's doubles titles, and 10 major mixed doubles titles, for a combined total of 59 major titles, the most in the Open Era.[3][4] Alongside Chris Evert, her greatest rival, Navratilova dominated women's tennis for the first two-thirds of the 1980s.

Martina Navratilova
Navratilova at the Eastbourne International, June 2011
Country (sports) United States (from Oct 1975)
 Czechoslovakia (through Sep 1975)
ResidenceMiami, Florida, U.S.
Born (1956-10-18) October 18, 1956 (age 68)
Prague, Czechoslovakia
Height5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
Turned pro1974
Retired2006
PlaysLeft-handed (one-handed backhand)
Prize moneyUS$21,626,089[1]
Int. Tennis HoF2000 (member page)
Singles
Career record1442–219
Career titles167 (Open era record)[2]
Highest rankingNo. 1 (July 10, 1978)
Grand Slam singles results
Australian OpenW (1981, 1983, 1985)
French OpenW (1982, 1984)
WimbledonW (1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990)
US OpenW (1983, 1984, 1986, 1987)
Other tournaments
Tour FinalsW (1978, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986Mar, 1986Nov)
Doubles
Career record747–143
Career titles177 (Open era record)
Highest rankingNo. 1 (September 10, 1984)
Grand Slam doubles results
Australian OpenW (1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989)
French OpenW (1975, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988)
WimbledonW (1976, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986)
US OpenW (1977, 1978, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990)
Other doubles tournaments
Tour FinalsW (1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986Nov, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991)
Olympic GamesQF (2004)
Mixed doubles
Career titles15
Grand Slam mixed doubles results
Australian OpenW (2003)
French OpenW (1974, 1985)
WimbledonW (1985, 1993, 1995, 2003)
US OpenW (1985, 1987, 2006)
Team competitions
Fed CupW (1975, 1982, 1986, 1989)
Coaching career (2014–2015)

Navratilova was ranked as the world No. 1 in singles for a total of 332 weeks (second only to Steffi Graf), and for a record 237 weeks in doubles, making her the only player in history to have held the top spot in both disciplines for over 200 weeks. She won 167 top-level singles titles and 177 doubles titles, both the Open Era records. She won a record six consecutive singles majors across 1983 and 1984 while simultaneously winning the Grand Slam in doubles. Navratilova claims the best professional season winning percentage, 98.8% in 1983 (going 86–1 for the season), and the longest all-surface winning streak of 74 straight match wins. She reached the Wimbledon singles final 12 times, including for nine consecutive years from 1982 through 1990, and won the title a record nine times.[5] Navratilova is one of the three tennis players, along with Margaret Court and Doris Hart, to have accomplished a career Grand Slam in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles, called the career "Boxed Set". She won her last major title, the mixed doubles crown at the 2006 US Open, shortly before her 50th birthday, and 32 years after her first major title in 1974.

Originally from Czechoslovakia, Navratilova was stripped of her citizenship[6] when, in 1975 at age 18, she asked the United States for political asylum and was granted temporary residence.[7][8] She became a US citizen in 1981. On January 9, 2008, Navratilova reacquired Czech citizenship, thus becoming a dual citizen.[9] She stated she has not renounced her U.S. citizenship nor does she plan to do so, and that reclaiming Czech nationality was not politically motivated.[10] Navratilova has been openly gay since 1981, and has been an activist on gay rights.[11]

Early life and background

edit

Navratilova was born Martina Šubertová in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Her parents divorced when she was three,[12] and her mother, an accomplished gymnast, tennis player, and ski instructor,[13] moved the family to Řevnice.[14][15] In 1962, her mother Jana married Miroslav Navrátil, who became her first tennis coach. Martina then took the name of her stepfather (adding the feminine suffix -ová), thus becoming Martina Navrátilová. Her father, Mirek (officially Miroslav Šubert),[16] was a ski instructor.[17]

Navratilova has a younger sister, Jana,[15] and an older paternal half-brother.[12] Her grandmother, Agnes Semanska, was a tennis player for the Czechoslovak Federation before the Second World War and had a ranking as high as No. 2 among Czech women during her amateur career.[13][18]

When Navratilova was four, she was hitting a tennis ball off a concrete wall and started to play tennis regularly at age seven.[14] In 1972, at the age of 15, she won the Czechoslovakia national tennis championship. In 1973, aged 16, she made her debut on the United States Lawn Tennis Association professional tour but did not turn professional until 1975. Although perhaps most renowned for her mastery of fast low-bouncing grass, her best early showing at majors was on the red clay at the French Open, where she would go on to reach the final six times. In 1973, she made the quarterfinals, where she lost 6–7, 4–6 to Evonne Goolagong. She made the quarterfinals the next year and lost to Helga Masthoff (née Niessen).

Professional tennis career

edit

Early career

edit
 
Martina Navratilova in 1980

Navratilova won her first professional singles title in Orlando, Florida, in 1974 at the age of 17. Upon arriving in the United States, she lived with former actress Frances Dewey Wormser and her husband Morton Wormser, a tennis enthusiast.[19]

Navratilova was the runner-up at two major singles tournaments in 1975; the Australian Open (won by Goolagong) and the French Open (won by Chris Evert in three sets). After losing to Evert in the semifinals of the US Open in September, the 18-year-old Navratilova went to the offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service in New York City and informed them that she wished to defect from communist Czechoslovakia.[20] Within a month, she received a green card and in 1981 became a US citizen.[7] Also, in 1975, Navratilova teamed with world number one Evert to win the French Open women's doubles title, Navratilova's first major title outside of mixed doubles. They teamed again in 1976 to win the Wimbledon women's doubles title over Billie Jean King and Bette Stove.

1978 Wimbledon singles champion

edit

Navratilova won her first major singles title at Wimbledon in 1978, where she defeated Evert in three sets in the final and captured the world No. 1 ranking for the first time on the WTA computer, a position she held until Evert took it back in January 1979. She successfully defended her Wimbledon title in 1979, again beating Evert in the final, this time in straight sets, and earned the World No. 1 ranking at the end of the year for the first time. Just before Wimbledon in 1979, Navratilova and Evert played possibly the highest scoring women's professional match ever in the Eastbourne final, in which Evert edged Navratilova 7–5, 5–7, 13–11 after facing match points. In 1980, Navratilova defeated previous six-time Wimbledon champion Billie Jean King in a two-day epic in the quarterfinals of Wimbledon,[21] with a scoreline of 7–6(8–6), 1–6, 10–8. In April 1981, Evert defeated Navratilova in the finals of the Women's Tennis Association championships, held on clay at Amelia Island, 6–0, 6–0. It was Navratilova's only professional double bagel loss (one she later avenged with a crushing 6–2, 6–0 defeat of Evert in the finals of the same Amelia Island event in 1984). It was at this point that Navratilova began working with Nancy Lieberman to improve her fitness and toughen her mental approach to better compete with Evert and fulfill her true potential.[22] In 1981, Navratilova won her third major singles title by defeating Evert in the final of the Australian Open. Navratilova also defeated Evert to reach the final of the US Open, where she lost a third set tiebreak to Tracy Austin. Navratilova won both Wimbledon and the French Open in 1982.

 
Martina Navratilova and Betty Stöve during a match in 1980

Dominance

edit

After adopting basketball player Nancy Lieberman's exercise plan and using Yonex isometric midsize graphite-fiberglass composite racquets, Navratilova became the most dominant player in women's tennis. After losing in the fourth round of the first major event of 1983, the French Open, she captured the year's three remaining major titles (the Australian Open was held in December at that time). Navratilova's loss at the French Open was her only singles defeat during that year, during which she established an 86–1 record. Her winning percentage was the best ever for a post-1968 professional tennis player. During 1982, 1983, and 1984, Navratilova lost a total of only six singles matches.[23] This included a run of 13 consecutive victories over her closest rival and world-ranked No. 2, Chris Evert. Navratilova's reign from 1982 to 1986 is the most dominant unbroken spell in the professional era.

Navratilova won the 1984 French Open, thus holding all four major singles titles simultaneously. Her accomplishment was declared a "Grand Slam" by Philippe Chatrier, president of the International Tennis Federation, although some tennis observers countered that it was not a true slam because the titles had not been won in a single calendar year. Navratilova extended her major singles tournament winning streak to a record-equalling six following wins at Wimbledon and the US Open. Navratilova's victory meant she became the first player to win majors on clay, grass and hard court on the same year. She entered the 1984 Australian Open with a chance of winning all four titles in the same year. In the semifinals, Helena Suková ended Navratilova's 74-match winning streak (a record for a professional) 1–6, 6–3, 7–5.[24]

A left-hander, Navratilova completed a calendar grand slam in women's doubles in 1984, partnering right-handed Pam Shriver. This was part of a record 109-match winning streak that the pair achieved between 1983 and 1985. (Navratilova was ranked the world No. 1 doubles player for a period of over three years in the 1980s.) From 1985 through 1987, Navratilova reached the women's singles final at all 11 major tournaments held during those three years, winning six of them. From 1982 through 1990, she reached the Wimbledon final nine consecutive times. She reached the US Open final five consecutive times from 1983 through 1987 and appeared in the French Open final five out of six years from 1982 through 1987.[25]

Rivalry with Chris Evert

edit

In 1985, Navratilova played in what many consider to be perhaps the best woman's match of all time, the French Open final against Chris Evert. Navratilova battled back from 3–6, 2–4 down to 5–5 all in the third set, before Evert hit a winning backhand passing shot on match point to defeat Navratilova 6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–5. This was a major turnaround for Evert, who was so outmatched the year earlier in the final that Bud Collins remarked as a TV commentator that the sport needed to create a higher league for Navratilova to compete in. In outdoor matches against Evert, Navratilova led 10–5 on grass and 9–7 on hard courts, while Evert was up 11–3 on clay. On indoor courts, however, Navratilova had a decisive 21–14 lead. At the end of what is widely regarded as the greatest rivalry in women's tennis, Navratilova led Evert 43–37 in total matches, 14–8 in Grand Slams, and 10–4 in Grand Slam finals.

Rivalry with Steffi Graf

edit

In 1986 at the US Open, in the most anticipated match of the tournament,[26] Navratilova prevailed over 17-year-old German Steffi Graf in the semifinals 6–1, 6–7(7–3), 7–6(10–8), saving three match points in an epic spread over two days.[27][28] She then handily won the final over Helena Suková 6–3, 6–2. Navratilova, with partner Pam Shriver, also won the women's doubles title.[29] Navratilova also defeated Graf in straight sets at the WTA Tour Championship and with an 89–3 record, earned the number-one ranking for the fifth consecutive year.

Graf dominated the first half of the 1987 season including defeating Navratilova in straight sets in the semi-finals of the Miami Open and in the final of the French Open, 6–4, 4–6, 8–6. However, Navratilova defeated Graf in straight sets in the finals of both Wimbledon and the US Open (and at the US Open became only the third player in the Open Era, joining tennis legends Margaret Court and Billie Jean King, to win the women's singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles at the same event—the rare "Triple Crown"). Navratilova reached all four Grand Slam finals in 1987, winning two of them (she lost the Australian Open to Hana Mandlíková). Graf's two losses to Navratilova were her only losses of the year and with 11 tournament wins over the year versus 4 for Navratilova she was able to obtain year-end world No. 1 ranking ahead of Navratilova at No. 2. Graf eventually broke Navratilova's records of 156 consecutive weeks and 331 total weeks as the world No. 1 singles player but fell 60 short of Navratilova's record of 167 singles titles. Including doubles, Navratilova won almost three times as many titles as Graf with a record doubles/mixed/singles combined total of 344 titles to Graf's 118.

In 1988, Graf won all four major singles titles, beating the 31-year-old Navratilova 5–7, 6–2, 6–1 in the Wimbledon final, their only match of the year, recovering from a set and a break down.[30][31] Navratilova did not reach the finals of any of the other Grand Slam events but did win nine tournaments enabling her to claim the No. 2 ranking behind Graf.

In 1989, Graf and Navratilova met in the finals of both Wimbledon and the US Open, with Graf winning both encounters 6–1 in the third set. Graf also defeated Navratilova in the finals of the WTA Tour Championships their third and final match of the year. Navratilova, who skipped the French Open that year, did win eight titles and was able to capture the No. 2 ranking behind Graf for the third straight year. Despite the 13 year age difference between the two players, and Graf's comparative lack of investment in doubles and mixed doubles, Navratilova won 9 of the 18 career singles matches with Graf and 5 of the 9 major singles matches with her. At age 34, Navratilova defeated Graf the last time they played in a major in the semifinals of the 1991 US Open 7–6(7–2), 6–7(6–8), 6–4, to end their Grand Slam rivalry 5–4 up, although it is noteworthy that all 4 of Graf's Grand Slam victories over Navratilova came in the finals of a Slam. This is reflected in the Grand Slams Finals chart below.

 
Navratilova and Suková playing doubles

Final Grand Slam singles title

edit

Navratilova's final Grand Slam singles triumph was in 1990. In the final at Wimbledon, the 33-year-old Navratilova swept Zina Garrison 6–4, 6–1 to claim an all-time record ninth Wimbledon singles crown. She won four other tournaments that year, although she did not participate in the Australian or French Opens, and finished the year ranked No. 3 in the world, narrowly edged by 16-year-old Monica Seles for the No. 2 spot. In September 1992, the 35-year-old Navratilova played 40-year-old Jimmy Connors in the third Battle of the Sexes tennis match at Caesars Palace in Paradise, Nevada. Connors was allowed only one serve per point, and Navratilova was allowed to hit into half the doubles court. Connors won 7–5, 6–2.[32] She played for the Boston Lobsters in the World TeamTennis pro league through the 2009 season.[33]

Though Wimbledon 1990 was her last major singles title, Navratilova reached two additional major singles finals during the remainder of career: in 1991, she lost in the US Open final to No. 1 Monica Seles; and, in 1994, at age 37, Navratilova reached the Wimbledon final, where she lost in three sets to Conchita Martínez. In November that year, after losing to Gabriela Sabatini in the first round of the WTA Tour Championships, she retired from full-time competition on the singles tour.[34] She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2000.

Focus on doubles

edit

In 2000, Navratilova returned to the tour to mostly play doubles events, while rarely also playing singles. In her first singles performance in eight years, at Eastbourne in 2002, she beat world No. 22, Tatiana Panova, then lost in the next round to Daniela Hantuchová in three sets. In 2003, she won the mixed doubles titles at both the Australian Open and Wimbledon, partnering Leander Paes. This made her the oldest ever major champion (aged 46 years, 8 months). The Australian Open victory made her the third player in history to complete a "boxed set" of major titles by winning the singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles at all four majors. The Wimbledon win allowed her to equal Billie Jean King's record of 20 Wimbledon titles (in singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles combined) and extended her overall number of major titles to 58 (second only to Margaret Court, who won 64).[35] Navratilova made a return to singles at the 2004 French Open after an absence of 10 years, but she was defeated by Gisela Dulko in the first round.[36] Shortly afterwards, and despite being criticized for receiving a wildcard, Navratilova won a singles match over Catalina Castaño 6–0 6–1 at the first round of Wimbledon in 2004, aged 47 years and eight months, to make her the oldest player to win a professional singles match in the open era.[37] Navratilova then lost her second round match with the same player who had beaten her at the French Open the previous month, Gisela Dulko, in three sets.[38]

On Thursday, July 6, 2006, Navratilova played her last matches at Wimbledon, with partner Liezel Huber losing a quarterfinal match in women's doubles to fourth seeds and eventual champions Yan Zi and Zheng Jie, and later in the same day with partner Mark Knowles losing in the third round of mixed doubles to eventual champions Andy Ram and Vera Zvonareva.[39][40] She had said that her last Wimbledon wasn't about breaking her record shared with Billie Jean King of 20 championships. In an interview, Navratilova was quoted as saying, "People keep saying that, but it so wasn't. I just wanted to win one more title here, period."[41]

Retirement

edit

Navratilova capped her career by winning the mixed doubles title, her 41st major doubles title (31 in women's doubles and 10 in mixed doubles) and 177th overall, at the 2006 US Open with American doubles specialist Bob Bryan. At the time, she was only about a month shy of her 50th birthday and broke her own record as the oldest ever major champion (aged 49 years, 10 months). Navratilova won 167 top-level singles titles (more than any other player in the open era) and 177 doubles titles. Her last title in women's doubles came on August 21, 2006, at the Tier I Rogers Cup in Montreal, Quebec, where she partnered Nadia Petrova. Navratilova won 18 major singles titles: nine at Wimbledon, four at the US Open, three at the Australian Open, and two at the French Open. Her overall record in 67 major singles events was 306–49 (120–14 at Wimbledon, 89–17 at the US Open, 51–11 at the French Open, and 46–7 at the Australian Open). Some observers argue that the very few singles match she played in her forties should be counted separately in her career statistics. She is the only player to have won at least one tour event for 21 consecutive years and won the singles and doubles at the same event a record 84 times. She was ranked in the world's top 3 in singles for 15 years between 1977 and 1993. Her career singles match win total of 1,442 is the most during the open era.[42]

Playing style and coaches

edit

Navratilova had an attacking serve and volley.[43][44] Under Renée Richards, she improved her game tactics.[45]

Evert said that "Martina revolutionized the game by her superb athleticism and aggressiveness...She brought athleticism to a whole new level with her training techniques — particularly cross-training, the idea that you could go to the gym or play basketball to get in shape for tennis."[43]

Throughout her long career, Navratilova had many coaches. They included Miroslav Navrátil, George Parma,[43] Věra Suková, Renée Richards (1981–1983), Mike Estep (1983–1986),[46] and Craig Kardon (1988–1994).[47]

Coaching career

edit

In December 2014, it was announced that Navratilova had joined Agnieszka Radwańska's coaching staff.[48] However, in April 2015, after Radwańska struggled in the first half of the season, the pair decided to part ways.[49][50]

Personal life

edit

In 1985, Navratilova released an autobiography, co-written with The New York Times sports columnist George Vecsey, titled Martina in the U.S. and Being Myself in the rest of the world.[51] She had earlier co-written a tennis instruction book with Mary Carillo in 1982, entitled Tennis My Way.[52] She later wrote three mystery novels with Liz Nickles: The Total Zone (1994),[53] Breaking Point (1996),[54] and Killer Instinct (1997).[55] Navratilova's most recent literary effort was a health and fitness book entitled Shape Your Self, which came out in 2006.[56] An ESPN Documentary was produced about her rivalry with Chris Evert titled, Unmatched. Her rivalry and friendship with Evert is also detailed in the book, The Rivals by Johnette Howard and the children's book, Martina and Chrissie by Phil Bildner.

Sexuality and relationships

edit

In 1981, shortly after becoming a United States citizen, Navratilova gave an interview to New York Daily News sports reporter Steve Goldstein, coming out as bisexual and revealing that she had a sexual relationship with Rita Mae Brown,[57] but asked him not to publish the article until she was ready to come out publicly.[58] However, the New York Daily News published the article on July 30, 1981.[45][59] Navratilova and Nancy Lieberman, her friend and roommate at the time,[60] gave an interview to Dallas Morning News columnist Skip Bayless,[61][62] where Navratilova reiterated that she was bisexual and Lieberman identified herself as straight.[63] Navratilova since has reidentified herself as homosexual.[64]

From 1984 to 1991, Navratilova had a long-term relationship with Judy Nelson, whom she met at a tournament in Fort Worth in 1982 (at the time Nelson was married with two children).[65] Their split in 1991 resulted in a televised palimony lawsuit, which was settled out of court.[66][67] On September 6, 2014, Navratilova proposed to her long-time girlfriend Julia Lemigova, a former Miss USSR, at the US Open.[68] They married in New York on December 15, 2014.[69][70]

Health problems

edit

According to the New York Times' Jane E. Brody, in September 1982, an acute attack of toxoplasmosis "contributed to Martina Navratilova's defeat during the US Open tournament", in which No. 1 seed Navratilova unexpectedly lost to No. 7 seed Pam Shriver in the quarterfinal round. By late October, Navratilova had "apparently recovered".[71]

Navratilova began to wear glasses in 1985 and recalled that her vision had begun to deteriorate in 1984.[72][73] She continued to wear glasses for tennis for many years.[74][75] Few tennis players wear sunglasses regularly for tennis and Navratilova is one of them.[76] Although she achieved so much prior to using glasses, her glasses have become iconic.[77][78] Some sports writers have said that they made her, as with other top athletes who had imperfect health, seem more vulnerable and human.[79][80]

On April 7, 2010, Navratilova announced that she was being treated for breast cancer.[81][82] A routine mammogram in January 2010 revealed that she had a ductal carcinoma in situ in her left breast, which she was informed of on February 24, and in March she had the tumour surgically removed;[83] she received radiation therapy in May.[81]

In December 2010, Navratilova was hospitalized after developing high altitude pulmonary edema while attempting a climb of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.[84]

In January 2023, Navratilova was diagnosed with both throat (stage one) and breast cancer. This came after Navratilova discovered a swollen lymph node on her neck, leading her to take medical tests.[85][86] In March 2023 and after more preventive radiation, she stated that she was cancer-free.[87]

Activism and opinions

edit

Navratilova is involved with various charities that benefit animal rights, underprivileged children, and gay rights.[88] Navratilova has described herself as a vegetarian. In an April 2006 interview, she said she had begun eating fish again because she found it hard to get enough protein while on the road.[89][90] Navratilova is a Democrat, and has donated more than $25,000 to Democratic campaigns.[91]

Gay rights

edit

Navratilova participated in a lawsuit against Amendment 2, a successful 1992 ballot proposition in Colorado designed to prevent sexual orientation from being a protected class.[92] In 1993, Navratilova spoke before the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation.[93] Navratilova serves as the Health and Fitness Ambassador for AARP[94] in an alliance created to help AARP's millions of members lead active, healthy lives. In 2000, she was the recipient of National Equality Award from the Human Rights Campaign.[95]

 
Navratilova in September 2011

Anti-communism

edit

She is a vocal opponent of communism and was vocal in opposition to the Soviet Bloc power structure that compelled her to flee her native Czechoslovakia. She has denounced the Soviet Union's rule in Czechoslovakia, maintaining that she refuses to speak Russian, which she was forced to learn in school.[96][97]

Whenever people go into politics and they try to say that communism was a good thing, I say, 'Go ahead and live in a communist country then, if you think it's so great.'[89]

Republicans

edit

Navratilova was a guest on CNN's Connie Chung Tonight show on July 17, 2002. During the show, Chung quoted a German newspaper which quoted Navratilova as saying:

The most absurd part of my escape from the unjust system is that I have exchanged one system that suppresses free opinion for another. The Republicans in the U.S. manipulate public opinion and sweep controversial issues under the table. It's depressing. Decisions in America are based solely on the question of how much money will come out of it and not on the questions of how much health, morals or environment suffer as a result.[98]

Navratilova said that the remarks referred to what she perceived as a trend of centralization of government power and a loss of personal freedom. In the discussion that followed, Chung stated:

Can I be honest with you? I can tell you that when I read this, I have to tell you that I thought it was un-American, unpatriotic. I wanted to say, go back to Czechoslovakia. You know, if you don't like it here, this a country that gave you so much, gave you the freedom to do what you want.[98]

Navratilova responded,

And I'm giving it back. This is why I speak out. When I see something that I don't like, I'm going to speak out because you can do that here. And again, I feel there are too many things happening that are taking our rights away.[98]

Navratilova was quoted in 2007 as being ashamed of the U.S. under President George W. Bush because, unlike the communist regime in Czechoslovakia which established its dictatorship as a result of the 1948 coup d'état, Bush was democratically elected.[99][100]

Views on transgender people

edit

Navratilova is a vocal critic of allowing transgender women to compete in women's sports, describing them as "failed male athletes".[101][102][103] She rejects accusations of transphobia, and says she deplores "a growing tendency among transgender activists to denounce anyone who argues against them and to label them all as 'transphobes.'"[104] Following an article on the subject that Navratilova wrote for The Times in February 2019, Athlete Ally, an LGBTQ athlete advocacy group, removed Navratilova from their advisory board, stating her comments "are transphobic [and] based on a false understanding of science and data".[105][106][107]

In March 2019, Navratilova apologized for using the term "cheating" when discussing whether transgender athletes should be allowed to compete in women's sport. She also called for "a debate, a conversation that includes everyone and is based, as I have said, not on feeling or emotion but science."[108]

In an April 2019 article for The Washington Post, she opined that the Equality Act, in its current form, "would make it unlawful to differentiate among girls and women in sports on the basis of sex for any purpose".[109]

In June 2019, the BBC broadcast "The Trans Women Athlete Dispute with Martina Navratilova", where she interviewed people including trans women athletes and sports researchers, presenting evidence on both sides of the debate of whether trans women have any advantage in elite sports. Her closing remarks were

"The way I started this journey, I just wanted to see if there are any big surprises, any misconceptions that I had.

And what I think I have come to realise, the biggest thing for me, is just that the level of difficulty that trans people go through cannot be underestimated. The fight for equality and recognition is just huge. That being said, still, for me, the most important thing in sports...and you have to remember, trans rights and elite sports are two different things, although of course they are connected. What's the right way to set rules so that everybody feels like they have a fighting chance? It feels to me that it is impossible to come to any real conclusions or write any meaningful rules until more research is done.

"But for now, I think we need to include as many transgender athletes as possible within elite sports, while keeping it as level a playing field as possible. Look, society has changed so much. Things evolve, things change and maybe I need to evolve, I need to change. The rules certainly need to evolve. If you don't adapt, you've got problems. And so we'll just keep adapting and try to find a happy way forward."[110]

In August 2020, Navratilova along with 300+ women signed a letter to the National Collegiate Athletic Association in support of an Idaho law that bans trans women student athletes from competing in female sports.[111]

In 2021, Navratilova became a leader of the Women's Sports Policy Working Group, formed in response to US President Joe Biden's Executive Order 13988 mandate that offered blanket inclusion for all trans women athletes. The stated goal of the group is "protecting girls and women in competitive sports categories, while, wherever possible, crafting accommodations for trans athletes into sport."[112][113]

In April 2023, Navratilova supported of a boycott of Nike because it had entered into a corporate sponsorship with Dylan Mulvaney, a transgender woman, to advertise a sports bra.[114][115]

In October 2023, Navratilova criticized US Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland's interview of environmentalist drag queen Pattie Gonia outside New York's Stonewall National Monument, calling the performer a "pathetic parody of women."[116][117]

Navratilova has condemned the IOC for allowing women boxers Imane Khelif and Lin Yu-ting, whom she believes to be biological males, to compete in the 2024 Summer Olympics.[118][119][120][121]

Career statistics

edit
Main article: Martina Navratilova career statistics

Grand Slam singles finals: 32 (18–14)

edit

By winning the 1983 US Open title, Navratilova completed the career Grand Slam, becoming only the seventh woman in history to achieve it.

Result Year Championship Surface Opponent Score
Loss 1975 Australian Open Grass   Evonne Goolagong 3–6, 2–6
Loss 1975 French Open Clay   Chris Evert 6–2, 2–6, 1–6
Win 1978 Wimbledon Grass   Chris Evert 2–6, 6–4, 7–5
Win 1979 Wimbledon (2) Grass   Chris Evert 6–4, 6–4
Loss 1981 US Open Hard   Tracy Austin 6–1, 6–7(4–7), 6–7(1–7)
Win 1981 Australian Open Grass   Chris Evert 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 7–5
Win 1982 French Open Clay   Andrea Jaeger 7–6(8–6), 6–1
Win 1982 Wimbledon (3) Grass   Chris Evert 6–1, 3–6, 6–2
Loss 1982 Australian Open Grass   Chris Evert 3–6, 6–2, 3–6
Win 1983 Wimbledon (4) Grass   Andrea Jaeger 6–0, 6–3
Win 1983 US Open Hard   Chris Evert 6–1, 6–3
Win 1983 Australian Open (2) Grass   Kathy Jordan 6–2, 7–6(7–5)
Win 1984 French Open (2) Clay   Chris Evert 6–3, 6–1
Win 1984 Wimbledon (5) Grass   Chris Evert 7–6(7–5), 6–2
Win 1984 US Open (2) Hard   Chris Evert 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
Loss 1985 French Open Clay   Chris Evert 3–6, 7–6(7–4), 5–7
Win 1985 Wimbledon (6) Grass   Chris Evert 4–6, 6–3, 6–2
Loss 1985 US Open Hard   Hana Mandlíková 6–7(3–7), 6–1, 6–7(2–7)
Win 1985 Australian Open (3) Grass   Chris Evert 6–2, 4–6, 6–2
Loss 1986 French Open Clay   Chris Evert 6–2, 3–6, 3–6
Win 1986 Wimbledon (7) Grass   Hana Mandlíková 7–6(7–1), 6–3
Win 1986 US Open (3) Hard   Helena Suková 6–3, 6–2
Loss 1987 Australian Open Grass   Hana Mandlíková 5–7, 6–7(1–7)
Loss 1987 French Open Clay   Steffi Graf 4–6, 6–4, 6–8
Win 1987 Wimbledon (8) Grass   Steffi Graf 7–5, 6–3
Win 1987 US Open (4) Hard   Steffi Graf 7–6(7–4), 6–1
Loss 1988 Wimbledon Grass   Steffi Graf 7–5, 2–6, 1–6
Loss 1989 Wimbledon Grass   Steffi Graf 2–6, 7–6(7–1), 1–6
Loss 1989 US Open Hard   Steffi Graf 6–3, 5–7, 1–6
Win 1990 Wimbledon (9) Grass   Zina Garrison 6–4, 6–1
Loss 1991 US Open Hard   Monica Seles 6–7(1–7), 1–6
Loss 1994 Wimbledon Grass   Conchita Martínez 4–6, 6–3, 3–6

Performance timelines

edit
Key
W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# DNQ A NH
(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.

Singles

edit
Czechoslovakia United States
Tournament 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995–2003 2004 SR W–L Win %
Australian Open A A F A A A A A SF W F W SF W NH F SF QF A A A A A A A 3 / 10 46–7 87%
French Open QF QF F A A A A A QF W 4R W F F F 4R A A A A A 1R A 1R 2 / 13 51–11 82%
Wimbledon 3R 1R QF SF QF W W SF SF W W W W W W F F W QF SF SF F A 2R 9 / 23 120–14 90%
US Open 1R 3R SF 1R SF SF SF 4R F QF W W F W W QF F 4R F 2R 4R A A A 4 / 21 89–17 84%
Win–loss 5–3 5–3 17–4 5–2 9–2 11–1 11–1 11–3 19–3 20–2 23–1 25–1 25–2 20–1 25–2 18–4 16–3 10–1 10–2 6–2 8–2 6–2 − 1–2 18 / 67 306–49 86%

Doubles

edit
Tournament 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996–99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 SR Win %
Australian Open A A 1R A A A A A W F W W W W NH W W W A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 8 / 10 80%
French Open QF SF W A A A A A SF W A W W W W W A A A A A 3R A A 3R 1R 1R 3R A A A 7 / 15 47%
Wimbledon 1R 1R QF W F QF W SF W W W W F W QF 3R SF QF SF SF A SF A A QF QF 2R QF SF SF QF 7 / 28 25%
US Open 1R QF SF A W W F W SF SF W W F W W SF W W 3R SF A A 2R A 3R QF 3R F QF SF QF 9 / 27 33%

Mixed doubles

edit
Tournament 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980–83 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997–99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 SR Win %
Australian Open NH NH NH NH NH NH NH NH NH NH NH NH SF F A A A A A A A A A A A A W F SF A 1 / 5 20%
French Open A W A A A A A A A W QF QF SF A A A A A 3R A A A 2R 2R A 2R 2R F SF 2 / 12 17%
Wimbledon QF 3R SF 2R SF A A A QF W F A QF A A A A W A W QF A 1R 2R 2R W 3R QF 3R 4 / 19 21%
US Open A 2R A A A A SF A A W F W A A A A A F A QF A A 2R 1R 2R A SF QF W 3/ 13 23%

Records

edit
  • These are Open Era tennis records.
  • Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.

Awards

edit

AP Female Athlete of the Year 1983 and 1984

Recognition

edit

Navratilova is considered one of the best female tennis players of all time and in 2005, Tennis magazine selected her as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005, directly over Steffi Graf.[3][4][123][124][125][126] Billie Jean King, a former World No. 1 player, said in 2006 that Navratilova is "the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived."[127] In 2008, tennis historian and journalist Bud Collins called Navratilova "arguably, the greatest player of all time."[128]

In 2000, she became a member of the Laureus Sports Foundation's Academy.

In 2006, Martina Navratilova was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the LGBT History Month.[129]

Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century (1999), named her as the second best female player of the 20th century, directly behind Steffi Graf.[130]

In 2009, Navratilova was awarded the International Tennis Federation's (ITF) highest accolade, the Philippe Chatrier Award, for her contributions to tennis both on and off the court.

In June 2011, she was named one of the "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" by Time.[131]

In March 2012, The Tennis Channel named Navratilova as the second greatest female tennis player of all times, behind Steffi Graf, in their list of 100 greatest tennis players of all times.[132]

On August 2, 2013, Navratilova was among the first class of inductees into the National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame.[133]

On May 12, 2016, Navratilova was made an honorary fellow of Lucy Cavendish College of the University of Cambridge.[134][135]

Media

edit

In 1983, Martina Navratilova and Vijay Amritraj appeared in the Hart to Hart episode "Love Game" as themselves, as the guests of honor at a charity tennis event. Her role was the more significant; she partnered with the lead male character Jonathan Hart (Robert Wagner) in a mixed doubles match.[136] Though a homage rather than an appearance, in 1992 Navratilova was mentioned by the titular character in episode 14 of the anime Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon. In 1996, Navratilova was featured with American football player Art Monk in an endorsement for PowerBook in an ad series "What's on Your PowerBook?"[137] In 2000 Martina appeared as herself on Will & Grace "Lows in the Mid-Eighties" as one of Karen Walker's (Megan Mullally) paramours in a flashback sequence.[138]

In November 2008, Martina Navratilova appeared on the UK's ITV series Series 8 of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!; she finished runner-up to Joe Swash.[139] In February 2012, Navratilova was announced as a cast member on the 14th season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars. She was partnered with Tony Dovolani, but they were the first pair eliminated.[140] Navratilova guest-starred as a dissatisfied Yelp reviewer in episode three of the third season of absurdist comedy Portlandia.[141] In 2019, Navratilova had a recurring role portraying Brigitte, a horse trainer, in the Netflix series, The Politician.[142][better source needed]

In 2018, it was reported that Glenn Greenwald was developing a feature-length documentary about Navratilova with Reese Witherspoon's production company, Hello Sunshine. Greenwald described Navratilova as his childhood hero and as a social justice pioneer.[143] During an interview at the Salesforce World Tour London 2024 event, Navratilova confirmed that a documentary was currently being filmed with her and Chrissie Evert, and would be released in 2025.[144]

Bibliography

edit

Navratilova has written a number of books on tennis, as well as a few mysteries.

Nonfiction

edit
No.TitleAuthorPublisherDateGenreLengthISBN
1Tennis My WayMartina Navratilova1Penguin BooksSeptember 4, 1984TennisSports:Tennis215 pp (first edition)978-0140071832
The champion tennis star presents comprehensive instruction in tennis for women and offers practical advice on training, conditioning, diet, tennis skills, game strategies, equipment, and sportsmanship.
2MartinaMartina Navratilova, George VecseyKnopfMay 12, 1985Martina NavratilovaAutobiography287 pp (Revised edition)978-0394536408
Depicts the personal life of Martina Navratilova and describes her struggle to achieve success as a tennis player.
3MartinaMartina Navratilova, George VecseyFawcett PublicationsMay 12, 1986Martina NavratilovaAutobiography336 pp (Revised edition)978-0449209820
Born and raised in Czechoslovakia, Martina Navratilova knew by the age of ten that she wanted to be a Wimbledon champion – and a U.S. citizen. She would attain her goals and so much more – but not before her incredible life unfolded in ways not even she could have dared imagine.
3Martina Navratilova: Being MyselfMartina Navratilova, George VecseyHarperCollinsJune 26, 1986Martina NavratilovaAutobiography336 pp (New Ed edition)978-0586069226
Born and raised in Czechoslovakia, Martina Navratilova knew by the age of ten that she wanted to be a Wimbledon champion – and a U.S. citizen. She would attain her goals and so much more – but not before her incredible life unfolded in ways not even she could have dared imagine.
3Shape Your Self: My 6-Step Diet and Fitness Plan to Achieve the Best Shape of Your LifeMartina NavratilovaRodale BooksMarch 21, 2006Martina NavratilovaSelf-help256 pp (1st edition)978-1594862823
Fabulously fit as she nears the milestone of 50, tennis great Martina Navratilova reveals her step-by-step, age-defying formula.
4Crisis : 40 Stories Revealing the Personal, Social, and Religious Pain and Trauma of Growing up Gay in AmericaMartina NavratilovaGreenleaf Book GroupSeptember 2008Mindy Drucker, Martina NavratilovaSelf-help370 pp (1st edition)978-1929774104
A mental health crisis faces American teens right now – and it is one we can solve. Hundreds of thousands of gay teens face traumatic depression, fear, rejection, persecution, and isolation – usually alone.

with Mary Carillo as photographer.

Fiction

edit
No.TitleAuthorPublisherDateGenreLengthISBN
1The Total ZoneMartina Navratilova and Liz NicklesVillard BooksAugust 16, 1994Jordan Myles MysteryMystery:Detective302 pp (1st edition)978-0679433903
The dark side of professional tennis is revealed when Jordan Myles takes on teenage tennis star Audrey Armat as a client at her exclusive sports rehab facility, only to have Audrey first disappear and then turn up dead.
2Breaking PointMartina Navratilova and Liz NicklesBallantine BooksMay 28, 1997Jordan Myles MysteryMystery:Detective326 pp (Reprint edition)978-0345388681
A tennis promoter's assistant plunges to her death at a gala reception in Paris. And Jordan Myles, women's tennis-champ-turned-sports-therapist, is convinced it was no accident. While searching for clues, she clashes with her old archrival Kelly Kendall, renegade agent Jimmy Bennett, and the in-your-face lesbian sports sensation Dagmar Olafson. But when someone tries to run Jordan off the road, she knows she's onto something more than sinister—as she faces off with a killer opponent in a game of sudden death
3Killer Instinct1Martina NavratilovaVillard BooksAugust 19, 1997Jordan Myles MysteryMystery:Detective290 pp (1st edition)978-0679433927
At Desert Springs Sports Science Clinic bad things are happening to good people. Jasmine Li, darling of the tennis circuit, receives mysterious threats. Her fiancé, an ex-NFL star dead set on a tennis Grand Slam, has a tragic accident. Champ-turned-sports-therapist Jordan Myles has terrifying brushes with death.

with printings in German, Russian, French and Spanish.

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  • a A Career Boxed Set entails winning all 4 Majors in singles, same sex doubles and mixed doubles.
  • b Doris Hart also holds these records; however, she attained these in the pre-Open Era.
  • c "Combined" refers to singles, same sex doubles and mixed doubles titles.
  • d Margaret Court holds 62 titles; however, she attained part of these in the pre-Open Era.
  • e The Australian Open was held in December, so although Navratilova won 6 straight majors from Wimbledon 1983, she did not technically complete the calendar-year Grand Slam.
  • f Chris Evert reached 34 consecutive Grand Slam singles semifinals from the 1971 US Open to the 1983 French Open, but this was attained in non-consecutive Grand Slam tournaments. She skipped 14 Grand Slam tournaments during her streak.

References

edit
  1. ^ "News – WTA Tennis All Career Prize Money" (PDF). Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "WTA:Martina Navratilova". WTA. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  3. ^ a b Landrum, Gene N. (2006). Empowerment : the competitive edge in sports, business & life. Burlington, Ont.: Brendan Kelly Pub. p. 169. ISBN 9781895997248.
  4. ^ a b Riess, Steven A. (2015). Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Oxford, England: Routledge. p. 661. ISBN 9781317459477.
  5. ^ Lincicome, Bernie (July 8, 1990). "A Natural Ninth For Navratilova". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  6. ^ Justin McCurry (March 11, 2008). "Navratilova Czechs in with homeland". The Guardian. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  7. ^ a b "40 Important Women's Moments: 1975, Martina Defects to the West". WTA. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013.
  8. ^ "Martina Defects for Love Set", St. Petersburg Independent, September 8, 1975, page 1-C.
  9. ^ Tim Reid (March 12, 2008). "Martina Navratilova gets passport on rebound". The Times. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008.
  10. ^ Martina Navratilova (March 25, 2008). "My Dual Citizenship: Why Did the Media Get It So Wrong?". Huffington Post. USA.
  11. ^ "Navratilova on Pride Month: 'I would urge people to just be themselves'". Women's Tennis Association. June 16, 2021.
  12. ^ a b "Martina: Returning to Homeland, It Hits Her That She Now Is Truly an American". Los Angeles Times. June 27, 2001. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  13. ^ a b Woolum, Janet (1998). Outstanding Women Athletes: Who They Are and How They Influenced Sports In America. Greenwood. p. 198. ISBN 978-1573561204.
  14. ^ a b Schwartz, Larry. "Martina was alone on top". ESPN. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  15. ^ a b Grimsley, Will (December 9, 1975). "Martina enjoying life in U.S. but homesick". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. Associated Press. p. 4B.
  16. ^ "ESPN Classic – Navratilova owned Wimbledon's Center Court". ESPN. November 19, 2003. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  17. ^ "Martina Navratilova – Tennis Player". BBC. April 17, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  18. ^ "Martina Navratilova: 10 things you need to know about the tennis legend". Daily Mirror. April 7, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  19. ^ "Frances Dewey Wormser 1903–2008". Santa Paula Times. February 6, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
  20. ^ "She defected for tennis not politics". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. Associated Press. September 8, 1975. p. 4B.
  21. ^ Ramsay, Alix (July 7, 2020). "The smallest of margins". www.wimbledon.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
  22. ^ Bonk, Thomas (July 31, 1994). "Jumping Into Retirement: Martina Navratilova Will Go Out at the End of the Year Still Near the Top of the Hill, but It Has Been Quite a Climb". Los Angeles Times. p. 2. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
  23. ^ "Martina was alone on top". ESPN.
  24. ^ "Upset Snaps Navratilova's Streak". The New York Times.
  25. ^ a b "WTA:Martina Navratilova Bio". WTA. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  26. ^ Nathan, David E. (September 4, 1986). "U.S. Open Moment". UPI. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  27. ^ Navratilova Pushed To Limit Before Ousting Upstart Graf Archived August 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, SunSentinel [Florida, U.S.], Jim Sarni, Sept. 7, 1986.
  28. ^ Marshall, Ashley (April 17, 2020). "Turning Points: Martina Navratilova saves match points to edge Steffi Graf at 1986 US Open". Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  29. ^ Lendl, Navratilova cemented No. 1 ranking with Open wins. Tennis finale was no day for the underdogs, Christian Science Monitor, Ross Atkin, Sept. 9, 1986.
  30. ^ Pye, Stephen (June 25, 2014). "Remembering Edberg, Graf, and British disappointment at Wimbledon 1988". The Guardian. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  31. ^ Peter Alfano (July 3, 1988). "Wimbledon; An Era Ends as Graf Beats Navratilova". The New York Times.
  32. ^ "Battle of Champions". TennisMajors.com. September 25, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  33. ^ "SERENA WILLIAMS TOPS ALL-STAR LIST IN ADVANTA WORLD TEAMTENNIS PRO LEAGUE MARQUEE PLAYER DRAFT". Mylan WTT. Archived from the original on January 5, 2015.
  34. ^ Charles Bricker (November 20, 1994). "Game, Set, Career: Martina". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  35. ^ "Wimbledon legends: Martina Navratilova". BBC. May 26, 2004.
  36. ^ "Navratilova loses on return". BBC Sport. May 25, 2004. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  37. ^ "Navratilova storms through". BBC Sport. June 21, 2004. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  38. ^ "Navratilova bid ends". BBC Sport. June 24, 2004. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  39. ^ Navratilova departs in silence after losing doubly in doubles, The Guardian [UK], Mike Anstead, 6 July 2006.
  40. ^ Martina takes final bow, Eurosport (Reuters), 6 July 2006.
  41. ^ Martina Navratilova: 'It wasn't about the record, but no one believed me', The Independent [UK], Brian Viner, 8 July 2006.
  42. ^ "NO.1 SPOTLIGHT: MARTINA NAVRATILOVA". WTA Tennis. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015.
  43. ^ a b c Kettmann, Steve (April 18, 2000). "Martina Navratilova". Salon. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  44. ^ Jennings, Jay (June 12, 2005). "'The Rivals': Women in White". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  45. ^ a b Tignor, Steve (April 29, 2013). "Martina's Moment". Tennis.com. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  46. ^ Adams, Susan B. (September 3, 1984). "Navratilova's Not-So-Silent Partner Is Tough Coach Mike Estep". People. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  47. ^ Bricker, Charles (August 21, 1994). "Martina Done With US Open, But Not With N.Y." The Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  48. ^ Radwanska's New Coach: Navratilova, WTA Official Website, December 9, 2014
  49. ^ Tandon, Kamakshi (April 24, 2015). "Navratilova no longer working with Radwanska". tennis.com. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  50. ^ "Martina Navratilova stands down as Agnieszka Radwanska's coach". The Guardian. Reuters. April 24, 2015.
  51. ^ Vecsey, George; Navratilova, Martina (1985). Martina. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-53640-1.
  52. ^ Bowden, Mary Ellen; Navratilova, Martina (1983). Tennis My Way. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-18003-0.
  53. ^ Nickles, Elizabeth; Navratilova, Martina (1994). The Total Zone. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 0-345-38867-4.
  54. ^ Navratilova, Martina (1997). Breaking Point. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-38868-2.
  55. ^ Navratilova, Martina (1995). Killer Instinct. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-47268-3.
  56. ^ Navratilova, Martina (2006). Shape Your Self. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 0-316-73296-6.
  57. ^ Sachs, Andrea (March 18, 2008). "Rita Mae Brown: Loves Cats, Hates Marriage". Time. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  58. ^ Kaki Flynn (April 12, 2005). "Athlete, Author, Activist". Outsports.
  59. ^ "Martina Fears Avon's Call If She Talks". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  60. ^ "Martina Navratilova". Desert Island Discs. BBC Radio 4. July 13, 2012.
  61. ^ Hegde, Prajwal (July 6, 2013). "Courting the closet". The Times of India. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  62. ^ Bayless, Skip (August 1, 1981). "Millionairess In Search Of Happiness". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  63. ^ Howard, Johnette (2005). The Rivals: Chris Evert vs. Martina Navratilova Their Epic Duels and Extraordinary Friendship. Crown Archetype. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0767918848.
  64. ^ Howard, Johnette (2005). The Rivals: Chris Evert vs. Martina Navratilova Their Epic Duels and Extraordinary Friendship. Crown Archetype. p. 181. ISBN 978-0767918848.
  65. ^ Reed, Susan (July 8, 1991). "Love Match No More". People. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  66. ^ Bindel, Julie (April 15, 2010). "Martina Navratilova: 'I want to save lives'". The Guardian. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  67. ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE: TENNIS; Game, Suit, Match". The New York Times. March 15, 1992. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  68. ^ "The Sweet Story Behind Martina Navratilova's Marriage Proposal". People.
  69. ^ Stephen M. Silverman (December 17, 2014). "Martina Navratilova Marries Julia Lemigova". People.
  70. ^ Annie Martin (December 17, 2014). "Martina Navratilova weds longtime girlfriend Julia Lemigova". UPI.
  71. ^ Brody, Jane E. (October 27, 1982). "Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic diseases, can be a dangerous prenatal infection". The New York Times. p. C10.
  72. ^ "Martina Sees Game in a New Light". LA Times. March 24, 1985. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  73. ^ "Sharper Focus For Navratilova". The New York Times. March 16, 1985. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  74. ^ "Athletes in sports goggles – a closer look". Radio New Zealand. October 1, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  75. ^ "Prescription Tennis Glasses – Can You Still Play With Them?". SportRx. September 4, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  76. ^ "Why Don't Tennis Players Wear Sunglasses?". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  77. ^ "The Latest Must-have Accessory: Glasses". Haaretz. February 20, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  78. ^ "Contacts Are Great But Some Fans Miss The Spectacle of Spectacles". Sports Illustrated. April 15, 1985. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  79. ^ "Jack Leach's glasses cause optical illusion that we could be like him". The Guardian. August 29, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  80. ^ "The most valuable eyeglasses in sports". ESPN. February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  81. ^ a b "Tennis great Martina Navratilova 'has breast cancer'". BBC News. April 7, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
  82. ^ "Navratilova diagnosed with breast cancer". UPI. April 7, 2010.
  83. ^ "Martina Navratilova diagnosed with breast cancer". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  84. ^ Harvey Araton (December 12, 2010). "Navratilova Leaves Hospital After Kilimanjaro Attempt". The New York Times.
  85. ^ "Tennis Legend Martina Navratilova Diagnosed with throat and breast cancer'". BBC News. January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  86. ^ Ashdown, John (January 2, 2023). "Martina Navratilova diagnosed with early-stage throat and breast cancers". The Guardian. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  87. ^ Badshah, Nadeem (March 20, 2023). "Martina Navratilova reveals she is 'cancer-free' after throat and breast diagnoses". The Guardian. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  88. ^ "The Forum Channel". The Forum Channel. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  89. ^ a b "Shape Up!: Fitness tips from Martina Navratilova". The Leonard Lopate Show. WNYC Radio. April 3, 2006. Archived from the original on April 8, 2006.
  90. ^ Navratilova, M. (2008). "Champion on Fair Play". In Newkirk, I.E. (ed.). One Can Make a Difference. Adams Media. pp. 172–73. I advocate eating nutritious food (I'm a vegetarian), working out, being in top form mentally and physically ...
  91. ^ "Martina Navratilova – $5,250 in Political Contributions for 2016". www.campaignmoney.com.
  92. ^ "Navratilova joins suit over gay-rights law". The Pueblo Chieftain.
  93. ^ "Gay History Month: Exclusive article by Martina Navratilova". PrideSource: Between the Lines. October 12, 2006.
  94. ^ "Martina Navratilova, Fitness Expert, Healthy Living". AARP.org. October 31, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  95. ^ Belge, Kathy. ""Martina Navratilova"". lesbianlife.about.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  96. ^ "Russification / Sovietization".
  97. ^ Concordiam, per (March 24, 2022). "Prague Spring: A History of Russian Aggression – per Concordiam".
  98. ^ a b c "Navratilova Sets the Record Straight "-Transcript, Connie Chung Tonight (CNN), Aired July 17, 2002
  99. ^ "Martina Navratilova is now Czech again". The Daily Telegraph. March 11, 2008.
  100. ^ James Macintyre (March 12, 2008). ""Disillusioned with the US, Navratilova defects again"". The Independent. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  101. ^ "Martina Navratilova rips USTA's transgender inclusion policy: 'This is not right and it is not fair'". FOX.
  102. ^ ""Effing irresponsible" – Martina Navratilova furious as swimmer Riley Gaines is told to simply not look at transgender colleague Lia Thomas' genitals". Sportskeeda.
  103. ^ ""Women's tennis is not for failed male athletes": Martina Navratilova criticises USTA as transgender player Alicia Rowley wins national tournament". Tennis Up To Date.
  104. ^ Masters, James (February 18, 2019). "Martina Navratilova criticized over 'transphobic' comments". CNN.
  105. ^ Navratilova, Martina (February 17, 2019). "The rules on trans athletes reward cheats and punish the innocent". Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019 – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  106. ^ "Navratilova transgender comments spark row". BBC News. February 20, 2019.
  107. ^ Hoffman, Joanna (February 19, 2019). "Athlete Ally: Navratilova's Statements Transphobic and Counter to our Work, Vision and Values" (Press release). New York: Athlete Ally. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  108. ^ "Martina Navratilova sorry for transgender 'cheat' language as she re-enters debate". BBC News. March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  109. ^ "Pass the Equality Act, but don't abandon Title IX".
  110. ^ "The Trans Women Athlete Dispute with Martina Navratilova". BBC TV. June 26, 2019.
  111. ^ Assunção, Muir. "Martina Navratilova signs letter supporting Idaho law that limits transgender student athletes". Yahoo. NY Daily News. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  112. ^ "Meet the Working Group". Women's Sports Policy Working Group. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  113. ^ Brennan, Christine. "Sports leaders seek to protect women's sports while accommodating transgender girls and women". USA Today. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  114. ^ Frank, Citizen (April 9, 2023). "Dylan Mulvaney Breaks Silence Amid Backlash Following Bud Light, Nike Deals". CF.ORG. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  115. ^ "Trans influencer Dylan Mulvaney breaks silence". April 8, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  116. ^ "Martina Navratilova Slams LGBT History Month Post For Featuring Drag Queen". Yahoo News. October 4, 2023.
  117. ^ "Martina Navratilova Blasts Interior Secretary Deb Haaland's Video W/ Drag Queen". TMZ. October 4, 2023.
  118. ^ https://www.marca.com/en/boxing/2024/11/05/672a850922601d62418b45ba.html
  119. ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/what-happened-martina-navratilova-criticizing-imane-khelif-viral-false-image-everything-controversial-stance-fan-backlash
  120. ^ https://www.gbnews.com/sport/boxing/boxing-news-martina-navratilova-imane-khelif-fake-picture
  121. ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/olympics/2024/08/09/martina-navratilova-imane-khelif-olympic-boxing-gold-paris/
  122. ^ "100 Women: Who took part?". BBC. November 22, 2013.
  123. ^ "Top 10 Greatest Women's Tennis Players of All Time". HowTheyPlay. July 13, 2023.
  124. ^ Williams, Jeff (September 2, 2020). "10 best women's tennis players of all time". Newsday. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  125. ^ "40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era". Tennis. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2007.
  126. ^ Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Santa Barbara, CAL, United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 372. ISBN 9781598843002.
  127. ^ Bonnie DeSimone (September 11, 2006). "Act II of Navratilova's career ends with a win". ESPN. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  128. ^ Collins, Bud (2008). The Bud Collins History of Tennis: An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book. New York, N.Y: New Chapter Press. p. 600. ISBN 978-0-942257-41-0.
  129. ^ "Martina Navratilova". Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  130. ^ "Exclusive Interview with Steve Flink about the career of Chris Evert". ChrisEvert.net. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  131. ^ William Lee Adams (June 22, 2011). "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future – Martina Navratilova". Time. Archived from the original on June 25, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
  132. ^ "The list". tennischannel.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  133. ^ "National Gay & Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame's Inaugural Class Announced | Out Magazine". Out.com. June 18, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  134. ^ Harrison, Sam (May 13, 2016). "Lucy Cavendish appoints Martina Navratilova honorary fellow". The Cambridge Student. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  135. ^ "Martina Navratilova appointed Cambridge honorary fellow". BBC News. May 12, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  136. ^ "Navratilova in Hart To Hart". Metecritic. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  137. ^ "12 Important Moments In The History Of Apple Advertising". Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  138. ^ "Actors who had unforgettable guest-starring roles on 'Will & Grace'". April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  139. ^ "I'm a Celebrity: Robert Kilroy-Silk is Martina Navratilova's 'hero'". Telegraph. November 21, 2008. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  140. ^ "Tony Dovolani 'Destroyed' over Martina Navratilova's Dancing with the Stars Elimination". People. March 28, 2012. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
  141. ^ Locker, Melissa (January 9, 2013). "Portlandia – Martina Navratilova gives the feminist bookstore a bad Yelp review on this episode of Portlandia". IFC. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  142. ^ "Yes, that is tennis legend Martina Navratilova". Distractify. September 30, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  143. ^ "Martina Navratilova documentary to be produced by Reese Witherspoon". Variety Magazine. May 15, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  144. ^ "Watch World Tour London On Demand". Salesforce.com.

Further reading

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martina Navrátilová.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Martina Navratilova.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martina_Navratilova&oldid=1257168848"