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Tuscarawas County, Ohio

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Tuscarawas County (/ˌtʌskəˈrɑːwəs/ TUS-kə-RAH-wəs) is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 93,263.[3] Its county seat is New Philadelphia.[4] Its name is a Delaware Indian word variously translated as "old town" or "open mouth".[2][5] Tuscarawas County comprises the New Philadelphia–Dover, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Cleveland–Akron–Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area.

Tuscarawas County
County
Tuscarawas County Courthouse
Tuscarawas County Courthouse
Flag of Tuscarawas County
Flag
Official seal of Tuscarawas County
Seal
Map of Ohio highlighting Tuscarawas County
Location within the U.S. state of Ohio
Map of the United States highlighting Ohio
Ohio's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 40°27′N 81°28′W / 40.45°N 81.47°W / 40.45; -81.47
Country United States
State Ohio
FoundedMarch 15, 1808[1]
Named forDelaware Indian word variously translated as "old town" or "open mouth".[2]
SeatNew Philadelphia
Largest cityNew Philadelphia
Area
 • Total571 sq mi (1,480 km2)
 • Land568 sq mi (1,470 km2)
 • Water3.8 sq mi (10 km2)  0.7%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total93,263 Increase
 • Density160/sq mi (60/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional districts6th, 12th
Websitewww.co.tuscarawas.oh.us

History

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For years, European-American colonists on the East Coast did not know much about the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains except for reports from a few explorers and fur traders who ventured into the area. In 1750, Christopher Gist of the Ohio Land Company explored the Tuscarawas Valley. His report of the area hinted at some natural riches and friendly American Indians.

In 1761 Moravian missionaries set out from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to set up a mission in the Tuscarawas Valley. Christian Frederick Post, David Zeisberger, and John Heckewelder met with Chief Netawatwees of the western Delaware Indians, also known as the "Lenape". He invited them to the tribal village he had founded, Gekelemukpechunk (present-day Newcomerstown, Ohio). He granted the missionaries permission to build a cabin near the junction of the Sandy Creek and Tuscarawas River, in present-day Stark County and begin evangelizing the natives. While they were successful in baptizing dozens of converts, they were forced to abandon the mission in 1763 during the French and Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War).

Again, at the request of Chief Netawatwees in 1771, David Zeisberger returned to found additional missions in the Tuscarawas Valley. In the spring of 1772, near the present site of New Philadelphia, Ohio, Zeisberger, along with five converted Indian families established the mission of Schoenbrunn (beautiful spring), also known as Welhik Tuppeek (best spring). They built a school house and a chapel. In August of that year, John Heckawelder brought an additional 250 converted Christian Delawares into the village.

In late summer 1772, they established a second settlement, roughly 10 miles away from Schoenbrunn, called Gnadenhütten (cabins of grace). On October 17, 1772, Zeisberger conducted the first religious service at Gnadenhutten. In 1776, Chief Netawatwes donated land for another settlement, Lichtenau (meadow of light), near present-day Coshocton, then the principal Delaware village in the region.[6]

 
Built in 1778, Fort Laurens was the only military fort built in the state of Ohio during the Revolutionary War, located on the west bank on the Tuscarawas River near the town of Bolivar.

The American Revolutionary War brought the demise of these first settlements. The Delawares, who at the time populated much of eastern Ohio, were divided over their loyalties, with many in the west allied with the British out of Fort Detroit and many in the east allied with the Americans out of Fort Pitt. Delawares were involved in skirmishes against both sides, but by 1781 the American sense was that the Delawares were allying with the British. In response, Colonel Daniel Brodhead of the American forces led an expedition out of Fort Pitt and on April 19, 1781, destroyed the settlement of Coshocton. Surviving residents fled to the north. Colonel Brodhead's forces left the Delawares at the other Moravian mission villages unmolested, but the actions set the stage for raised tensions in the area.

In September 1781, British forces and Indian allies, primarily Wyandot and Delaware, forced the Christian Indians and missionaries from the remaining Moravian villages. The Indian allies took their prisoners further west toward Lake Erie to a new village, called Captive Town, on the Sandusky River. The British took the missionaries David Zeisberger and John Heckewelder under guard back to Fort Detroit, where the two men were tried (but eventually acquitted) on charges of treason against the British Crown.

 
Monument commemorating the Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs who were massacred in 1782 at the mission settlement of Gnadenhutten.[7]

The Indians at Captive Town were going hungry because of insufficient rations, and in February 1782, more than 100 returned to their old Moravian villages to harvest the crops and collect the stored food they had been forced to leave behind. In early March 1782, 160 Pennsylvania militia led by Lieutenant Colonel David Williamson raided the villages and garrisoned the Indians in the village of Gnadenhütten, accusing them of taking part in raids into Pennsylvania. Although the Delawares rejected the charges as they were pacifist Christians, the militia held a council and voted to kill them. The next morning on March 8, the militia tied up the Indians, stunned them with mallet blows to the head, and killed them with fatal scalping cuts. In all, the militia murdered and scalped 28 men, 29 women, and 39 children. They piled the bodies of the Moravian Christian Lenape and Moravian Christian Mahicans in the mission buildings and burned the village down. They also burned the other abandoned Moravian villages in the area.[8]

 
The Treaty of Greenville map of 1795.

This action, which came to be known as the Gnadenhutten massacre, caused an outright frontier war to break out between the Delawares and the Americans. After several years of ongoing campaigns by the natives to terrorize and keep out further American settlers, a brutal campaign by US General "Mad Anthony" Wayne from Fort Washington (now Cincinnati) was carried out in late 1793, eventually resulting in the Treaty of Greenville being signed in 1795 between the US government and the local natives. The Treaty ceded the eastern ⅔ of current-day Ohio to white settlers and once again opened up the territory for white settlement.

In October 1798, David Zeisberger, the same Moravian missionary who had founded many of the original missions in the 1770s, returned to the Tuscarawas Valley to found a new mission, Goshen, from where he continued his work to evangelize the local natives with the Christian gospel. Over the next several years, farmer settlers from Pennsylvania came trickling into the area, and by 1808, the first permanent settlement, New Philadelphia, was founded near the Goshen mission. After the War of 1812, Goshen declined as a mission until it was disbanded in 1824.[9]

Tuscarawas County was formed from Muskingum County on February 15, 1808.[10]

 
Ohio and Erie Canal seen in Tuscarawas County from "Geography of Ohio," 1923

In the late 1820s, Tuscarawas County was chosen to be on the route of the Ohio and Erie Canal, a man-made waterway linking Lake Erie (via Cleveland) to the Ohio River (via Portsmouth, Ohio). Construction from Massillon, Ohio to Canal Dover, Ohio was completed in 1829. Construction from Canal Dover, Ohio to Newark, Ohio was completed in 1830.[11] A total of 15 locks were built in Tuscarawas County, entering the county line on an aqueduct north of Zoar, Ohio on Lock 7 to Newcomerstown, Ohio, exiting the county below Lock 21.[12] In 1848, the feeder Sandy and Beaver Canal was completed, linking Bolivar, Ohio to the Ohio River at Glasgow, Pennsylvania.[13] With the rise of railroads, and a massive flood in 1913, the canal system was abandoned.[14] Three years later, the city of Canal Dover shortened its name Dover to 1916.[15]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 571 square miles (1,480 km2), of which 568 square miles (1,470 km2) is land and 3.8 square miles (9.8 km2) (0.71%) is water.[16]

Adjacent counties

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Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18103,045—
18208,328173.5%
183014,29871.7%
184025,63179.3%
185031,76123.9%
186032,4632.2%
187033,8404.2%
188040,19818.8%
189046,61816.0%
190053,75115.3%
191057,0356.1%
192063,57811.5%
193068,1937.3%
194068,8160.9%
195070,3202.2%
196076,7899.2%
197077,2110.5%
198084,6149.6%
199084,090−0.6%
200090,9148.1%
201092,5821.8%
202093,2630.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[17]
1790-1960[18] 1900-1990[19]
1990-2000[20] 2020 [3]
 
Age pyramid of Tuscarawas County, based on 2000 census information.

2000 census

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As of the census[21] of 2000, there were 90,914 people, 35,653 households, and 25,313 families residing in the county. The population density was 160 inhabitants per square mile (62/km2). There were 38,113 housing units at an average density of 67 units per square mile (26/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.87% White, 0.73% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71% of the population. 95.3% spoke English, 1.3% German and 1.1% Spanish as their first language.

There were 35,653 households, out of which 32.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.10% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.00% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the county, the age distribution of the population shows 25.40% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 28.10% from 25 to 44, 23.60% from 45 to 64, and 15.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $35,489, and the median income for a family was $41,677. Males had a median income of $31,963 versus $20,549 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,276. About 7.20% of families and 9.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.20% of those under age 18 and 7.80% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census

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As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 92,582 people, 36,965 households, and 25,318 families residing in the county.[22] The population density was 163.1 inhabitants per square mile (63.0/km2). There were 40,206 housing units at an average density of 70.8 units per square mile (27.3 units/km2).[23] The racial makeup of the county was 96.6% white, 0.8% black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.2% Pacific islander, 0.7% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.9% of the population.[22] In terms of ancestry, 38.0% were German, 16.0% were Irish, 10.9% were English, 7.7% were American, and 7.6% were Italian.[24] 94.7% spoke English, 1.4% Spanish, 1.1% German, and 2.0% another West Germanic language.[25]

Of the 36,965 households, 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.5% were non-families, and 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age was 40.9 years.[22]

The median income for a household in the county was $42,081 and the median income for a family was $51,330. Males had a median income of $40,490 versus $27,193 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,536. About 9.2% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.[26]

Amish and Mennonite communities

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In 2020, the Amish and Mennonite population was 3,496 or 3.7% of the total population [27]

Politics

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Prior to 1912, Tuscarawas County was a Democratic Party stronghold in presidential elections. But starting with the 1916 election, the county had become a bellwether county until 2012, only backing losing candidates in 1960 and 1968. Starting with the 2012 election, the county began to swing markedly to the right, and is now solidly Republican.

United States presidential election results for Tuscarawas County, Ohio[28]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 30,458 69.09% 12,889 29.24% 740 1.68%
2016 26,918 64.70% 12,188 29.29% 2,500 6.01%
2012 22,242 53.35% 18,407 44.15% 1,044 2.50%
2008 20,454 47.50% 21,498 49.93% 1,105 2.57%
2004 23,829 55.54% 18,853 43.94% 224 0.52%
2000 19,549 52.67% 15,879 42.78% 1,690 4.55%
1996 13,388 38.52% 15,244 43.86% 6,123 17.62%
1992 13,179 35.72% 14,787 40.08% 8,928 24.20%
1988 17,145 54.28% 14,185 44.90% 259 0.82%
1984 19,366 59.13% 13,149 40.14% 239 0.73%
1980 15,708 52.21% 12,117 40.27% 2,261 7.52%
1976 14,279 44.84% 16,880 53.01% 682 2.14%
1972 18,413 59.07% 12,255 39.32% 501 1.61%
1968 14,102 43.44% 15,617 48.11% 2,742 8.45%
1964 9,962 29.66% 23,623 70.34% 0 0.00%
1960 20,637 56.20% 16,083 43.80% 0 0.00%
1956 19,876 60.63% 12,908 39.37% 0 0.00%
1952 18,620 53.27% 16,332 46.73% 0 0.00%
1948 11,873 44.27% 14,799 55.19% 145 0.54%
1944 14,357 47.01% 16,184 52.99% 0 0.00%
1940 14,675 43.57% 19,004 56.43% 0 0.00%
1936 10,317 31.30% 21,991 66.71% 657 1.99%
1932 12,369 41.36% 16,648 55.67% 888 2.97%
1928 20,494 74.34% 6,805 24.68% 269 0.98%
1924 13,573 56.97% 5,566 23.36% 4,686 19.67%
1920 11,908 51.96% 10,167 44.36% 844 3.68%
1916 5,404 38.96% 7,608 54.84% 860 6.20%
1912 3,417 27.34% 4,978 39.84% 4,101 32.82%
1908 6,717 47.29% 6,775 47.69% 713 5.02%
1904 7,203 55.76% 4,979 38.55% 735 5.69%
1900 6,355 47.19% 6,867 50.99% 245 1.82%
1896 6,235 47.15% 6,898 52.16% 92 0.70%
1892 4,746 42.97% 5,715 51.74% 584 5.29%
1888 4,730 45.23% 5,484 52.44% 243 2.32%
1884 4,394 44.96% 5,215 53.36% 165 1.69%
1880 4,096 45.33% 4,844 53.61% 96 1.06%
1876 3,574 43.95% 4,545 55.89% 13 0.16%
1872 3,178 46.96% 3,586 52.99% 3 0.04%
1868 3,145 47.82% 3,432 52.18% 0 0.00%
1864 3,049 49.47% 3,114 50.53% 0 0.00%
1860 3,136 51.72% 2,846 46.93% 82 1.35%
1856 3,007 52.93% 2,656 46.75% 18 0.32%

Communities

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Map of Tuscarawas County, Ohio With Municipal and Township Labels

Cities

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Villages

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Townships

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Census-designated places

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Unincorporated communities

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Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Ohio County Profiles: Tuscarawas County" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  2. ^ a b "The Export of Pennsylvania Placenames, William A. Russ, Jr". Retrieved May 2, 2007.
  3. ^ a b 2020 census
  4. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  5. ^ "Tuscarawas County data". Ohio State University Extension Data Center. Retrieved April 28, 2007.[dead link‍]
  6. ^ Guide to Tuscarawas County, Federal Writers Project of Ohio Work Projects Administration, F.C. Harrington, Florence Kerr, Carl Watson, 1939
  7. ^ Stewart, G.T.; Gallup, C.H. (1899). The Firelands Pioneer. Firelands Historical Society. p. 246. In the village cemetery, where lie the dead of a century, stands a huge granite monument. This graceful shaft marks the resting place of ninety Christian Indian martyrs whose ruthless butchery furnishes one of the darkest pages in American history.
  8. ^ "1782: Village of Moravian Delaware Indians Massacred". Indian Country Today. September 13, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  9. ^ Ohio Annals, C.H. Mitchener, 1876.
  10. ^ "Historical Collections of Ohio, Henry Howe". 1888. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  11. ^ "Timeline | Articles and Essays | Captain Pearl R. Nye: Life on the Ohio and Erie Canal | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress.
  12. ^ "Tuscarawas County / 5-79 the Ohio-Erie Canal 1825-1913 / The Ohio-Erie Canal in Tuscarawas County 1825-1913 | Remarkable Ohio".
  13. ^ "Sandy and Beaver Canal - Ohio History Central".
  14. ^ "Ohio and Erie Canal". February 14, 2020.
  15. ^ "Postmaster Finder - Who We Are - USPS".
  16. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  17. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  18. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  19. ^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  20. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  21. ^ "U.S. Census website". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  22. ^ a b c "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  23. ^ "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  24. ^ "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  25. ^ "Data Center Results". Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  26. ^ "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  27. ^ "Tuscarawas County, Ohio - County Membership Report (2020)". The Association of Religion Data Archives.
  28. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  29. ^ "Washington Governor Samuel G. Cosgrove". National Governors Association. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2012.

Further reading

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  • J.W. Cummins and Earl E. Sanderson, The Water Resources of Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Columbus, OH: Ohio Water Resources Board, 1947.
  • C. Edward DeGraw, The Only Game in Town: A History of Baseball in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 1867-1955. Tuscarawas County Historical Society, c. 1998.
  • Federal Writers Project, Guide to Tuscarawas County. New Philadelphia, OH: Tucker Printing Co., 1939.
  • Henry Howe, History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 1808-1889. Knightstown, IN: Bookmark, 1977.
  • Herbert P Lohrman and Ralph H Romig, Valley of the Tuscarawas: A History of Tuscarawas County. Dover, OH: Ohio Hills Publishers, 1972.
  • J.B. Mansfield, The History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio: Containing a History of the County; Its Townships, Towns, Churches, Schools, etc.; General and Local Statistics; Military Record; Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men; History of the Northwest Territory; History of Ohio; Miscellaneous Matters, etc., etc. Chicago: Warner, Beers & Co., 1884.
  • Fred Miller, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2000.
  • Lloyd E. Mizer, History of the Schools in Tuscarawas County, Ohio. n.c.: Ohio Retired Teachers Association. Tuscarawas County Chapter, 1993.
  • Ohio Retired Teachers Association, Tuscarawas County Chapter, History of Early Tuscarawas County Schools. New Philadelphia, OH: Printing Dept., Buckeye Joint Vocational School, 1978.
  • Earl P. Olmstead, A Documentary History of the Ohio & Erie Canal, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. New Philadelphia, OH: Tuscarawas County Historical Society and the Tusc-Kent Archives, Kent State University, 1996.
  • Edwin S. Rhodes, The Centennial History and Atlas of Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 1908. New Philadelphia, OH: Tuscarawas Centennial Association, 1908.
  • Julius Miller Richardson, A Brief History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio. n.c.: n.p., n.d. [1990s].
  • Tuscarawas County Genealogical Society, Tuscarawas County, Ohio Cemeteries. New Philadelphia, OH: Tuscarawas County Genealogical Society, 1981.
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40°27′N 81°28′W / 40.45°N 81.47°W / 40.45; -81.47

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