Saint Mary, officially the Parish of Saint Mary, is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. Saint Mary borders Saint John to the north, and Saint Paul to the east. Saint Mary is dominated by the Shekerley Mountains, and its northern border is largely defined by the mountains, and by Cooks Creek. The largest city in the parish is Bolans, home to the Jolly Harbour neighbourhood, and the parish church is located in Old Road. Saint Mary was permanently established with the other four original parishes in 1692.[3] It had an estimated population of 8,141 in 2018.[4]
Parish of Saint Mary[1] | |
|---|---|
 .jpeg)   (from top: left to right) Jolly Harbour, Valley Church Beach, the Shekerley Mountains near John Hughes, Hermitage Bay | |
![Location of Parish of Saint Mary[1]](/wiki/File:Saint_Mary_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(cropped).svg) | |
| Country | Antigua and Barbuda |
| Established | January 11, 1692 (old style) January 21, 1692 (new style) |
| Capital | Old Road |
| Largest city | Bolans |
| Government | |
| • MPs | Molwyn Joseph, Kelvin Simon, Jamale Pringle, Anthony Smith |
| Population (2018) | |
• Total | 8,141[2] |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (AST) |
The only area in which the Antigua black pineapple can be produced is the Pineapple Belt, which includes Saint Mary. The settlements of Old Road and Urlings are located in the southern part of the parish, and Bolans and Jennings are located in the flat northern half of the parish, where the majority of Saint Mary's population is concentrated. The Shekerley Mountains shield most of the parish's land area from human population, leaving the remaining portion of the parish largely uninhabited. The remote community of John Hughes, which has less ties to the parish as a whole than to Swetes in Saint Paul, is one of the few settlements found inside the Sherkerley Mountains.
Saint Mary was created in August 1681, when Antigua was divided into five parishes.[3] Saint Mary and the four other parishes were permanently established in July 1692, and confirmed in January 1693.[3] The primary objective of the establishment of parishes was providing for the parish church. The majority of the parish's agricultural lands, with the exception of the mountains, were formerly home to sugar mills. Numerous historical relics from the parish can still be seen today, including the Yorke's[5] and Sawcolt's plantations.[6]
History
editJolly Beach people
editThe Amerindian Jolly Beach site is the most well-known example of a fully intact archaic habitation site, dating back to the earliest period of human occupation in Antigua and Barbuda. The site was inhabited between 3,500 and 4,000 years ago, according to two radiocarbon dates from 1,775 and 1,589 BC. The term "archaic age" refers to a time when agricultural practices and pottery production were not even possible due to a lack of technological advancements. The Jolly Beach inhabitants have subsisted on a variety of local vegetation and marine resources. They used wood, flint, shell, and volcanic stone as their tool materials. Similar tools have been discovered in South America, suggesting that the Jolly Beach people originated there. As opposed to the later Tainos and Island Caribs who were spotted by the European missionaries and explorers, it is unknown the name of the tribe who resided there or the language they spoke.[7][8]
Ceramic period
editOne of the locations of the earliest European settlements in Antigua is acknowledged to be Cades Bay. Nestled in the lee of the Sherkerley Mountains, this lush coastal plain is shielded by a substantial barrier reef. The most notable pre-Columbian archaeological deposit is from the early Ceramic Age (Arawak) Saladoid period, despite signs of Archaic Age occupation. The land is currently utilized for pineapple farming, which has caused significant disturbance. Nevertheless, during the ploughing sessions, important discoveries were made.[9]
British period
editOn January 11, 1692, Saint Mary's parish was founded. The parish was divided into three divisions in 1749: Old Road Division, Bermudian Valley Division, and New Division. The Johnsons Point, Crabs Hill, Urlings, and Old Road area, which is in the southern part of the parish, makes up the Old Road Division. Jolly Harbour and a portion of Bolans make up the majority of the Bermudian Valley Division. Most of the flat areas of the parish were located in New Division, which dominated the parish's northern area.[10] There were more than twenty-nine slave plantations in Saint Mary.[11]
Geography
editBoggy Peak, formerly known as Mount Obama, is the highest point in both the parish and Antigua and Barbuda. Although the parish is dominated by the Shekerley Mountains, most of its people live either along the shore or in the district's northern, flatter area, which is home to Bolands, the parish capital. Because of the area's unique rainfall patterns and long history in agriculture, Saint Mary and Saint Paul are the primary locations for the cultivation of the Antigua Black Pineapple, which is thought to be the sweetest pineapple in the world.[12] The parish's northern, flatter portion contains the majority of its streams. The parish is home to some of the biggest wetlands and bodies of water, including Yorks Salt Pond, Wallings Reservoir, The Flashes, and Jolly Hill Salt Pond. Similar to Saint Paul, the parish includes few islands.[13]
Demographics
editOf the population in 2011, 76.51% were born in Antigua and Barbuda. A total of 0.29% of the population was born in Africa, 0.10% in "other Latin or North American countries," 0.39% in "other Caribbean countries," 0.69% in Canada, 0.26% in "other Asian countries," 0.95% in "other European countries," 2.97% in Dominica, 0.63% in the Dominican Republic, 4.61% in Guyana, 4.41% in Jamaica, 0.48% in Montserrat, 0.37% in St. Kitts and Nevis, 0.30% in St. Lucia, 0.29% in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 0.40% in Trinidad and Tobago, 1.63% in the United Kingdom, and 3.14% in the United States. The remainder were from the United States Virgin Islands and not-stated.[14]
Black people made up 92.13% of the population, followed by White people (3.49%), East Indian people (0.37%), mixed-race white/black people (0.48%), other mixed people (1.61%), Hispanic people (0.75%), Syrian and Lebanese people (0.04%), people of other ethnicities (0.49%), and the remainder were people who did not specify.[15]
Most of the population was Anglican (21.94%), Adventist (17.20%), Moravian (15.21%), Pentecostal (7.81%), and irreligious (6.54%). 1.37% of the population was Rastafarian.[16]
Economy
editIn 2011, there were 358 business owners in the parish. 25.37% made under EC$1,000 per month from their business, 17.40% made $1,000 to $1,999, 20.35% made $2,000 to $2,999, 17.70% made $3,000 to $4,999, and 19.17% made over $5,000.[17] Out of the 3,391 workers in the parish, 21.36% were paid government employees, 3.27% were paid statutory body employees, 55.34% were paid private employees, 2.12% were paid private home employees, 3.39% were self-employed without paid employees, 12.36% were self-employed without paid employees, 1.15% had another worker status, and 1.00% didn't know or didn't state.[18] Out of the 3,114 people asked, 2.75% were paid a daily salary, 45.07% were paid a weekly salary, 19.80% were paid a fortnightly salary, 30.04% were paid a monthly salary, and the remainder were paid another salary.[19]
References
edit- ^ http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-304.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Antigua and Barbuda 2018 Labour Force Survey Report" (PDF). statistics.gov.ag. Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance, Antigua and Barbuda. October 2020.
- ^ a b c The Laws of the Island of Antigua: Consisting of the Acts of the Leeward Islands, Commencing 8th November 1690, Ending 21st April 1798; and the Acts of Antigua, Commencing 10th April 1668, Ending 7th May 1804. Strand, London: Samuel Bagster. 1805.
- ^ "Antigua and Barbuda 2018 Labour Force Survey Report" (PDF). statistics.gov.ag. Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance, Antigua and Barbuda. October 2020.
- ^ "Yorke's – Antigua Sugar Mills". Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ "Sawcolt's – Antigua Sugar Mills". Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ "Prehistory of Antigua & Barbuda". antiguahistory.net. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ "Amerindian Settlement At Jolly Beach Antigua". www.anbanet.com. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ "Cade's Bay". www.archaeologyantigua.org. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ "A new and exact map of the island of Antigua in America, according to an actual and accurate survey, with the different parishes, the churches, divisions, boundaries and a plan of English Harbour". jcb.lunaimaging.com. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ "Parishes and Mills – Antigua Sugar Mills". Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ "Brook's – Antigua Sugar Mills". Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ "Streams in Antigua". nri.environment.gov.ag. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20231014151339/https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebUtilities.exe/reporte.pdf?LFN=RpBases%5CTempo%5C116969%5C~tmp_11696961.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20231014151706/https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebUtilities.exe/reporte.pdf?LFN=RpBases%5CTempo%5C116969%5C~tmp_11696901.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20231014152045/https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebUtilities.exe/reporte.pdf?LFN=RpBases%5CTempo%5C116969%5C~tmp_11696931.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20231014152857/https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebUtilities.exe/reporte.pdf?LFN=RpBases%5CTempo%5C116969%5C~tmp_116969151.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20231014153225/https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebUtilities.exe/reporte.pdf?LFN=RpBases%5CTempo%5C116969%5C~tmp_116969121.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20231014153430/https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebUtilities.exe/reporte.pdf?LFN=RpBases%5CTempo%5C116969%5C~tmp_116969181.pdf [bare URL PDF]